注CO_2过程中流体性质变化及驱油机理实验研究
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摘要
CO_2驱替原油是一个动态过程,为了描述注入过程中油气界面变化特征、界面传质过程及油气组分变化规律,开展了CO_2—原油体系的溶解膨胀实验和界面张力实验,分析高压注CO_2过程中CO_2的溶解度、原油膨胀系数以及油气两相间界面张力的变化;在此基础上,通过岩心驱替实验进一步认识了多孔介质中CO_2与原油两相之间的动态传质作用,明确了CO_2在各个压力阶段的驱油机理。实验结果表明:若CO_2的注入压力小于原油的最小抽提压力,CO_2只能抽提部分轻质组分,且少量溶解在原油中使原油膨胀,气液相界限明显,更易发生气窜和黏性指进;而CO_2混相驱会导致原油中大量中质和重质组分残留在储层中,给后续提高采收率的工作带来很大困难。CO_2近混相驱的采收率与混相驱接近,并且能够驱替出原油中三分之二以上的沥青质,不易造成沥青质的沉淀,堵塞储层孔喉。综合分析认为,CO_2近混相驱是一种可靠的提高采收率的方法。
CO_2 flooding is a dynamic process. In order to analyze the interaction and phase behavior of the CO_2-oil system and component variation of liquid and gas during CO_2 flooding, swelling/extraction tests and interfacial tension tests were conducted. The solubility of CO_2 in crude oil, the oil swelling factor and the interfacial tension between CO_2 and oil was investigated. The dynamic mass-transfer efficiency of the CO_2-oil system in porous media was further clarified through coreflood tests. Results revealed that when the operation pressure is less than minimum extraction pressure, the CO_2 could only extract a small amount of light components and dissolve in the crude oil to expand the oil so that gas channeling and viscous fingering is easy to occur because of an obvious gas-liquid interface. On the other hand, CO_2 miscible flooding could cause a large amount of medium and heavy components to remain in the reservoir, which will create great difficulties for the subsequent EOR measures. CO_2 near-miscible flooding can displace more than two-thirds of the asphaltene in the crude oil, which could prevent asphaltene from plugging pores and throats of the reservoir. Therefore, CO_2 near-miscible flooding is a reliable EOR technique.
CO_2 flooding is a dynamic process. In order to analyze the interaction and phase behavior of the CO_2-oil system and component variation of liquid and gas during CO_2 flooding, swelling/extraction tests and interfacial tension tests were conducted. The solubility of CO_2 in crude oil, the oil swelling factor and the interfacial tension between CO_2 and oil was investigated. The dynamic mass-transfer efficiency of the CO_2-oil system in porous media was further clarified through coreflood tests. Results revealed that when the operation pressure is less than minimum extraction pressure, the CO_2 could only extract a small amount of light components and dissolve in the crude oil to expand the oil so that gas channeling and viscous fingering is easy to occur because of an obvious gas-liquid interface. On the other hand, CO_2 miscible flooding could cause a large amount of medium and heavy components to remain in the reservoir, which will create great difficulties for the subsequent EOR measures. CO_2 near-miscible flooding can displace more than two-thirds of the asphaltene in the crude oil, which could prevent asphaltene from plugging pores and throats of the reservoir. Therefore, CO_2 near-miscible flooding is a reliable EOR technique.
引文
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[15]章星,王珍珍,王帅,等.可视装置中CO2与正戊烷或原油接触特征和表征方法[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(3):402-408.[ZHANG X,WANG Z Z,WANG S,et al.Visual contact characteristics and characterization of the CO2 and n-pentane/crude oil interfac[J].PETROLEUM GEOLOGY&EXPERIMENT,2017,39(3):402-408.]
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[21]NOBAKHT M,MOGHADAM S,GU Y.Determination of CO2 minimum miscibility pressure from measured and predicted equilibrium interfacial tensions[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(22):8918-8925.
[22]LI H,YANG D,TONTIWACHWUTHIKUL P.Experimental and theoretical determination of equilibrium interfacial tension for the solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(3):1776-1786.
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[24]HAMDI Z,AWANG M,BATAEE M,et al.Cold CO2 injection for balancing interfacial tension decrease and viscosity increase[C]//SPEAsia Pacific Oil&Gas Conference and Exhibition.2016.
[25]SIMON R,GRAUE D J.Generalized correlations for predicting solubility,swelling and viscosity behavior of CO2-crude oil systems[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1965,17(01):102-106.
[26]COSTA G,ROCHA P,RIBERIO A,MENEZES P,LIMA R,COSTA P,et al.An improved method for calculating CO2 minimum miscibility pressure based on solubility parameter.J Petrol Sci Eng,2012(98):144-55.
[27]杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009:68-74.[YANG S L,WEI J Z.Petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009:.68-74.]
[28]HOLM L R W,JOSENDAL V A.Effect of oil composition on miscible-type displacement by carbon dioxide[J].SPEJ,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.;(United States),1982,22(1):87-98.
[29]RAO D N.A new technique of vanishing interfacial tension for miscibility determination[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,1997,139(1):311-324.
[30]ABEDINI A,TORABI F.On the CO2 storage potential of cyclic CO2 injection process for enhanced oil recovery[J].Fuel,2014,124(15):14-27.
[31]SHYEH-YUNG J G.Mechanisms of miscible oil recovery:Effects of pressure on miscible and near-miscible displacements of oil by carbon dioxide[C]//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Society of Petroleum Engineers,1991.
[32]罗二辉,胡永乐,李保柱,等.中国油气田注CO2提高采收率实践[J].特种油气藏,2013,20(2):1-7.[LUO E H,HU Y L,LI B Z,et al.Practices of CO2 EOR in China[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs 2013,20(2):1-7.]
[33]沈平平,江怀友,陈永武,等.CO2注入技术提高采收率研究[J].特种油气藏,2007,14(3):1-4.[SHEN P P,JIANG H Y,CHEN YW,et al.EOR study of CO2 injection[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2007,14(3):1-4.]
[34]江怀友,沈平平,卢颖,等.CO2提高世界油气资源采收率现状研究[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(2):5-10.[JIANG H Y,SHEN P P,LU Y,et al.Present situation of enhancing hydrocarbon recovery factor by CO2[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(2):5-10.]
[2]陈欢庆,胡永乐,田昌炳,等.CO2驱油与埋存对低碳经济的意义[J].西南石油大学学报(社会科学版),2015,17(5):9-15.[CHEN H Q,HU Y L,TIAN C B,et al.Researches on CO2 flooding and sequestration and its significance in low carbon economy[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Social Sciences Edition),2015,17(5):9-15.]
[3]GODEC M L,KUUSKRAA V A,DIPIETRO P.Opportunities for using an thropogenic CO2 for enhanced oil recovery and CO2storage[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(8):4183-4189.
[4]江怀友,沈平平,罗金玲,等.世界二氧化碳埋存技术现状与展望[J].中国能源,2010,32(6):28-32.[JIANG H Y,SHEN P P,LUOJ L,et al.Status and prospects of carbon dioxide storage technology around the world[J].Energy and Environment,2010,32(6):28-32.]
[5]沈平平,廖新维.二氧化碳地质埋存与提高石油采收率技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009:128-161.[SHEN P P,LIAO X W.Technology of carbon dioxide stored in geological media and enhanced oil recovery[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009:128-161.]
[6]赵仁保,敖文君,肖爱国,等.CO2在原油中的扩散规律及变扩散系数计算方法[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2016,40(3):136-142.[ZHAO R B,AO W J,XIAO A G,et al.Diffusion law and measurement of variable diffusion coefficient of CO2 in oil[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(3):136-142.]
[7]ORR F M,HELLER J P,TABER J J.Carbon dioxide flooding for enhanced oil recovery:Promise and problems[J].Journal of the American Oil Chemists’Society,1982,59(10):810A-817A.
[8]姜凤光,胡永乐.二氧化碳驱地下流体相态特征研究[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(06):90-92+129+145.[JIANG F G,HU Y L.Study on phase features of subsurface fluids during CO2 flooding[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(06):90-92+129+145.]
[9]YANG C,GU Y.A novel experimental technique for studying solvent mass transfer and oil swelling effect in the vapour extraction(VAPEX)process[C]//Canadian international petroleum conference.Petroleum Society of Canada,2005.
[10]TSAU J S,BUI L H,WILLHITE G P.Swelling/extraction test of a small sample size for phase behavior study[C]//SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2010.
[11]韩海水,李实,陈兴隆,等.CO2对原油烃组分膨胀效应的主控因素[J].石油学报,2016,37(3):392-398.[HAN H S,LI S,CHENX L,et al.Main control factors of carbon dioxide on swelling effect of crude hydrocarbon components[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(3):392-398.]
[12]SIAGIAN U W R,GRIGG R B.The extraction of hydrocarbons from crude oil by high pressure CO2[C]//SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium.Society of Petroleum Engineers,1998.
[13]JIN L,HAWTHORNE S,SORENSEN J,et al.Extraction of oil from the bakken shales with supercritical CO2[C].Unconventional Resources Technology Conference(URTEC),2017.
[14]WEI B,GAO H,PU W,et al.Interactions and phase behaviors between oleic phase and CO2 from swelling to miscibility in CO2-based enhanced oil recovery(EOR)process:A comprehensive visualization study[J].Journal of Molecular Liquids,2017,232:277-284.
[15]杨胜来,杭达震,孙蓉,等.CO2对原油的抽提及其对原油黏度的影响[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(4):85-88.[YANG S L,HANG D Z,SUN R,et al.CO2 extraction for crude oil and its effect on crude oil viscosity[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Sci-ence),2009,33(4):85-88.]
[15]章星,王珍珍,王帅,等.可视装置中CO2与正戊烷或原油接触特征和表征方法[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(3):402-408.[ZHANG X,WANG Z Z,WANG S,et al.Visual contact characteristics and characterization of the CO2 and n-pentane/crude oil interfac[J].PETROLEUM GEOLOGY&EXPERIMENT,2017,39(3):402-408.]
[17]LASHKARBOLOOKI M,AYATOLLAHI S.Experimental investigation on CO2-light crude oil interfacial and swelling behavior[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering,2017.
[18]YANG D,GU Y.Interfacial interactions between crude oil and CO2 under reservoir conditions[J].Petroleum science and technology,2005,23(9-10):1099-1112.
[19]WANG X,LIU L,LUN Z,et al.Effect of contact time and gas component on interfacial tension of CO2/crude oil system by pendant drop method[J].Journal of Spectroscopy,2015.
[20]ZOLGHADR A,ESCROCHI M,AYATOLLAHI S.Temperature and composition effect on CO2 miscibility by interfacial tension measurement[J].Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data,2013,58(5):1168-1175.
[21]NOBAKHT M,MOGHADAM S,GU Y.Determination of CO2 minimum miscibility pressure from measured and predicted equilibrium interfacial tensions[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(22):8918-8925.
[22]LI H,YANG D,TONTIWACHWUTHIKUL P.Experimental and theoretical determination of equilibrium interfacial tension for the solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(3):1776-1786.
[23]WANG C,LI T,GAO Y.Quantitative evaluation of interaction between CO2 and micro-nano pore-throat-fracture system of supercritical CO2 flood in unconventional tight sandstone reservoir[C]//SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2016.
[24]HAMDI Z,AWANG M,BATAEE M,et al.Cold CO2 injection for balancing interfacial tension decrease and viscosity increase[C]//SPEAsia Pacific Oil&Gas Conference and Exhibition.2016.
[25]SIMON R,GRAUE D J.Generalized correlations for predicting solubility,swelling and viscosity behavior of CO2-crude oil systems[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1965,17(01):102-106.
[26]COSTA G,ROCHA P,RIBERIO A,MENEZES P,LIMA R,COSTA P,et al.An improved method for calculating CO2 minimum miscibility pressure based on solubility parameter.J Petrol Sci Eng,2012(98):144-55.
[27]杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009:68-74.[YANG S L,WEI J Z.Petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009:.68-74.]
[28]HOLM L R W,JOSENDAL V A.Effect of oil composition on miscible-type displacement by carbon dioxide[J].SPEJ,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.;(United States),1982,22(1):87-98.
[29]RAO D N.A new technique of vanishing interfacial tension for miscibility determination[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,1997,139(1):311-324.
[30]ABEDINI A,TORABI F.On the CO2 storage potential of cyclic CO2 injection process for enhanced oil recovery[J].Fuel,2014,124(15):14-27.
[31]SHYEH-YUNG J G.Mechanisms of miscible oil recovery:Effects of pressure on miscible and near-miscible displacements of oil by carbon dioxide[C]//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Society of Petroleum Engineers,1991.
[32]罗二辉,胡永乐,李保柱,等.中国油气田注CO2提高采收率实践[J].特种油气藏,2013,20(2):1-7.[LUO E H,HU Y L,LI B Z,et al.Practices of CO2 EOR in China[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs 2013,20(2):1-7.]
[33]沈平平,江怀友,陈永武,等.CO2注入技术提高采收率研究[J].特种油气藏,2007,14(3):1-4.[SHEN P P,JIANG H Y,CHEN YW,et al.EOR study of CO2 injection[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2007,14(3):1-4.]
[34]江怀友,沈平平,卢颖,等.CO2提高世界油气资源采收率现状研究[J].特种油气藏,2010,17(2):5-10.[JIANG H Y,SHEN P P,LU Y,et al.Present situation of enhancing hydrocarbon recovery factor by CO2[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2010,17(2):5-10.]