PM_(10)中重金属的提取方法及生物可利用性研究
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摘要
分别运用模拟生物提取法与化学连续提取法对PM10标准参考样品城市源(NIST-1648A)和工业源(BCR-038)中6种重金属(Cd、Co、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb)质量分数及赋存形态进行分析。其目标是验证2种提取大气固体颗粒物中重金属方法的有效性,并比较2种方法的优缺点,为将来提取PM10中重金属的方法选取提供依据。模拟生物提取法中,使用Gamble溶液模拟人体肺液对PM10样品进行溶解,实验方法操作较为简单快捷;化学连续提取法中,不同溶解步骤则可确定重金属的不同赋存形态。在需要快速确定PM10中某种重金属总量时,应优先使用模拟生物提取法。化学连续提取结果表明,城市源PM10中重金属赋存形态分布没有统一规律,工业源PM10中重金属多以残渣态存在。通过对2种来源的PM10样品中重金属生物可利用性分析,城市源的大气颗粒物对人体的毒性更大,其中标准参考样品城市源PM10中生物可利用性较高的是重金属Cd(BIBio为61.65%±3.45%;BISE为69.02%±3.82%)和Cu,最低的是重金属Co和Pb;标准参考样品工业源PM10中重金属的生物可利用性最高的是Cd(BIBio为27.66%±1.52%;BISE为15.05%±2.13%),而Ni、Co和Pb的生物可利用性较低。
In this study, simulated biological extraction and chemical sequential extraction were used to analyze the concentration and chemical speciation of 6 heavy metals(Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb) in two PM10 standard reference samples, urban source(NIST-1648A) and industrial source(BCR-038). The objective of this study was to verify the validity of the two extraction methods which can provide a basis for the selection of method in the future. In the simulated biological extraction method which can be easily operated, Gamble solution was used to simulate human lung fluid to dissolve the PM10 sample. Although the chemical sequential extraction method has more steps, different chemical speciation of heavy metals can be determined. When the concentration of a kind of heavy metal needs to be determined urgently, the simulated biological extraction method could be a good choice. The distribution of chemical speciation of heavy metals in PM10 of urban source has no obvious rules while the heavy metals in PM10 of industrial source exist in residual condition. With the analysis of the bioaccessibility of the heavy metals in PM10 of two sources, it is concluded that PM10 of urban source is more toxic to human body. The highest bioaccessibility of the heavy metal in NIST-1648 A is Cd(BIBio61.65%±3.45%; BISE 69.02%±3.82%) and Cu, while the lowest is Co and Pb. In BCR-038, Cd(BIBio 27.66%±1.52%; BISE 15.05%±2.13%) has the highest bioaccessibility while the bioaccessibility of Ni, Co and Pb is relatively low.
In this study, simulated biological extraction and chemical sequential extraction were used to analyze the concentration and chemical speciation of 6 heavy metals(Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb) in two PM10 standard reference samples, urban source(NIST-1648A) and industrial source(BCR-038). The objective of this study was to verify the validity of the two extraction methods which can provide a basis for the selection of method in the future. In the simulated biological extraction method which can be easily operated, Gamble solution was used to simulate human lung fluid to dissolve the PM10 sample. Although the chemical sequential extraction method has more steps, different chemical speciation of heavy metals can be determined. When the concentration of a kind of heavy metal needs to be determined urgently, the simulated biological extraction method could be a good choice. The distribution of chemical speciation of heavy metals in PM10 of urban source has no obvious rules while the heavy metals in PM10 of industrial source exist in residual condition. With the analysis of the bioaccessibility of the heavy metals in PM10 of two sources, it is concluded that PM10 of urban source is more toxic to human body. The highest bioaccessibility of the heavy metal in NIST-1648 A is Cd(BIBio61.65%±3.45%; BISE 69.02%±3.82%) and Cu, while the lowest is Co and Pb. In BCR-038, Cd(BIBio 27.66%±1.52%; BISE 15.05%±2.13%) has the highest bioaccessibility while the bioaccessibility of Ni, Co and Pb is relatively low.
引文
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朱石嶙,冯茜丹,党志.2008.大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特性及生物有效性研究进展[J].地球与环境,36(1):26-32.
ALLEMAN L Y,LAMAISON L,PERDRIX E,et al.2010.PM10 metalconcentrations and source identification using positive matrixfactorization and wind sectoring in a French industrial zone[J].Atmospheric Research,96(4):612-625.
BOISA Ndokiari,ELOM Nwabueze,DEAN John R,et al.2014.Development and application of an inhalation bioaccessibility method(IBM)for lead in the PM10 size fraction of soil[J].EnvironmentInternational,70:132-142.
CABOCHE J,PERDRIX E,MALET B,et al.2011.Development of an invitro method to estimate lung bioaccessibility of metals fromatmospheric particles[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,13(3):621-630.
DAVIESN M,FEDDAH M R.2003.A novel method for assessingdissolution of aerosol inhaler products[J].International journal ofpharmaceutics,255(1):175-187.
FENG X D,DANG Z,HUANG W L,et al.2009.Chemical speciation offine particle bound trace metals[J].International Journal ofEnvironmental Science&Technology,6(3):337-346.
FERNáNDEZ ESPINOSA A J,TERNERO RODRíGUEZ M,BARRAGáN DE LA ROSA F J,et al.2002.A chemical speciation oftrace metals for fine urban particles[J].Atmospheric Environment,36(5):773-780.
HEAL M R,HIBBS L R,AGIUS R M,et al.2005.Total and water-solubletrace metal content of urban background PM10,PM2.5 and black smokein Edinburgh,UK[J].Atmospheric Environment,39(8):1417-1430.
MIDANDER K,PAN J,LEYGRAF C.2006.Elaboration of a test methodfor the study of metal release from stainless steel particles in artificialbiological media[J].Corrosion Science,48(9):2855-2866.
NIU J,RASMUSSEN P E,HASSAN N M,et al.2010.Concentrationdistribution and bioaccessibility of trace elements in nano and fineurban airborne particulate matter:influence of particle size[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,213(1-4):211-225.
OBIOLS J,DEVESA R,SOL A.1986.Speciation of heavy metals insuspended particulates in urban air[J].Toxicological&EnvironmentalChemistry,13(1-2):121-128.
OLLER A R,CAPPELLINI D,HENDERSON R G,et al.2009.Comparison of nickel release in solutions used for the identification ofwater-soluble nickel exposures and in synthetic lung fluids[J].Journalof Environmental Monitoring,11(4):823-829.
TOKALIO?LU?,KARTAL?.2006.Multivariate analysis of the data andspeciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from the OrganizedIndustrial District in Kayseri(Turkey)[J].Atmospheric Environment,40(16):2797-2805.
ZATKA V J,WARNER J S,MASKERY D.1992.Chemical speciation ofnickel in airborne dusts:analytical method and results of aninterlaboratory test program[J].Environmental science&technology,26(1):138-144.
ZHANG Kai,CHAI Fahe,ZHENG Zilong,et al.2014.Characteristics ofatmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tancity clusters,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,26(1):147-153.
冯茜丹,党志,吕玄文,等.2011.大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态分布[J].生态环境学报,20(6):1048-1052.
冯茜丹,刘艳,党志,等.2008.应用化学提取法评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性[J].环境工程学报,2(2):243-248.
胡恭任,戚红璐,于瑞莲,等.2011.大气降尘中重金属形态分析及生态风险评价[J].有色金属,63(2):286-291.
姜薇,赵晓红.2007.大气可吸入颗粒物对肺组织损伤机制的研究进展[J].生命科学,19(1):78-82.
乔玉霜,王静,王建英.2011.城市大气可吸入颗粒物的研究进展[J].中国环境监测,2:22-26.
邵孝侯,邢光熹,侯文华.1994.连续提取法区分土壤重金属元素形态的研究及其应用[J].土壤学进展,22(3):40-46.
杨金燕,杨肖娥,何振立.2006.土壤中铅的来源及生物有效性[J].土壤通报,36(5):127-134.
殷永文,程金平,段玉森,等.2011.上海市霾期间PM2.5、PM10污染与呼吸科、儿呼吸科门诊人数的相关分析[J].环境科学,32(7):1894-1898.
周林,邵龙义,刘君霞.2009.大气可吸入颗粒物健康效应及评价方法[J].环境与可持续发展,4:42-44.
朱石嶙,冯茜丹,党志.2008.大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特性及生物有效性研究进展[J].地球与环境,36(1):26-32.