体验抽样法与准实验法的结合探究:基于组织中感恩研究的应用与展望
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摘要
本文以体验抽样法与准实验法为切入点,旨在探索二者的结合在组织行为学领域,特别是在与感恩相关研究中的应用和展望。首先,本文对体验抽样法以及该方法下的感恩研究进行介绍;其次,系统地回顾分析准实验研究中的感恩干预策略、因果模型以及该方法存在的问题;再者,文章引入现有研究实例,充分探讨将体验抽样法与干预方法结合进行研究的可能性与优势;最后,提出了将两种方法结合进行感恩研究的基本流程与注意事项,并从方法设计、多层研究、情景化研究和转变研究视角等方面进一步探讨未来研究方向。总之,本文认为体验抽样法能够有效弥补准实验方法的不足,对于促进理解工作场所中感恩、态度和行为等之间的相互关系起到重要的作用。
Based on the combination of experience sampling and quasi-experiment methods, this paper aims to explore the application and prospects of the combined method in the field of organizational behavior, especially in gratitude-related research. Firstly, this paper introduces the experience sampling method and gratitude related research. Secondly, we systematically review the intervention strategies, causal models and existing problems of gratitude researches using quasi-experiment method. Thirdly, we discuss the feasibility, necessity, and advantages of combining the quasi-experiment method with the experience sampling method by introducing extant research examples. Finally, we draw a flowchart of how to conduct such research in organizations, and also provide suggestions for future research from the aspects of method design, multilevel research, context-based research, and multiple perspectives. In conclusion, this paper argues that experience sampling method can effectively remedy the shortcomings of quasi-experiment method and plays an important role in promoting our understanding of the relationships between gratitude, attitudes, and behaviors in the workplace.
Based on the combination of experience sampling and quasi-experiment methods, this paper aims to explore the application and prospects of the combined method in the field of organizational behavior, especially in gratitude-related research. Firstly, this paper introduces the experience sampling method and gratitude related research. Secondly, we systematically review the intervention strategies, causal models and existing problems of gratitude researches using quasi-experiment method. Thirdly, we discuss the feasibility, necessity, and advantages of combining the quasi-experiment method with the experience sampling method by introducing extant research examples. Finally, we draw a flowchart of how to conduct such research in organizations, and also provide suggestions for future research from the aspects of method design, multilevel research, context-based research, and multiple perspectives. In conclusion, this paper argues that experience sampling method can effectively remedy the shortcomings of quasi-experiment method and plays an important role in promoting our understanding of the relationships between gratitude, attitudes, and behaviors in the workplace.
引文
1.邓衍鹤,朱一杰,李毅,刘翔平.(2016).感恩干预对暴力型犯罪服刑人员的攻击性和主观幸福感的影响.中国临床心理学杂志,24(2),368-372.
2.丁莉,陈栩,熊云鹏,郭德华,程群鹰,袁也丰,鄢荣曾.(2014).不同干预方式对提升初中生心理健康水平效果分析.中国学校卫生,35(4),605-606.
3.刘琴,张圆,查勇,叶联华,尹晓梅.(2015).感恩情绪干预对癌症病人健康促进的影响.护理研究(中旬版),29(10),3674-3675.
4.李永兰,蔡芹.(2017).感恩干预对2型糖尿病患者自我管理的影响.护理实践与研究,14(16),31-33.
5.梁宏宇,陈石,熊红星,孙配贞,李放,郑雪.(2015).人际感恩:社会交往中重要的积极情绪.心理科学进展,23(3),479-488.
6.彭斯,宾捷,刘跃晖.(2016).感恩干预对乳腺癌化疗病人睡眠质量的影响.护理研究(上旬版),30(4),1272-1273.
7.吴继康.(2015).感恩日记对高中生主观幸福感的干预研究(硕士学位论文).天津:天津师范大学.
8.喻承甫,张卫,李董平,肖婕婷.(2010).感恩及其与幸福感的关系.心理科学进展,18(7),1110-1121.
9.张利燕,侯小花.(2010).感恩:概念、测量及其相关研究.心理科学,(2),393-395.
10.张睿,兰文杰.(2008).感恩方案提升小学高年级学生主观幸福感的实验研究.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),26(4),41-43.
11.Algoe,S.B.,Gable,S.L.,&Maisel,N.C.(2010).It's the little things:Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships.Personal Relationships,17(2),217-233.
12.Atienza,A.A.,King,A.C.,Oliveira,B.M.,Ahn,D.K.,&Gardner,C.D.(2008).Using hand-held computer technologies to improve dietary intake.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,34(6),514-518.
13.Boehm,J.K.,Lyubomirsky,S.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2011).A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans.Cognition&Emotion,25(7),1263-1272.
14.Barasch,A.,Levine,E.E.,&Schweitzer,M.E.(2016).Bliss is ignorance:How the magnitude of expressed happiness influences perceived naivetéand interpersonal exploitation.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,137,184-206.
15.Conner,T.S.,Tennen,H.,Fleeson,W.,&Barrett,L.F.(2009).Experience sampling methods:A modern idiographic approach to personality research.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,3(3),292-313.
16.Conner,T.S.,&Lehman,B.J.(2012).Getting started:Launching a study in daily life.In M.R.Mehl.,&T.S.Conner.(Eds.),Handbook of research methods for studying daily life(pp.89-107).New York:Guilford Press.
17.Corrado,M.(2016).Workplace gratitude:American society of employees.https://www.aseonline.org/News/Articles/Art MID/628/Article ID/1005/Workplace-Gratitude
18.Davis,D.E.,Choe,E.,Meyers,J.,Wade,N.,Varjas,K.,Gifford,A.,...&Worthington Jr,E.L.(2016).Thankful for the little things:A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions.Journal of Counseling Psychology,63(1),20-31.
19.Emmons,R.A.,&McCullough,M.E.(2003).Counting blessings versus burdens:An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(2),377-389.
20.Fisher,C.D.,&To,M.L.(2012).Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7),865-877.
21.Froh,J.J.,Kashdan,T.B.,Ozimkowski,K.M.,&Miller,N.(2009).Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents?Examining positive affect as a moderator.The Journal of Positive Psychology,4(5),408-422.
22.Froh,J.J.,Sefick,W.J.,&Emmons,R.A.(2008).Counting blessings in early adolescents:An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being.Journal of School Psychology,46(2),213-233.
23.Geraghty,A.W.,Wood,A.M.,&Hyland,M.E.(2010).Dissociating the facets of hope:Agency and pathways predict dropout from unguided self-help therapy in opposite directions.Journal of Research in Personality,44(1),155-158.
24.Gibson,B.,&Sanbonmatsu,D.M.(2004).Optimism,pessimism,and gambling:The downside of optimism.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30(2),149-160.
25.Gordon,C.L.,Arnette,R.A.,&Smith,R.E.(2011).Have you thanked your spouse today?Felt and expressed gratitude among married couples.Personality and Individual Differences,50(3),339-343.
26.Grant,A.M.,&Gino,F.(2010).A little thanks goes a long way:Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(6),946-955.
27.Grant,A.M.,&Wrzesniewski,A.(2010).I won't let you down…or will I?Core self-evaluations,other-orientation,anticipated guilt and gratitude,and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1),108-121.
28.Guarana,C.L.,Li,J.J.,&Hernandez,M.(2017).Examining the effects of manager-subordinate gender match on managerial response to voice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,72,147-160.
29.Heron,K.E.,&Smyth,J.M.(2010).Ecological momentary interventions:Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments.British Journal of Health Psychology,15(1),1-39.
30.Hofmann,W.,Baumeister,R.F.,F?rster,G.,&Vohs,K.D.(2012).Everyday temptations:An experience sampling study of desire,conflict,and self-control.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(6),1318-1335.
31.Hofmann,W.,&Patel,P.V.(2015).SurveySignal:Aconvenient solution for experience sampling research using participants'own smartphones.Social Science Computer Review,33(2),235-253.
32.Huffman,J.C.,DuBois,C.M.,Healy,B.C.,Boehm,J.K.,Kashdan,T.B.,Celano,C.M.,...&Lyubomirsky,S.(2014).Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients.General Hospital Psychiatry,36(1),88-94.
33.Kashdan,T.B.,Mishra,A.,Breen,W.E.,&Froh,J.J.(2009).Gender differences in gratitude:Examining appraisals,narratives,the willingness to express emotions,and changes in psychological needs.Journal of Personality,77(3),691-730.
34.Kashdan,T.B.,Uswatte,G.,&Julian,T.(2006).Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans.Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(2),177-199.
35.Kerr,S.L.,O'Donovan,A.,&Pepping,C.A.(2015).Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample?.Journal of Happiness Studies,16(1),17-36.
36.King,A.C.,Ahn,D.K.,Oliveira,B.M.,Atienza,A.A.,Castro,C.M.,&Gardner,C.D.(2008).Promoting physical activity through hand-held computer technology.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,34(2),138-142.
37.Koo,M.,Algoe,S.B.,Wilson,T.D.,&Gilbert,D.T.(2008).It's a wonderful life:Mentally subtracting positive events improves people's affective states,contrary to their affective forecasts.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(5),1217-1224.
38.Kenardy,J.,McCafferty,K.,&Rosa,V.(2003).Internetdelivered indicated prevention for anxiety disorders:A randomized controlled trial.Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,31(3),279-289.
39.Kramer,I.,Simons,C.J.,Hartmann,J.A.,MenneLothmann,C.,Viechtbauer,W.,Peeters,F.,...&van Os,J.(2014).A therapeutic application of the experience sampling method in the treatment of depression:A randomized controlled trial.World Psychiatry,13(1),68-77.
40.Lambert,N.M.,Fincham,F.D.,&Stillman,T.F.(2012).Gratitude and depressive symptoms:The role of positive reframing and positive emotion.Cognition&Emotion,26(4),615-633.
41.Lambert,N.M.,Clark,M.S.,Durtschi,J.,Fincham,F.D.,&Graham,S.M.(2010).Benefits of expressing gratitude:Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one's view of the relationship.Psychological Science,21(4),574-580.
42.Lyubomirsky,S.,Dickerhoof,R.,Boehm,J.K.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2011).Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way:An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being.Emotion,11(2),391-402.
43.Lyubomirsky,S.,Tkach,C.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2004).Pursuing sustained happiness through random acts of kindness and counting one's blessings:Tests of two six-week interventions.Unpublished Raw Data.
44.Martin,S.R.(2016).Stories about values and valuable stories:A field experiment of the power of narratives to shape newcomers'actions.Academy of Management Journal,59(5),1707-1724.
45.Martínez-Martí,M.L.,Avia,M.D.,&Hernández-Lloreda,M.J.(2010).The effects of counting blessings on subjective wellbeing:A gratitude intervention in a Spanish sample.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,13(2),886-896.
46.McCullough,M.E.,Tsang,J.A.,&Emmons,R.A.(2004).Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain:Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(2),295-309.
47.Nezlek,J.B.,Newman,D.B.,&Thrash,T.M.(2017).Adaily diary study of relationships between feelings of gratitude and well-being.The Journal of Positive Psychology,12(4),323-332.
48.Ng,T.W.H.(2016).Embedding employees early on:The importance of workplace respect.Personnel Psychology,69(3),599-633.
49.Otsuka,Y.,Hori,M.,&Kawahito,J.(2012).Improving well-being with a gratitude exercise in Japanese workers:Arandomized controlled trial.International Journal of Psychology and Counselling,4(7),86-91.
50.Obermayer,J.L.,Riley,W.T.,Asif,O.,&Jean-Mary,J.(2004).College smoking-cessation using cell phone text messaging.Journal of American College Health,53(2),71-78.
51.Patrick,K.,Raab,F.,Adams,M.A.,Dillon,L.,Zabinski,M.,Rock,C.L.,...&Norman,G.J.(2009).A text message-based intervention for weight loss:Randomized controlled trial.Journal of Medical Internet Research,11(1),e1.
52.Peters,M.L.,Meevissen,Y.M.,&Hanssen,M.M.(2013).Specificity of the Best Possible Self intervention for increasing optimism:Comparison with a gratitude intervention.Terapia Psicológica,1(1),93-100.
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55.Scollon,C.N.,Kim-Prieto,C.,&Diener,E.(2003).Experience sampling:Promises and pitfalls,strength and weaknesses.Journal of Happiness Studies,4(1),5-34.
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58.Toepfer,S.M.,Cichy,K.,&Peters,P.(2012).Letters of gratitude:Further evidence for author benefits.Journal of Happiness Studies,13(1),187-201.
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61.Wood,A.M.,Froh,J.J.,&Geraghty,A.W.(2010).Gratitude and well-being:A review and theoretical integration.Clinical Psychology Review,30(7),890-905.
62.Yoon,K.H.,&Kim,H.S.(2008).A short message service by cellular phone in type 2 diabetic patients for 12 months.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,79(2),256-261.
2.丁莉,陈栩,熊云鹏,郭德华,程群鹰,袁也丰,鄢荣曾.(2014).不同干预方式对提升初中生心理健康水平效果分析.中国学校卫生,35(4),605-606.
3.刘琴,张圆,查勇,叶联华,尹晓梅.(2015).感恩情绪干预对癌症病人健康促进的影响.护理研究(中旬版),29(10),3674-3675.
4.李永兰,蔡芹.(2017).感恩干预对2型糖尿病患者自我管理的影响.护理实践与研究,14(16),31-33.
5.梁宏宇,陈石,熊红星,孙配贞,李放,郑雪.(2015).人际感恩:社会交往中重要的积极情绪.心理科学进展,23(3),479-488.
6.彭斯,宾捷,刘跃晖.(2016).感恩干预对乳腺癌化疗病人睡眠质量的影响.护理研究(上旬版),30(4),1272-1273.
7.吴继康.(2015).感恩日记对高中生主观幸福感的干预研究(硕士学位论文).天津:天津师范大学.
8.喻承甫,张卫,李董平,肖婕婷.(2010).感恩及其与幸福感的关系.心理科学进展,18(7),1110-1121.
9.张利燕,侯小花.(2010).感恩:概念、测量及其相关研究.心理科学,(2),393-395.
10.张睿,兰文杰.(2008).感恩方案提升小学高年级学生主观幸福感的实验研究.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),26(4),41-43.
11.Algoe,S.B.,Gable,S.L.,&Maisel,N.C.(2010).It's the little things:Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships.Personal Relationships,17(2),217-233.
12.Atienza,A.A.,King,A.C.,Oliveira,B.M.,Ahn,D.K.,&Gardner,C.D.(2008).Using hand-held computer technologies to improve dietary intake.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,34(6),514-518.
13.Boehm,J.K.,Lyubomirsky,S.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2011).A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans.Cognition&Emotion,25(7),1263-1272.
14.Barasch,A.,Levine,E.E.,&Schweitzer,M.E.(2016).Bliss is ignorance:How the magnitude of expressed happiness influences perceived naivetéand interpersonal exploitation.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,137,184-206.
15.Conner,T.S.,Tennen,H.,Fleeson,W.,&Barrett,L.F.(2009).Experience sampling methods:A modern idiographic approach to personality research.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,3(3),292-313.
16.Conner,T.S.,&Lehman,B.J.(2012).Getting started:Launching a study in daily life.In M.R.Mehl.,&T.S.Conner.(Eds.),Handbook of research methods for studying daily life(pp.89-107).New York:Guilford Press.
17.Corrado,M.(2016).Workplace gratitude:American society of employees.https://www.aseonline.org/News/Articles/Art MID/628/Article ID/1005/Workplace-Gratitude
18.Davis,D.E.,Choe,E.,Meyers,J.,Wade,N.,Varjas,K.,Gifford,A.,...&Worthington Jr,E.L.(2016).Thankful for the little things:A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions.Journal of Counseling Psychology,63(1),20-31.
19.Emmons,R.A.,&McCullough,M.E.(2003).Counting blessings versus burdens:An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(2),377-389.
20.Fisher,C.D.,&To,M.L.(2012).Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7),865-877.
21.Froh,J.J.,Kashdan,T.B.,Ozimkowski,K.M.,&Miller,N.(2009).Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents?Examining positive affect as a moderator.The Journal of Positive Psychology,4(5),408-422.
22.Froh,J.J.,Sefick,W.J.,&Emmons,R.A.(2008).Counting blessings in early adolescents:An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being.Journal of School Psychology,46(2),213-233.
23.Geraghty,A.W.,Wood,A.M.,&Hyland,M.E.(2010).Dissociating the facets of hope:Agency and pathways predict dropout from unguided self-help therapy in opposite directions.Journal of Research in Personality,44(1),155-158.
24.Gibson,B.,&Sanbonmatsu,D.M.(2004).Optimism,pessimism,and gambling:The downside of optimism.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30(2),149-160.
25.Gordon,C.L.,Arnette,R.A.,&Smith,R.E.(2011).Have you thanked your spouse today?Felt and expressed gratitude among married couples.Personality and Individual Differences,50(3),339-343.
26.Grant,A.M.,&Gino,F.(2010).A little thanks goes a long way:Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(6),946-955.
27.Grant,A.M.,&Wrzesniewski,A.(2010).I won't let you down…or will I?Core self-evaluations,other-orientation,anticipated guilt and gratitude,and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1),108-121.
28.Guarana,C.L.,Li,J.J.,&Hernandez,M.(2017).Examining the effects of manager-subordinate gender match on managerial response to voice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,72,147-160.
29.Heron,K.E.,&Smyth,J.M.(2010).Ecological momentary interventions:Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments.British Journal of Health Psychology,15(1),1-39.
30.Hofmann,W.,Baumeister,R.F.,F?rster,G.,&Vohs,K.D.(2012).Everyday temptations:An experience sampling study of desire,conflict,and self-control.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(6),1318-1335.
31.Hofmann,W.,&Patel,P.V.(2015).SurveySignal:Aconvenient solution for experience sampling research using participants'own smartphones.Social Science Computer Review,33(2),235-253.
32.Huffman,J.C.,DuBois,C.M.,Healy,B.C.,Boehm,J.K.,Kashdan,T.B.,Celano,C.M.,...&Lyubomirsky,S.(2014).Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients.General Hospital Psychiatry,36(1),88-94.
33.Kashdan,T.B.,Mishra,A.,Breen,W.E.,&Froh,J.J.(2009).Gender differences in gratitude:Examining appraisals,narratives,the willingness to express emotions,and changes in psychological needs.Journal of Personality,77(3),691-730.
34.Kashdan,T.B.,Uswatte,G.,&Julian,T.(2006).Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans.Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(2),177-199.
35.Kerr,S.L.,O'Donovan,A.,&Pepping,C.A.(2015).Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample?.Journal of Happiness Studies,16(1),17-36.
36.King,A.C.,Ahn,D.K.,Oliveira,B.M.,Atienza,A.A.,Castro,C.M.,&Gardner,C.D.(2008).Promoting physical activity through hand-held computer technology.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,34(2),138-142.
37.Koo,M.,Algoe,S.B.,Wilson,T.D.,&Gilbert,D.T.(2008).It's a wonderful life:Mentally subtracting positive events improves people's affective states,contrary to their affective forecasts.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(5),1217-1224.
38.Kenardy,J.,McCafferty,K.,&Rosa,V.(2003).Internetdelivered indicated prevention for anxiety disorders:A randomized controlled trial.Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,31(3),279-289.
39.Kramer,I.,Simons,C.J.,Hartmann,J.A.,MenneLothmann,C.,Viechtbauer,W.,Peeters,F.,...&van Os,J.(2014).A therapeutic application of the experience sampling method in the treatment of depression:A randomized controlled trial.World Psychiatry,13(1),68-77.
40.Lambert,N.M.,Fincham,F.D.,&Stillman,T.F.(2012).Gratitude and depressive symptoms:The role of positive reframing and positive emotion.Cognition&Emotion,26(4),615-633.
41.Lambert,N.M.,Clark,M.S.,Durtschi,J.,Fincham,F.D.,&Graham,S.M.(2010).Benefits of expressing gratitude:Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one's view of the relationship.Psychological Science,21(4),574-580.
42.Lyubomirsky,S.,Dickerhoof,R.,Boehm,J.K.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2011).Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way:An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being.Emotion,11(2),391-402.
43.Lyubomirsky,S.,Tkach,C.,&Sheldon,K.M.(2004).Pursuing sustained happiness through random acts of kindness and counting one's blessings:Tests of two six-week interventions.Unpublished Raw Data.
44.Martin,S.R.(2016).Stories about values and valuable stories:A field experiment of the power of narratives to shape newcomers'actions.Academy of Management Journal,59(5),1707-1724.
45.Martínez-Martí,M.L.,Avia,M.D.,&Hernández-Lloreda,M.J.(2010).The effects of counting blessings on subjective wellbeing:A gratitude intervention in a Spanish sample.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,13(2),886-896.
46.McCullough,M.E.,Tsang,J.A.,&Emmons,R.A.(2004).Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain:Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(2),295-309.
47.Nezlek,J.B.,Newman,D.B.,&Thrash,T.M.(2017).Adaily diary study of relationships between feelings of gratitude and well-being.The Journal of Positive Psychology,12(4),323-332.
48.Ng,T.W.H.(2016).Embedding employees early on:The importance of workplace respect.Personnel Psychology,69(3),599-633.
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