青海官亭盆地喇家遗址全新世地层序列与史前灾难研究
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摘要
黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址的考古发掘,揭示出史前多重灾难毁灭齐家文化聚落和人群的骇人事件,成为史前环境变化与文明演变研究领域的热点之一,也引起了学术界和各类媒体的关注.但是,围绕喇家遗址史前灾难问题产生了激烈的学术争议.究其原因,关键是对于遗址区域地表过程、沉积物性质和来源、地层序列和层位关系认知不够.文章对喇家遗址所在的黄河第二级阶地和整个官亭盆地,进行地貌学、土壤学、沉积学和地层学观察分析的基础上,系统采样,进行沉积学测试分析和年代测定,建立了晚更新世晚期-全新世地层序列和年代框架.发现其基本层序与黄土高原中东部地区相同,从下向上仍然是晚更新世马兰黄土(L_(1-1))-全新世早期黄土质过渡层(Lt)-全新世中期黑垆土(S_0)-全新世晚期黄土(L_0)-现代土壤(MS).其中,在喇家遗址齐家文化聚落废墟东部,全新世中期黑垆土层(S_0)被两组红色黏土质泥流沉积层(RC_1/RC_2)穿插,分裂成为3个亚层,即古土壤层上段(S_(0上))、中段(S_(0中))和下段(S_(0下)).通过地层对比与OSL测年和~(14)C测年数据的综合分析,表明在中全新世晚期,即3850～3600a BP,受到青藏高原边缘地带强对流天气影响,官亭盆地北部晚第三系红层丘陵沟壑地区,频繁发生高强度暴雨山洪和泥流灾害.它们沿着沟道流经古洪积扇前沿和黄河第二级阶地进入黄河河道.其中有两期多次大规模的山洪泥流过程,溢出沟槽扩散到黄河第二级阶地表面喇家遗址区域.其间还有两场多次大地震及其相关地质灾害与之相伴生,形成群发性巨大灾难事件,共同摧毁了喇家遗址的齐家文化聚落,造成居室内人群的死亡.文章建立了喇家遗址区域晚更新世晚期-全新世沉积物与土壤地层序列,分析论证了史前灾难的成因,对于深入探索黄河上游官亭盆地史前环境变化与灾害,以及人类活动影响问题具有科学意义.
引文
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郭昕.2014.青海民和喇家遗址史前灾难成因辨析.黑龙江史志,1:291-292
何克洲.2015.青海民和县喇家遗址的辛店文化墓葬.考古,3:115-120
黄春长,李晓刚,庞奖励,查小春,周亚利.2012.黄河永和关段全新世古洪水研究.地理学报,67:1493-1504
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金泉才,王军.2013.8月23日至24日青海省大部出现降水过程.青海日报,8月26日
李智敏,李延京,田勤俭,夏玉胜,张加庆,姚生海,黄伟.2014.拉脊山断裂古地震与喇家遗址灾变事件关系研究.地震研究,S1:109-115
吕厚远,李玉梅,张健平,杨晓燕,叶茂林,李泉,王灿,吴乃琴.2015.青海喇家遗址出土4000年前面条的成分分析与复制.科学通报,8:744-756
马晓萍,路世贵.2013.2012年7月29~30日青海省海东地区强降水过程分析.农业气象,2:1-3
欧阳杰,朱诚,叶茂林,任晓燕,钟建,蔡林海,何克洲,朱青.2008.青海喇家遗址古地震喷砂磁化率异常现象与机制的初步研究.国际地震动态,11:128
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任瑞波.2017.论喇家遗址“辛店文化”墓葬的文化归属.考古,5:114-120
任晓燕,王国道,蔡林海,何克洲,叶茂林.2002.青海民和喇家遗址2000年发掘简报.考古,12:12-25
王明辉.2002.青海民和县喇家遗址人骨及其相关问题.考古,12:25-28
王田寿,李生辰.2007.青海省短时强降水(强暴雨)特征分析.青海科技,4:17-20
王志远.2013.青藏高原东北部一次强对流引发暴雨天气成因分析.青海气象,2:2-7
吴庆龙,张培震,张会平,叶茂林,张竹琪.2009.黄河上游积石峡古地震堰塞溃决事件与喇家遗址异常古洪水灾害.中国科学:地球科学,39:1148-1159
夏正楷,杨晓燕.2003.青海喇家遗址史前灾难事件.科学通报,48:1200-1204
杨晓燕,夏正楷,崔之久,叶茂林.2004.青海官亭盆地考古遗存堆积形态的环境背景.地理学报,3:454-461
杨晓燕,夏正楷,崔之久.2005.黄河上游全新世特大洪水及其沉积特征.第四纪研究,25:80-85
叶茂林,任晓燕,王国道,蔡林海,张小虎,何克洲.2004.青海民和喇家遗址发现齐家文化祭坛和干栏式建筑.考古,6:3-6
叶茂林.2002.青海民和喇家史前遗址的发掘.考古,7:3-6
殷志强,秦小光,赵无忌,魏刚.2013.黄河上游官亭盆地红黏土层成因机制再探讨.第四纪研究,33:995-1004
于孟洲,王倩倩,杜战伟.2017.喇家遗址齐家文化聚落的考古发现与思考.青海社会科学,3:199-204
袁道阳,张培震,雷中生,刘百篪,刘小龙.2005.青海拉脊山断裂带新活动特征的初步研究.中国地震,21:93-102
张雪莲,叶茂林,仇士华,钟建.2014.民和喇家遗址碳十四测年及初步分析.考古,11:91-104
张玉柱,黄春长,庞奖励,周亚利,查小春,王龙升,周亮.2013.黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址地层光释光测年研究.地理学报,68:626-639
张玉柱,黄春长,庞奖励,周亚利,周强,郭永强,尚瑞清.2015.青海民和官亭盆地喇家遗址古耕作土壤层微形态研究.土壤学报,52:71-82
张玉柱,黄春长,周亚利,庞奖励,查小春,周强,郭永强,陈莹璐,郑紫星,胡迎,胡贵明,刘涛.2017.黄河上游积石峡史前滑坡堰塞湖形成年代与发展演变研究.中国科学:地球科学,47:1357-1370
周强,张玉柱.2015.青海喇家遗址史前灾难成因的探索与辨析.地理学报,70:1774-1787
Carling P A.2013.Freshwater megaflood sedimentation:What can we learn about generic processes?Earth-Sci Rev,125:87-113
Fan L J,Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,Zhou Y L,Li X G,Liu T.2015.Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the Wubu Reach along the Jin-Shaan gorges of the middle Yellow River,China.Quat Int,380-381:368-376
Gao S Z,Yang Y D,Xu Y,Zhang Q C,Zhu H,Zhou H.2007.Tracing the genetic history of the Chinese people:Mitochondrial DNAanalysis of aneolithic population from the Lajia site.Am J Phys Anthropol,133:1128-1136
Guo Y Q,Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,Zhou Y L,Zhou Q,Hu G M.2016.Palaeo-earthquake and palaeo-mudflow events at the Machangyuan Ruins in the Huangshui River valley,northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Holocene,26:1208-1224
Herget J.2005.Reconstruction of Pleistocene ice-dammed lake outburst floods in the Altai Moutains,Siberia.Geol Soc Am Spec Pap,386:1-118
Hu G M,Huang C C,Zhou Y L,Pang J L,Zha X C,Guo Y Q,Zhang YZ,Zhao X R.2016.Extreme paleoflood events 3200-3000 a BP in the Jingyuan-Jingtai reaches of the upper Yellow River,China.Holocene,26:790-800
Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,Li S L,Ge B W,He Z,Li X Y,Yang YM,Zhu Y Z.2009b.Holocene environmental change inferred from the loess-palaeosol sequences adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River,China.Quat Sci Rev,28:2633-2646
Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,Mao L J,Wang L J.2009a.The Ustic Isohumisol(Chernozem)distributed over the Chinese Loess Plateau:Modern soil or palaeosol?Geoderma,150:344-358
Huang C C,Pang J,Zhou Q,Chen S.2004.Holocene pedogenic change and the emergence and decline of rain-fed cereal agriculture on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Quat Sci Rev,23:2525-2535
Huang C C,Pang J L,Zhou Y L,Su H,Zhang Y,Wang L.2013.Palaeoenvironmental implications of the prehistorical catastrophes in relation to the Lajia Ruins within the Guanting Basin along the upper Yellow River,China.Holocene,23:1584-1595
Huang C C,Zhou,Y L,Zhang Y Z,Guo Y Q,Pang J L,Zhou Q,Liu T,Zha X C.2017.Comments on“Outburst flood at 1920 BCEsupports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty”.Science,355:1382(1-4)
Kataoka K S,Urabe A,Manville V,Kajiyama A.2008.Breakout flood from an ignimbrite-dammed valley after the 5 ka Numazawako eruption,northeast Japan.Geol Soc Am Bull,120:1233-1247
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