河漫滩沉积体系对洪水事件的指示——以修河为例
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摘要
河漫滩是洪水漫溢过自然堤而在河流两岸水流流速降低的地貌环境下所塑造的河流地貌单元,是洪水过程所形成的独特沉积体系,蕴含着大量的河流水文信息,但由于河流侧向摆动、河漫滩沉积速度较快等原因,造成河漫滩沉积环境变化较快,河漫滩沉积体系长期以来没有得到足够的重视。以鄱阳湖修河下游永修三角乡修河右岸的近现代河漫滩沉积序列为例,基于~(137)Cs比活度测试和事件性沉积建立时间标尺,依据粒度组份等指标,结合气象和水文观测数据,探究了器测以来河漫滩沉积体系对洪水事件的记录及记录特点。研究结果表明:较大洪水期间水动力不稳定、粒度较粗、分选差(或者好)、粒度跨度宽;该剖面揭示了1953年来16次较大洪水年份的14次,检出率高;平均粒径(μm)和SS(分选系数×粒径跨度)等指标对洪水事件的检出最好。这样揭示出来的洪水,可称为异常洪水,有别于基于滞水沉积所反演的极端洪水事件。研究在一定程度上能拓宽古洪水的研究内容与研究内涵。
A floodplain is a fluvial geomorphic unit formed by a flood that flows over the natural levee and below the river and is a unique sedimentary system formed by flood processes that contains a great deal of river hydrological information. However,because of the lateral sway of the river and the fast deposition rate of the floodplain,the sedimentary environment of the floodplain changes rapidly,which means that the floodplain sedimentary system has not been adequately studied for a long time. We examine the modern floodplain,on the right bank of the Xiu River in the triangle township of Yongxiu County,along the lower reaches of the river,as our case study. Testing the specific activity of137 Cs to establish the time scale,based on particle size and combined with the meteorological and hydrological observation data,we explore the instrument for the floodplain depositional system of flood event records and record features.Study shows that during the larger floods with the hydrodynamic instability,coarse grain size,poor sorting( or good),and wide particle size span; This section reveals 14 larger flood years have occurred since 1953 with a high detection rate. The average particle size( μm) and SS( sorting coefficient×particle size span) are the best indicators for flood events. These floods can be called abnormal floods,which are different with extreme flood inversions based on stagnant water deposition. Therefore,to a certain extent,this study will broaden the content and connotation of the ancient flood research.
A floodplain is a fluvial geomorphic unit formed by a flood that flows over the natural levee and below the river and is a unique sedimentary system formed by flood processes that contains a great deal of river hydrological information. However,because of the lateral sway of the river and the fast deposition rate of the floodplain,the sedimentary environment of the floodplain changes rapidly,which means that the floodplain sedimentary system has not been adequately studied for a long time. We examine the modern floodplain,on the right bank of the Xiu River in the triangle township of Yongxiu County,along the lower reaches of the river,as our case study. Testing the specific activity of137 Cs to establish the time scale,based on particle size and combined with the meteorological and hydrological observation data,we explore the instrument for the floodplain depositional system of flood event records and record features.Study shows that during the larger floods with the hydrodynamic instability,coarse grain size,poor sorting( or good),and wide particle size span; This section reveals 14 larger flood years have occurred since 1953 with a high detection rate. The average particle size( μm) and SS( sorting coefficient×particle size span) are the best indicators for flood events. These floods can be called abnormal floods,which are different with extreme flood inversions based on stagnant water deposition. Therefore,to a certain extent,this study will broaden the content and connotation of the ancient flood research.
引文
[1]李瑜琴,黄春长,查小春,等.泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究[J].地理学报,2009,64(5):541-552.[Li Yuqin,Huang Chunchang,Zha Xiaochun,et al. Palaeoflood occurrence in the late period of the Longshan Culture in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(5):541-552.]
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[11] Guo Y Q,Huang C C,Pang J L,et al.Investigating extreme flood response to Holocene palaeoclimate in the Chinese monsoonal zone:a palaeoflood case study from the Hanjiang River[J].Geomorphology,2015,238:187-197.
[12]朱诚,马春梅,王慧麟,等.长江三峡库区玉溪遗址T0403探方古洪水沉积特征研究[J].科学通报,2008,53(增刊1):1-16.[Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Wang Huilin,et al. Characteristics of paleoflood deposits archived in unit T0403 of Yuxi site in the Three Gorges reservoir areas,China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(Suppl.1):1-16.]
[13]钱鹏,张艳,任雪梅.长江下游洪水事件:基于南通河漫滩研究[J]南通大学学报(自然科学版),2009,8(2):56-61.[Qian Peng,Zhang Yan,Ren Xuemei.Flood events in the lower Yangtze reach:inferred from the floodplain at Nantong,Eastern China[J].Journal of Nantong University(Natural Science Edition),2009,8(2):56-61.]
[14]展望,杨守业,刘晓理,等.长江下游近代洪水事件重建的新证据[J].科学通报,2010,55(19):1908-1913.[Zhan Wang,Yang Shouye,Liu Xiaoli,et al. Reconstruction of flood events over the last 150 years in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(19):1908-1913.]
[15] Kochel R C,Baker V R.Paleoflood hydrology[J].Science,1982,215(4531):353-361.
[16]赵景波,蔡晓薇,王长燕.西安高陵渭河近120年来的洪水演变[J].地理科学,2007,27(2):225-230.[Zhao Jingbo,Cai Xiaowei,Wang Changyan. Flood evolution of Weihe River in rencent120 years in Gaoling of Xi’an[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(2):225-230.]
[17] Slingerland R,Smith N D.River avulsions and their deposits[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2004,32:257-285.
[18]张天文,王建力,强杨,等.渝西北小流域平原洪水沉积物粒度特征及环境意义[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(11):111-117.[Zhang Tianwen,Wang Jianli,Qiang Yang,et al.Grain size characteristics of flood sediments of small alluvial plains in northwestern chongqing and their environmental significance[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2010,32(11):111-117.]
[19]顾静,周杰,赵景波.泾河泾阳段高河漫滩沉积元素与化合物指示的洪水事件[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(2):9-14.[Gu Jing,Zhou Jie,Zhao Jingbo. Flood events indicated by elements and compounds of sediment in the Jingyang reach of Jinghe River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(2):9-14.]
[20]余修炎.修河志[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2011.[Yu Xiuyan.County annals of Xiu river[M].Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,2011.]
[21]凌超豪.230年来修河流域气候变化与洪水研究[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.[Ling Chaohao.Research on flood and climate change of the Xiuhe River for the last 230 years[D]. Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2016.]
[22]叶崇开.137Cs法和210Pb法对比研究鄱阳湖近代沉积速率[J].沉积学报,1991,9(1):106-114.[Ye Chongkai.Contrasting investigation by137Cs method and210Pb method for the present sedimentation rate of Poyang Lake,Jiangxi[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1991,9(1):106-114.]
[23]曾理,吴丰昌,万国江,等.中国地区湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布特征和环境意义[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):1-9.[Zeng Li,Wu Fengchang,Wan Guojiang,et al. The distribution characteristic and environmental significance of Cesium-137 deposit profile in Chinese lacustrine sediment[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(1):1-9.]
[24]吴艳宏,王苏民.龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(5):843-848.[Wu Yanhong,Wang Sumin.Estimate of anthropogenic nutrient element fluxes recorded in lacustrine sediments:A case study in Longgan Lake[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):843-848.]
[25]江西省水利厅.江西省水利志[M].南昌:江西科学技术出版社,1995:120-220.[Jiangxi Provincial Water Conservancy Department. Water conservancy records of Jiangxi province[M]. Nanchang:Science and Technology Press,Jiangxi,1995:120-220.]
[26]刘极灿.永修县志[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,1987.[Liu Jican.County annals of Yongxiu[M]. Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,1987.]
[27]闵骞,汪泽培.鄱阳湖近600年洪水规律的分析[J].湖泊科学,1994,6(4):375-383.[Min Qian,Wang Zepei.On the regularity of flood occurrences in Poyang Lake in the past 600 years[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1994,6(4):375-383.]
[28]成都地质学院陕北队.沉积岩(物)粒度分析及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1978.[The Shanbei Team of Chengdu Geologic College.Particle size analysis and its application of sediments[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1978.]
[29]赵澄林,朱筱敏.沉积岩石学[M].3版.北京:石油工业出版社,2001:346-354.[Zhao Chenglin,Zhu Xiaomin.Sedimentary petrology[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001:346-354.]
[30]黄兴,王柏勇.修潦鄱阳湖区永修县防汛形势分析及防治对策[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(12):105-109.[Huang Xing,Wang Baiyong.Position and countermeasure of flood prevention for Yongxiu county in regions of Xiu,Liao and Poyang Lake[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2008,20(12):105-109.]
[31]赵景波,李胜利.西安高陵马坊滩渭河洪水变化研究[J].沉积学报,2006,24(6):857-863.[Zhao Jingbo,Li Shengli. Study on flood changes of Weihe River at Mafangtan in Gaoling[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(6):857-863.]
[2]姚平,黄春长,庞奖励,等.北洛河中游黄陵洛川段全新世古洪水研究[J].地理学报,2008,63(11):1198-1206.[Yao Ping,Huang Chunchang,Pang Jiangli,et al. Palaeoflood hydrological studies in the middle reaches of the Beiluohe River[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(11):1198-1206.]
[3]查小春,黄春长,庞奖励,等.汉江上游郧西段全新世古洪水事件研究[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):671-680.[Zha Xiaochun,Huang Chunchang,Pang Jiangli,et al.The Holocene palaeoflood events in the Yunxi reach in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(5):671-680.]
[4] Greenbaum N,Enzel Y,Schick A P.Magnitude and frequency of paleofloods and historical floods in the Arava basin,Negev Desert,Israel[J].Israel Journal of Earth Sciences,2001,50(2/3/4):159-186.
[5] Baker V R. Paleoflood hydrology:origin,progress,prospects[J].Geomorphology,2008,101(1/2):1-13.
[6] Zhou L,Huang C C,Zhou Y L,et al. Late Pleistocene and Holocene extreme hydrological event records from slackwater flood deposits of the Ankang east reach in the upper Hanjiang River valley,China[J].Boreas,2016,45(4):673-687.
[7] Liu T,Huang C C,Pang J L,et al.Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits in the upper Hanjiang River valley,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,529:499-510.
[8] Brown S L,Bierman P R,Lini A,et al.10 000 yr record of extreme hydrologic events[J].Geology,2000,28(4):335-338.
[9] Ely L L,Enzel Y,Baker V R,et al.A 5000-year record of extreme floods and climate change in the southwestern United States[J].Science,1993,262(5132):410-412.
[10] Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,et al. Extraordinary hydro-climatic events during the period AD 200—300 recorded by slackwater deposits in the upper Hanjiang River valley,China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,374:274-283.
[11] Guo Y Q,Huang C C,Pang J L,et al.Investigating extreme flood response to Holocene palaeoclimate in the Chinese monsoonal zone:a palaeoflood case study from the Hanjiang River[J].Geomorphology,2015,238:187-197.
[12]朱诚,马春梅,王慧麟,等.长江三峡库区玉溪遗址T0403探方古洪水沉积特征研究[J].科学通报,2008,53(增刊1):1-16.[Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Wang Huilin,et al. Characteristics of paleoflood deposits archived in unit T0403 of Yuxi site in the Three Gorges reservoir areas,China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(Suppl.1):1-16.]
[13]钱鹏,张艳,任雪梅.长江下游洪水事件:基于南通河漫滩研究[J]南通大学学报(自然科学版),2009,8(2):56-61.[Qian Peng,Zhang Yan,Ren Xuemei.Flood events in the lower Yangtze reach:inferred from the floodplain at Nantong,Eastern China[J].Journal of Nantong University(Natural Science Edition),2009,8(2):56-61.]
[14]展望,杨守业,刘晓理,等.长江下游近代洪水事件重建的新证据[J].科学通报,2010,55(19):1908-1913.[Zhan Wang,Yang Shouye,Liu Xiaoli,et al. Reconstruction of flood events over the last 150 years in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(19):1908-1913.]
[15] Kochel R C,Baker V R.Paleoflood hydrology[J].Science,1982,215(4531):353-361.
[16]赵景波,蔡晓薇,王长燕.西安高陵渭河近120年来的洪水演变[J].地理科学,2007,27(2):225-230.[Zhao Jingbo,Cai Xiaowei,Wang Changyan. Flood evolution of Weihe River in rencent120 years in Gaoling of Xi’an[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(2):225-230.]
[17] Slingerland R,Smith N D.River avulsions and their deposits[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2004,32:257-285.
[18]张天文,王建力,强杨,等.渝西北小流域平原洪水沉积物粒度特征及环境意义[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(11):111-117.[Zhang Tianwen,Wang Jianli,Qiang Yang,et al.Grain size characteristics of flood sediments of small alluvial plains in northwestern chongqing and their environmental significance[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2010,32(11):111-117.]
[19]顾静,周杰,赵景波.泾河泾阳段高河漫滩沉积元素与化合物指示的洪水事件[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(2):9-14.[Gu Jing,Zhou Jie,Zhao Jingbo. Flood events indicated by elements and compounds of sediment in the Jingyang reach of Jinghe River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(2):9-14.]
[20]余修炎.修河志[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2011.[Yu Xiuyan.County annals of Xiu river[M].Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,2011.]
[21]凌超豪.230年来修河流域气候变化与洪水研究[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.[Ling Chaohao.Research on flood and climate change of the Xiuhe River for the last 230 years[D]. Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2016.]
[22]叶崇开.137Cs法和210Pb法对比研究鄱阳湖近代沉积速率[J].沉积学报,1991,9(1):106-114.[Ye Chongkai.Contrasting investigation by137Cs method and210Pb method for the present sedimentation rate of Poyang Lake,Jiangxi[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1991,9(1):106-114.]
[23]曾理,吴丰昌,万国江,等.中国地区湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布特征和环境意义[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):1-9.[Zeng Li,Wu Fengchang,Wan Guojiang,et al. The distribution characteristic and environmental significance of Cesium-137 deposit profile in Chinese lacustrine sediment[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(1):1-9.]
[24]吴艳宏,王苏民.龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(5):843-848.[Wu Yanhong,Wang Sumin.Estimate of anthropogenic nutrient element fluxes recorded in lacustrine sediments:A case study in Longgan Lake[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):843-848.]
[25]江西省水利厅.江西省水利志[M].南昌:江西科学技术出版社,1995:120-220.[Jiangxi Provincial Water Conservancy Department. Water conservancy records of Jiangxi province[M]. Nanchang:Science and Technology Press,Jiangxi,1995:120-220.]
[26]刘极灿.永修县志[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,1987.[Liu Jican.County annals of Yongxiu[M]. Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,1987.]
[27]闵骞,汪泽培.鄱阳湖近600年洪水规律的分析[J].湖泊科学,1994,6(4):375-383.[Min Qian,Wang Zepei.On the regularity of flood occurrences in Poyang Lake in the past 600 years[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1994,6(4):375-383.]
[28]成都地质学院陕北队.沉积岩(物)粒度分析及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1978.[The Shanbei Team of Chengdu Geologic College.Particle size analysis and its application of sediments[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1978.]
[29]赵澄林,朱筱敏.沉积岩石学[M].3版.北京:石油工业出版社,2001:346-354.[Zhao Chenglin,Zhu Xiaomin.Sedimentary petrology[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001:346-354.]
[30]黄兴,王柏勇.修潦鄱阳湖区永修县防汛形势分析及防治对策[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(12):105-109.[Huang Xing,Wang Baiyong.Position and countermeasure of flood prevention for Yongxiu county in regions of Xiu,Liao and Poyang Lake[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2008,20(12):105-109.]
[31]赵景波,李胜利.西安高陵马坊滩渭河洪水变化研究[J].沉积学报,2006,24(6):857-863.[Zhao Jingbo,Li Shengli. Study on flood changes of Weihe River at Mafangtan in Gaoling[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(6):857-863.]