超临界二氧化碳钻井基础研究进展
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摘要
超临界CO_2钻井技术是以CO_2为钻井介质的新型钻井技术,在实现CO_2资源化利用和提高非常规油气钻探效益等方面潜力巨大,其关键理论和技术问题主要体现在超临界CO_2在井筒中的流动规律、携岩能力、射流破岩及井壁稳定性等井筒多相流和流体与岩石相互作用方面。为此,利用超临界CO_2在井筒中的流动模型分析了影响超临界CO_2钻井环空压力分布的因素;通过理论计算和室内携岩试验分析了超临界CO_2的携岩能力;根据理论分析和室内射流破岩试验分析了超临界CO_2射流破岩机理;利用临界CO_2与井壁围岩的力-热耦合模型并结合超临界CO_2对岩石力学性质的影响,分析了超临界CO_2钻井的井壁稳定性。结果表明:循环流量和井口回压是影响超临界CO_2钻井环空压力分布的主要因素;井斜角为48°~72°时超临界CO_2携岩最小返速比较高,超临界CO_2的携岩效果与清水接近,但远优于空气;超临界CO_2射流破岩产生的温度应力可有效降低破岩门限压力,提高破岩效率;采用超临界CO_2钻进水平层理硬质页岩地层时井壁稳定性好。研究结果为完善超临界CO_2钻井理论和尽快形成超临界CO_2钻井技术奠定了理论基础。
Supercritical CO_2 drilling,a new type of drilling technique uses CO_2 as its sole drilling fluid and has great potential in accomplishing the resource utilization of CO_2 and improving the efficiency of drilling unconventional oil/gas wells.The key theoretical and technical challenges in supercritical CO_2 drilling mainly involve supercritical CO_2 flow law in the borehole,the cuttings carrying capacity,rock jet-breaking and wellbore stability in multiphase flow and fluid-rock interactions.In this paper,the supercritical CO_2 wellbore flow model was used to analyze the factors affecting the distribution of supercritical CO_2 drilling annulus pressure;theoretical calculation and cuttings carrying experiments were conducted to analyze the cuttings carrying ability of supercritical CO_2.According to theoretical analysis and rock jet breaking tests,the mechanism of supercritical CO_2 jet breaking was analyzed.Wellbore stability in critical CO_2 drilling was analyzed through mechanical and thermal coupling model of critical CO_2 and surrounding rock in combination with the effect of supercritical CO_2 on rock mechanical properties.The results show that circulation flow rate and wellhead back pressure were the main factors in the distribution of supercritical CO_2 drilling annulus pressure.When the well inclination was 48°-72°,the minimum return velocity of supercritical CO_2 cuttings carrying was relatively high and the cuttings carrying efficiency was closed to that of fresh water which was remarkably higher than that of air;the reduced stress from temperature change when rock broke down from supercritical CO_2 jetting could effectively reduce the threshold pressure of the rock breaking down and improve the efficiency of rock breaking.When drilling through horizontal beddings of hard shale strata with supercritical CO_2,aperfect wellbore stability was observed.The research established a foundation for the perfection of supercritical CO_2 drilling theory and the establishment of supercritical CO_2 drilling techniques.
Supercritical CO_2 drilling,a new type of drilling technique uses CO_2 as its sole drilling fluid and has great potential in accomplishing the resource utilization of CO_2 and improving the efficiency of drilling unconventional oil/gas wells.The key theoretical and technical challenges in supercritical CO_2 drilling mainly involve supercritical CO_2 flow law in the borehole,the cuttings carrying capacity,rock jet-breaking and wellbore stability in multiphase flow and fluid-rock interactions.In this paper,the supercritical CO_2 wellbore flow model was used to analyze the factors affecting the distribution of supercritical CO_2 drilling annulus pressure;theoretical calculation and cuttings carrying experiments were conducted to analyze the cuttings carrying ability of supercritical CO_2.According to theoretical analysis and rock jet breaking tests,the mechanism of supercritical CO_2 jet breaking was analyzed.Wellbore stability in critical CO_2 drilling was analyzed through mechanical and thermal coupling model of critical CO_2 and surrounding rock in combination with the effect of supercritical CO_2 on rock mechanical properties.The results show that circulation flow rate and wellhead back pressure were the main factors in the distribution of supercritical CO_2 drilling annulus pressure.When the well inclination was 48°-72°,the minimum return velocity of supercritical CO_2 cuttings carrying was relatively high and the cuttings carrying efficiency was closed to that of fresh water which was remarkably higher than that of air;the reduced stress from temperature change when rock broke down from supercritical CO_2 jetting could effectively reduce the threshold pressure of the rock breaking down and improve the efficiency of rock breaking.When drilling through horizontal beddings of hard shale strata with supercritical CO_2,aperfect wellbore stability was observed.The research established a foundation for the perfection of supercritical CO_2 drilling theory and the establishment of supercritical CO_2 drilling techniques.
引文
[1]王海柱,李根生,沈忠厚,等.超临界CO2钻井与未来钻井技术发展[J].特种油气藏,2012,19(2):1-5.WANG Haizhu,LI Gensheng,SHEN Zhonghou,et al.Supercritical carbon dioxide drilling and the development of future drilling technology[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2012,19(2):1-5.
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[3]SONG Weiqiang,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.Managedpressure drilling method with supercritical carbon dioxide as the circulation fluid[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(5):857-862.
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[5]李根生,王海柱,沈忠厚,等.超临界CO2射流在石油工程中应用研究与前景展望[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(5):76-80,87.LI Gensheng,WANG Haizhu,SHEN Zhonghou,et al.Application investigations and prospects of supercritical carbon dioxide jet in petroleum engineering[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2013,37(5):76-80,87.
[6]KOLLE J J.Coiled-tubing drilling with supercritical carbon dioxide[R].SPE 65534,2000.
[7]KOLLE J J,MARVIN M.Jet-assisted coiled tubing drilling with supercritical carbon dioxide[C]//Proceedings of ETCE/OMAE 2000Joint Energy Conference,New Orleans,February14-17,2000.
[8]GUPTA A P,GUPTA A,LANGLINAIS J.Feasibility of supercritical carbon dioxide as a drilling fluid for deep underbalanced drilling operation[R].SPE 96992,2005.
[9]AL-ADWANI F,LANGLINAIS J,HUGHES R.Modeling of an underbalanced-drilling operation using supercritical carbon dioxide[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2009,24(4):599-610.
[10]王瑞和,倪红坚.二氧化碳连续管井筒流动传热规律研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(5):65-70.WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian.Wellbore heat transfer law of carbon dioxide coiled tubing drilling[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2013,37(5):65-70.
[11]宋维强,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.水平井段超临界CO2携岩数值模拟[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(2):63-68.SONG Weiqiang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Numerical simulation of cuttings transport capability of supercritical carbon dioxide in horizontal wells[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(2):63-68.
[12]HUO Hongjun,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.SC-CO2flow field analysis in wellbore drilled by coiled tube[J].Energy Education Science and Technology Part A:Energy Science and Research,2014,32(5):3145-3154.
[13]SONG Huifang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian.Modeling of wellbore overall heat transfer in circulation[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,260-261:537-542.
[14]王在明,邱正松,朱宽亮.超临界二氧化碳钻井流体井筒温度传递特性[J].钻井液与完井液,2010,27(6):1-3.WANG Zaiming,QIU Zhengsong,ZHU Kuanliang.Research on features of wellbore temperature transmission for supercritical CO2 drilling fluid[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2010,27(6):1-3.
[15]SPAN R,WAGNER W.A new equation of state for carbon dioxide covering the fluid region from the triple-point temperature to 1100 Kat pressures up to 800 MPa[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1996,25(6):1509-1596.
[16]VESOVIC A,WAKEHAM W A,OLCHOWY G A,et al.The transport properties of carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1990,19(3):763-808.
[17]FENGHOUR A,WAKEHAM W A,VESOVIC V.The viscosity of carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Physical&Chemical Reference Data,2009,27(1):31-44.
[18]宋维强,倪红坚,景英华,等.超临界CO2钻井井筒流动规律[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(6):101-107.SONG Weiqiang,NI Hongjian,JING Yinghua,et al.Study on wellbore flow field of supercritical carbon dioxide drilling[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2017,41(6):101-107.
[19]WANG Zhiyuan,SUN Baojiang,SUN Xiaohui,et al.Phase state variations for supercritical carbon dioxide drilling[J].Greenhouse Gases:Science and Technology,2016,6(1):83-93.
[20]SONG Weiqiang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Multiphase flow mechanism of sand cleanout with supercritical carbon dioxide in a deviated wellbore[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,25:140-147.
[21]HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Study of critical annulus up-returning velocity of cuttings carried by supercritical CO2in deviated well[J].Journal of CO2 Utilization,2017,20:105-112.
[22]李良川,王在明,邱正松,等.超临界二氧化碳钻井流体携岩特性实验[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):355-359.LI Liangchuan,WANG Zaiming,QIU Zhengsong,et al.An experimental study on carrying cuttings features for supercritical carbon dioxide drilling fluid[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):355-359.
[23]WANG Ruihe,HUO Hongjun,HUANG Zhiyuan,et al.Experimental and numerical simulations of bottom hole temperature and pressure distributions of supercritical CO2jet for well-drilling[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2014,26(2):226-233.
[24]霍洪俊,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.二氧化碳分散岩屑机制的模拟试验研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(2):82-85.HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Experimental study on mechanism of carbon dioxide disperse cuttings[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(2):82-85.
[25]霍洪俊,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳在水平井钻井中的携岩规律研究[J].石油钻探技术,2014,42(2):12-17.HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Cuttings carrying pattern of supercritical carbon dioxide in horizontal wells[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2014,42(2):12-17.
[26]杜玉昆,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳射流破岩试验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2012,36(4):93-96.DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Rock-breaking experiment with supercritical carbon dioxide jet[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2012,36(4):93-96.
[27]中国石油大学(华东).超临界流体钻完井模拟试验装置:201924919U[P].2011-08-10.China University of Petroleum(Huadong).Simulation test device for drilling and completion of supercritical fluid:201924919U[P].2011-08-10.
[28]杜玉昆,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳旋转射流破岩试验研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2013,21(6):1078-1085.DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Rock-breaking experimental study on the supercritical carbon dioxide swirl jet[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2013,21(6):1078-1085.
[29]DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Determination of rock-breaking performance of high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide jet[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2012,24(4):554-560.
[30]LI Mukun,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.Comparative simulation research on the stress characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide jets,nitrogen jets and water jets[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,2017,11(1):357-370.
[31]MODY F K,HALEA H.Borehole stability modal to couple the mechanics and chemistry of drilling fluid shale interaction[R].SPE 25728,1993.
[32]DING Lu,NI Hongjian,LI Mukun,et al.Wellbore collapse pressure analysis under supercritical carbon dioxide drilling condition[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,161:458-467.
[2]王瑞和,霍洪俊,杜玉昆,等.超临界二氧化碳钻完井技术及风险分析[C]//中国职业安全健康协会.中国职业安全健康协会2010年学术年会论文集.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2010.WANG Ruihe,HUO Hongjun,DU Yukun,et al.Technology and risk analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide drilling and completion[C]//China Occupational Safety and Health Association.Symposium of annual conference in 2010of China occupational safety and health association.Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2010.
[3]SONG Weiqiang,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.Managedpressure drilling method with supercritical carbon dioxide as the circulation fluid[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(5):857-862.
[4]MIDDLETON R S,CAREY J W,CURRIER R P,et al.Shale gas and non-aqueous fracturing fluids:opportunities and challenges for supercritical CO2[J].Applied Energy,2015,147(3):500-509.
[5]李根生,王海柱,沈忠厚,等.超临界CO2射流在石油工程中应用研究与前景展望[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(5):76-80,87.LI Gensheng,WANG Haizhu,SHEN Zhonghou,et al.Application investigations and prospects of supercritical carbon dioxide jet in petroleum engineering[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2013,37(5):76-80,87.
[6]KOLLE J J.Coiled-tubing drilling with supercritical carbon dioxide[R].SPE 65534,2000.
[7]KOLLE J J,MARVIN M.Jet-assisted coiled tubing drilling with supercritical carbon dioxide[C]//Proceedings of ETCE/OMAE 2000Joint Energy Conference,New Orleans,February14-17,2000.
[8]GUPTA A P,GUPTA A,LANGLINAIS J.Feasibility of supercritical carbon dioxide as a drilling fluid for deep underbalanced drilling operation[R].SPE 96992,2005.
[9]AL-ADWANI F,LANGLINAIS J,HUGHES R.Modeling of an underbalanced-drilling operation using supercritical carbon dioxide[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2009,24(4):599-610.
[10]王瑞和,倪红坚.二氧化碳连续管井筒流动传热规律研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(5):65-70.WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian.Wellbore heat transfer law of carbon dioxide coiled tubing drilling[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2013,37(5):65-70.
[11]宋维强,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.水平井段超临界CO2携岩数值模拟[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(2):63-68.SONG Weiqiang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Numerical simulation of cuttings transport capability of supercritical carbon dioxide in horizontal wells[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(2):63-68.
[12]HUO Hongjun,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.SC-CO2flow field analysis in wellbore drilled by coiled tube[J].Energy Education Science and Technology Part A:Energy Science and Research,2014,32(5):3145-3154.
[13]SONG Huifang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian.Modeling of wellbore overall heat transfer in circulation[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,260-261:537-542.
[14]王在明,邱正松,朱宽亮.超临界二氧化碳钻井流体井筒温度传递特性[J].钻井液与完井液,2010,27(6):1-3.WANG Zaiming,QIU Zhengsong,ZHU Kuanliang.Research on features of wellbore temperature transmission for supercritical CO2 drilling fluid[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2010,27(6):1-3.
[15]SPAN R,WAGNER W.A new equation of state for carbon dioxide covering the fluid region from the triple-point temperature to 1100 Kat pressures up to 800 MPa[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1996,25(6):1509-1596.
[16]VESOVIC A,WAKEHAM W A,OLCHOWY G A,et al.The transport properties of carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1990,19(3):763-808.
[17]FENGHOUR A,WAKEHAM W A,VESOVIC V.The viscosity of carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Physical&Chemical Reference Data,2009,27(1):31-44.
[18]宋维强,倪红坚,景英华,等.超临界CO2钻井井筒流动规律[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(6):101-107.SONG Weiqiang,NI Hongjian,JING Yinghua,et al.Study on wellbore flow field of supercritical carbon dioxide drilling[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2017,41(6):101-107.
[19]WANG Zhiyuan,SUN Baojiang,SUN Xiaohui,et al.Phase state variations for supercritical carbon dioxide drilling[J].Greenhouse Gases:Science and Technology,2016,6(1):83-93.
[20]SONG Weiqiang,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Multiphase flow mechanism of sand cleanout with supercritical carbon dioxide in a deviated wellbore[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,25:140-147.
[21]HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Study of critical annulus up-returning velocity of cuttings carried by supercritical CO2in deviated well[J].Journal of CO2 Utilization,2017,20:105-112.
[22]李良川,王在明,邱正松,等.超临界二氧化碳钻井流体携岩特性实验[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):355-359.LI Liangchuan,WANG Zaiming,QIU Zhengsong,et al.An experimental study on carrying cuttings features for supercritical carbon dioxide drilling fluid[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):355-359.
[23]WANG Ruihe,HUO Hongjun,HUANG Zhiyuan,et al.Experimental and numerical simulations of bottom hole temperature and pressure distributions of supercritical CO2jet for well-drilling[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2014,26(2):226-233.
[24]霍洪俊,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.二氧化碳分散岩屑机制的模拟试验研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(2):82-85.HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Experimental study on mechanism of carbon dioxide disperse cuttings[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(2):82-85.
[25]霍洪俊,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳在水平井钻井中的携岩规律研究[J].石油钻探技术,2014,42(2):12-17.HUO Hongjun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Cuttings carrying pattern of supercritical carbon dioxide in horizontal wells[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2014,42(2):12-17.
[26]杜玉昆,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳射流破岩试验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2012,36(4):93-96.DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Rock-breaking experiment with supercritical carbon dioxide jet[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2012,36(4):93-96.
[27]中国石油大学(华东).超临界流体钻完井模拟试验装置:201924919U[P].2011-08-10.China University of Petroleum(Huadong).Simulation test device for drilling and completion of supercritical fluid:201924919U[P].2011-08-10.
[28]杜玉昆,王瑞和,倪红坚,等.超临界二氧化碳旋转射流破岩试验研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2013,21(6):1078-1085.DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Rock-breaking experimental study on the supercritical carbon dioxide swirl jet[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2013,21(6):1078-1085.
[29]DU Yukun,WANG Ruihe,NI Hongjian,et al.Determination of rock-breaking performance of high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide jet[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2012,24(4):554-560.
[30]LI Mukun,NI Hongjian,WANG Ruihe,et al.Comparative simulation research on the stress characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide jets,nitrogen jets and water jets[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,2017,11(1):357-370.
[31]MODY F K,HALEA H.Borehole stability modal to couple the mechanics and chemistry of drilling fluid shale interaction[R].SPE 25728,1993.
[32]DING Lu,NI Hongjian,LI Mukun,et al.Wellbore collapse pressure analysis under supercritical carbon dioxide drilling condition[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,161:458-467.