基于土地利用变化的热带植物群落功能性状与土壤质量的关系
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摘要
为了明确热带天然林转变为橡胶林和槟榔后土壤质量变化,揭示土地利用变化下植物群落功能性状对土壤质量影响。在海南中部山区,以原始林(PF)、次生林(SF)、槟榔(Areca catechu)林(AP)、纯橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林(RP)和橡胶益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)林(RAP)为对象,探索天然林退化后土壤性质和质量变化,分析了植物群落功能性状(凋落物量、郁闭度、根长密度、细根密度和比根长)对土壤质量影响。结果表明:1)与原始林相比,其他土地利用类型凋落物量、根长密度、细根密度、土壤总孔隙度、最大持水量、土壤有机碳和总氮显著降低,土壤容重显著增加。人工林土壤碱解氮明显降低,但总磷、总钾和缓效钾明显升高(P<0.05)。2)与原始林相比,次生林、槟榔林、纯橡胶林和橡胶益智林土壤质量指数分别降低63.4%、85.8%、81.2%和84.1%,随原始林、次生林和人工林梯度土地利用强度的增加,土壤质量显著降低(P<0.05),但人工林间土壤质量无显著差异。3)凋落物量、郁闭度、根长密度和细根密度均与土壤质量指数显著正相关(P<0.05),细根密度对土壤质量的直接影响效应最大,凋落物间接影响效应最大。天然林转变为橡胶和槟榔林显著改变土壤性质和质量,群落性状细根密度和凋落物可较好解释土壤质量变化,强化人工林林下植被和凋落物管理有利于土壤质量改善。
To reveal the effects of plant community functional trait changes,resulted from the land use conversion from primitive forest to secondary forest or plantations,on soil quality in tropical region,an investigation was conducted in five typical land use types in the central mountainous area of Hainan Island. The land use types include primitive forest( PF),secondary forest( SF),areca plantation( AP),pure rubber plantation( RP) and rubber intercropping Alpinia oxyphylla plantation( RAP).The changes of soil qualities after the natural forest conversion to secondary forest or plantations and the relationships between plant community functional traits( litter fall,canopy density,root length density,fine root density,and specific root length) and soil quality were analyzed. Compared with those of primitive forest,the litter fall,root length density,fine root density,total soil porosity,maximum water holding capacity,soil organic carbon,and total nitrogen of other land use types decreased significantly( P<0.05),but soil bulk density increased significantly( P<0.05). Soil alkaline hydrolysis of nitrogen in all plantations decreased obviously,whereas soil total phosphorus,soil total potassium,and slowly available potassium increased significantly( P<0.05) during the conversion. With increasing of land use intensity,the soil quality decreased significantly( P<0.05). The soil quality indexes of SF,AP,RP,and RAP decreased by 63.4%,85.8%,81.2% and 84.1%,respectively,compared with that of PF. However,there were no differences in soil quality among the plantations. The litter fall,canopy density,root length density,and fine root density had the positive and significantly correlations with the soil quality index( P<0.05). Moreover,fine root density had the largest direct effect on soil quality,and litter had the largest indirect effect. Our results suggested that the transformation of tropical primitive forests to rubber and areca plantations significantly changed soil properties and soil quality,which was mainly explained by the plan community functional traits of fine root density and litter fall. Improving the management of litter fall and understory plant community,which influences fine root density,will help increase soil quality in plantations in tropical region.
To reveal the effects of plant community functional trait changes,resulted from the land use conversion from primitive forest to secondary forest or plantations,on soil quality in tropical region,an investigation was conducted in five typical land use types in the central mountainous area of Hainan Island. The land use types include primitive forest( PF),secondary forest( SF),areca plantation( AP),pure rubber plantation( RP) and rubber intercropping Alpinia oxyphylla plantation( RAP).The changes of soil qualities after the natural forest conversion to secondary forest or plantations and the relationships between plant community functional traits( litter fall,canopy density,root length density,fine root density,and specific root length) and soil quality were analyzed. Compared with those of primitive forest,the litter fall,root length density,fine root density,total soil porosity,maximum water holding capacity,soil organic carbon,and total nitrogen of other land use types decreased significantly( P<0.05),but soil bulk density increased significantly( P<0.05). Soil alkaline hydrolysis of nitrogen in all plantations decreased obviously,whereas soil total phosphorus,soil total potassium,and slowly available potassium increased significantly( P<0.05) during the conversion. With increasing of land use intensity,the soil quality decreased significantly( P<0.05). The soil quality indexes of SF,AP,RP,and RAP decreased by 63.4%,85.8%,81.2% and 84.1%,respectively,compared with that of PF. However,there were no differences in soil quality among the plantations. The litter fall,canopy density,root length density,and fine root density had the positive and significantly correlations with the soil quality index( P<0.05). Moreover,fine root density had the largest direct effect on soil quality,and litter had the largest indirect effect. Our results suggested that the transformation of tropical primitive forests to rubber and areca plantations significantly changed soil properties and soil quality,which was mainly explained by the plan community functional traits of fine root density and litter fall. Improving the management of litter fall and understory plant community,which influences fine root density,will help increase soil quality in plantations in tropical region.
引文
[1] Guillaume T,Maranguit D,Murtilaksono K,Kuzyakov Y. Sensitivity and resistance of soil fertility indicators to land-use changes:new concept and examples from conversion of Indonesian rainforest to plantations. Ecological Indicators,2016,67:49-57.
[2] Guillaume T,Damris M,Kuzyakov Y. Losses of soil carbon by converting tropical forest to plantations:erosion and decomposition estimated byδ13C. Global Change Biology,2015,21(9):3548-3560.
[3] Guillaume T,Holtkamp A M,Damris M,Brümmer B,Kuzyakov Y. Soil degradation in oil palm and rubber plantations under land resource scarcity. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,232:110-118.
[4] Krashevska V,Klarner B,Widyastuti R,Maraun M,Scheu S. Changes in structure and functioning of protist(Testate Amoebae)communities due to conversion of lowland rainforest into rubber and oil palm plantations. PLoS One,2016,11(7):e0160179.
[5] Van Straaten O,Corre M D,Wolf K,Tchienkoua M,Cuellar E,Matthews R B,Veldkamp E. Conversion of lowland tropical forests to tree cash crop plantations loses up to one-half of stored soil organic carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(32):9956-9960.
[6]王丹,庞玉新,胡璇,张晓东,林敏霞,于福来,谢小丽.海南省槟榔种植业发展现状及其动力分析.广东农业科学,2013,40(15):207-209.
[7]钟勇.海南橡胶种植业发展前景分析.热带农业科学,2016,36(8):69-75.
[8]董国涛,杨胜天,白娟,高云飞,郑东海,朗杨.海南岛中部山区热带天然林与人工橡胶林土壤特性对比研究.热带地理,2012,32(1):11-15.
[9] Viana R M,Ferraz J B S,Neves Jr A F,Vieira G,Pereira B F F. Soil quality indicators for different restoration stages on Amazon rainforest. Soil and Tillage Research,2014,140:1-7.
[10] Islam K R,Weil R R. Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2000,79(1):9-16.
[11] Paz-Kagan T,Shachak M,Zaady E,Karnieli A. Evaluation of ecosystem responses to land-use change using soil quality and primary productivity in a semi-arid area,Israel. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,193:9-24.
[12] Ngo-Mbogba M,Yemefack M,Nyeck B. Assessing soil quality under different land cover types within shifting agriculture in South Cameroon. Soil and Tillage Research,2015,150:124-131.
[13]郑华,欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿,赵同谦,彭廷柏.不同森林恢复类型对南方红壤侵蚀区土壤质量的影响.生态学报,2004,24(9):1994-2002.
[14] Sohng J,Singhakumara B M P,Ashton M S. Effects on soil chemistry of tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent reforestation with special reference to changes in carbon and nitrogen. Forest Ecology and Management,2017,389:331-340.
[15] Cherubin M R,Karlen D L,Cerri C E P,Franco A L C,Tormena C A,Davies C A,Cerri C C. Soil quality indexing strategies for evaluating sugarcane expansion in Brazil. PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0150860.
[16] Bautista-Cruz A,Del Castillo R F,Etchevers-Barra J D,Del CarmenGutiérrez-Castorena M,Baez A. Selection and interpretation of soil quality indicators for forest recovery after clearing of a tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,277:74-80.
[17]卢丽兰,甘炳春,许明会.海南槟榔土壤养分与其养分特征及作用研究进展.中国农学通报,2010,26(9):372-376.
[18] Nurulita Y,Adetutu E M,Kadali K K,Zul D,Mansur A A,Ball A S. The assessment of the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on the biotic and abiotic properties of tropical peat swamp soil in Indonesia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2015,13(2):150-166.
[19] Zhao X,Wu P,Gao X,Persaud N. Soil quality indicators in relation to land use and topography in a small catchment on the loess plateau of China.Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(1):54-61.
[20] Bardgett R D,Mommer L,De Vries F T. Going underground:root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2014,29(12):692-699.
[21] Vannoppen W,Vanmaercke M,De Baets S,Poesen J. A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates. EarthScience Reviews,2015,150:666-678.
[22] Van Der Sande M T,Pe1a-Claros M,Ascarrunz N,Arets E J M M,Licona J C,Toledo M,Poorter L. Abiotic and biotic drivers of biomass change in a Neotropical forest. Journal of Ecology,2017,105(5):1223-1234.
[23] Ali A,Yan E R,Chang S X,Cheng J Y,Liu X Y. Community-weighted mean of leaf traits and divergence of wood traits predict aboveground biomass in secondary subtropical forests. Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:654-662.
[24] Leff J W,Wieder W R,Taylor P G,Townsend A R,Nemergut D R,Grandy A S,Cleveland C C. Experimental litterfall manipulation drives large and rapid changes in soil carbon cycling in a wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology,2012,18(9):2969-2979.
[25]康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,卢立华,何日明,高妍夏,迪玮峙.南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质.应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2479-2486.
[26]陈超,杨丰,赵丽丽,姚红艳,王建立,刘洪来.贵州省不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及其有效性的影响.草地学报,2014,22(5):1007-1013.
[27] Carre1o-Rocabado G,Pe1a-Claros M,Bongers F,Díaz S,Quétier F,Chuvi1a J,Poorter L. Land-use intensification effects on functional properties in tropical plant communities. Ecological Applications,2016,26(1):174-189.
[28]朱秋莲,邢肖毅,张宏,安韶山.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被区土壤生态化学计量特征.生态学报,2013,33(15):4674-4682.
[29] Ola A,Dodd I C,Quinton J N. Can we manipulate root system architecture to control soil erosion? Soil Discussions,2015,2(1):265-289.
[30]韦兰英,上官周平.黄土高原白羊草、沙棘和辽东栎细根比根长特性.生态学报,2006,26(12):4164-4170.
[31] Armenise E,Redmile-Gordon M A,Stellacci A M,Ciccarese A,Rubino P. Developing a soil quality index to compare soil fitness for agricultural use under different managements in the Mediterranean environment. Soil and Tillage Research,2013,130(6):91-98.
[32] Zhang K,Zheng H,Chen F L,Ouyang Z Y,Wang Y,Wu Y F,Lan J,Fu M,Xiang X W. Changes in soil quality after converting Pinus to Eucalyptus plantations in southern China. Solid Earth,2015,6(1):115-123.
[33]李桂林,陈杰,孙志英,檀满枝.基于土壤特征和土地利用变化的土壤质量评价最小数据集确定.生态学报,2007,27(7):2715-2724.
[34] Masto R E,Chhonkar P K,Purakayastha T J,Patra A K,Singh D. Soil quality indices for evaluation of long-term land use and soil management practices in semi-arid sub-tropical India. Land Degradation&Development,2008,19(5):516-529.
[35]杨怀,李意德,任海,骆土寿,陈仁利,刘文杰,陈德祥,许涵,周璋,林明献,杨秋,姚海荣,周国逸.海南岛热带原始森林主要分布区土壤有机碳密度及影响因素.植物生态学报,2016,40(4):292-303.
[36] Zheng H,Ouyang Z Y,Wang X K,Miao H,Zhao T Q,Peng T B. How different reforestation approaches affect red soil properties in southern China. Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(4):387-396.
[37] Pakeman R J. Functional diversity indices reveal the impacts of land use intensification on plant community assembly. Journal of Ecology,2011,99(5):1143-1151.
[38] Brown M T,Vivas M B. Landscape development intensity index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2005,101(1/3):289-309.
[39] Paudel E,Dossa G G O,Xu J C,Harrison R D. Litterfall and nutrient return along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2015,353:97-106.
[40] Krashevska V,Klarner B,Widyastuti R,Maraun M,Scheu S. Impact of tropical lowland rainforest conversion into rubber and oil palm plantations on soil microbial communities. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51(6):697-705.
[41] Liu W J,Luo Q P,Lu H J,Wu J E,Duan W P. The effect of litter layer on controlling surface runoff and erosion in rubber plantations on tropical mountain slopes,SW China. Catena,2017,149:167-175.
[2] Guillaume T,Damris M,Kuzyakov Y. Losses of soil carbon by converting tropical forest to plantations:erosion and decomposition estimated byδ13C. Global Change Biology,2015,21(9):3548-3560.
[3] Guillaume T,Holtkamp A M,Damris M,Brümmer B,Kuzyakov Y. Soil degradation in oil palm and rubber plantations under land resource scarcity. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,232:110-118.
[4] Krashevska V,Klarner B,Widyastuti R,Maraun M,Scheu S. Changes in structure and functioning of protist(Testate Amoebae)communities due to conversion of lowland rainforest into rubber and oil palm plantations. PLoS One,2016,11(7):e0160179.
[5] Van Straaten O,Corre M D,Wolf K,Tchienkoua M,Cuellar E,Matthews R B,Veldkamp E. Conversion of lowland tropical forests to tree cash crop plantations loses up to one-half of stored soil organic carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(32):9956-9960.
[6]王丹,庞玉新,胡璇,张晓东,林敏霞,于福来,谢小丽.海南省槟榔种植业发展现状及其动力分析.广东农业科学,2013,40(15):207-209.
[7]钟勇.海南橡胶种植业发展前景分析.热带农业科学,2016,36(8):69-75.
[8]董国涛,杨胜天,白娟,高云飞,郑东海,朗杨.海南岛中部山区热带天然林与人工橡胶林土壤特性对比研究.热带地理,2012,32(1):11-15.
[9] Viana R M,Ferraz J B S,Neves Jr A F,Vieira G,Pereira B F F. Soil quality indicators for different restoration stages on Amazon rainforest. Soil and Tillage Research,2014,140:1-7.
[10] Islam K R,Weil R R. Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2000,79(1):9-16.
[11] Paz-Kagan T,Shachak M,Zaady E,Karnieli A. Evaluation of ecosystem responses to land-use change using soil quality and primary productivity in a semi-arid area,Israel. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,193:9-24.
[12] Ngo-Mbogba M,Yemefack M,Nyeck B. Assessing soil quality under different land cover types within shifting agriculture in South Cameroon. Soil and Tillage Research,2015,150:124-131.
[13]郑华,欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿,赵同谦,彭廷柏.不同森林恢复类型对南方红壤侵蚀区土壤质量的影响.生态学报,2004,24(9):1994-2002.
[14] Sohng J,Singhakumara B M P,Ashton M S. Effects on soil chemistry of tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent reforestation with special reference to changes in carbon and nitrogen. Forest Ecology and Management,2017,389:331-340.
[15] Cherubin M R,Karlen D L,Cerri C E P,Franco A L C,Tormena C A,Davies C A,Cerri C C. Soil quality indexing strategies for evaluating sugarcane expansion in Brazil. PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0150860.
[16] Bautista-Cruz A,Del Castillo R F,Etchevers-Barra J D,Del CarmenGutiérrez-Castorena M,Baez A. Selection and interpretation of soil quality indicators for forest recovery after clearing of a tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,277:74-80.
[17]卢丽兰,甘炳春,许明会.海南槟榔土壤养分与其养分特征及作用研究进展.中国农学通报,2010,26(9):372-376.
[18] Nurulita Y,Adetutu E M,Kadali K K,Zul D,Mansur A A,Ball A S. The assessment of the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on the biotic and abiotic properties of tropical peat swamp soil in Indonesia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2015,13(2):150-166.
[19] Zhao X,Wu P,Gao X,Persaud N. Soil quality indicators in relation to land use and topography in a small catchment on the loess plateau of China.Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(1):54-61.
[20] Bardgett R D,Mommer L,De Vries F T. Going underground:root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2014,29(12):692-699.
[21] Vannoppen W,Vanmaercke M,De Baets S,Poesen J. A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates. EarthScience Reviews,2015,150:666-678.
[22] Van Der Sande M T,Pe1a-Claros M,Ascarrunz N,Arets E J M M,Licona J C,Toledo M,Poorter L. Abiotic and biotic drivers of biomass change in a Neotropical forest. Journal of Ecology,2017,105(5):1223-1234.
[23] Ali A,Yan E R,Chang S X,Cheng J Y,Liu X Y. Community-weighted mean of leaf traits and divergence of wood traits predict aboveground biomass in secondary subtropical forests. Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:654-662.
[24] Leff J W,Wieder W R,Taylor P G,Townsend A R,Nemergut D R,Grandy A S,Cleveland C C. Experimental litterfall manipulation drives large and rapid changes in soil carbon cycling in a wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology,2012,18(9):2969-2979.
[25]康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,卢立华,何日明,高妍夏,迪玮峙.南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质.应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2479-2486.
[26]陈超,杨丰,赵丽丽,姚红艳,王建立,刘洪来.贵州省不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及其有效性的影响.草地学报,2014,22(5):1007-1013.
[27] Carre1o-Rocabado G,Pe1a-Claros M,Bongers F,Díaz S,Quétier F,Chuvi1a J,Poorter L. Land-use intensification effects on functional properties in tropical plant communities. Ecological Applications,2016,26(1):174-189.
[28]朱秋莲,邢肖毅,张宏,安韶山.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被区土壤生态化学计量特征.生态学报,2013,33(15):4674-4682.
[29] Ola A,Dodd I C,Quinton J N. Can we manipulate root system architecture to control soil erosion? Soil Discussions,2015,2(1):265-289.
[30]韦兰英,上官周平.黄土高原白羊草、沙棘和辽东栎细根比根长特性.生态学报,2006,26(12):4164-4170.
[31] Armenise E,Redmile-Gordon M A,Stellacci A M,Ciccarese A,Rubino P. Developing a soil quality index to compare soil fitness for agricultural use under different managements in the Mediterranean environment. Soil and Tillage Research,2013,130(6):91-98.
[32] Zhang K,Zheng H,Chen F L,Ouyang Z Y,Wang Y,Wu Y F,Lan J,Fu M,Xiang X W. Changes in soil quality after converting Pinus to Eucalyptus plantations in southern China. Solid Earth,2015,6(1):115-123.
[33]李桂林,陈杰,孙志英,檀满枝.基于土壤特征和土地利用变化的土壤质量评价最小数据集确定.生态学报,2007,27(7):2715-2724.
[34] Masto R E,Chhonkar P K,Purakayastha T J,Patra A K,Singh D. Soil quality indices for evaluation of long-term land use and soil management practices in semi-arid sub-tropical India. Land Degradation&Development,2008,19(5):516-529.
[35]杨怀,李意德,任海,骆土寿,陈仁利,刘文杰,陈德祥,许涵,周璋,林明献,杨秋,姚海荣,周国逸.海南岛热带原始森林主要分布区土壤有机碳密度及影响因素.植物生态学报,2016,40(4):292-303.
[36] Zheng H,Ouyang Z Y,Wang X K,Miao H,Zhao T Q,Peng T B. How different reforestation approaches affect red soil properties in southern China. Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(4):387-396.
[37] Pakeman R J. Functional diversity indices reveal the impacts of land use intensification on plant community assembly. Journal of Ecology,2011,99(5):1143-1151.
[38] Brown M T,Vivas M B. Landscape development intensity index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2005,101(1/3):289-309.
[39] Paudel E,Dossa G G O,Xu J C,Harrison R D. Litterfall and nutrient return along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2015,353:97-106.
[40] Krashevska V,Klarner B,Widyastuti R,Maraun M,Scheu S. Impact of tropical lowland rainforest conversion into rubber and oil palm plantations on soil microbial communities. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51(6):697-705.
[41] Liu W J,Luo Q P,Lu H J,Wu J E,Duan W P. The effect of litter layer on controlling surface runoff and erosion in rubber plantations on tropical mountain slopes,SW China. Catena,2017,149:167-175.