缺素对3种豆类植物幼苗生长发育的影响
|
摘要
研究多种缺素培养条件下,晋绿豆8号、晋豆19和小红芸豆等3种豆科植物表现出的营养缺乏症状和生理特性变化,为大田栽培的营养诊断和施肥提供理论依据。采用溶液培养法,设全素与缺氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、铁8个处理组,培养期间每天对植株表型进行实时观察且每7 d测量植株的鲜质量,培养结束时测定并计算各植株的根冠比、根系活力、生长速率和叶绿素含量。结果表明,3种豆科植物的幼苗在缺素培养条件下症状出现的时间、程度、顺序有一定差异;同种植物幼苗在不同缺素条件下的敏感性及反应程度均不同,不同植物幼苗在同种缺素条件下的反应也有所差异,但总体来说表现较为相似;缺素培养7 d后缺素植株普遍较全素植株生长缓慢,第28天时生长基本停滞;全素培养时植株高大,叶片大而鲜绿,挺立,腋芽生长明显;不同缺素培养的植株,总体较为矮小、叶片较小而薄、叶色发黄或深绿,而且萎蔫下垂,腋芽生长不明显,此外还表现出一些特殊的缺素症状。对比3种豆科植物幼苗的根冠比可知,三者均是缺氮处理的根冠比最大,全素处理的最小,缺硫、缺钾的仅大于全素处理。缺素处理对3种豆科植物的幼苗生长速率影响极显著;晋绿豆8号幼苗的生长速率对氮、磷、钾、镁较为敏感,缺钾植株的生长速率最小;晋豆19幼苗的生长速率对氮、钙、铁、镁较为敏感,缺钙植株的生长速率最小;小红芸豆幼苗的生长速率对氮、磷、钾、钙较为敏感,缺氮植株的生长速率最小。缺素处理对3种豆科植物的幼苗根系活力均有显著影响;晋绿豆8号幼苗的根系活力对氮、镁、硫较为敏感,晋豆19幼苗的根系活力对氮、磷、铁较为敏感,小红芸豆幼苗的根系活力对氮、硫、铁较为敏感,三者均对氮的敏感性最强,即缺氮植株的根系活力最小。缺素处理对3种豆科植物幼苗的叶绿素含量影响极显著,其幼苗的叶绿素含量对氮、镁、硫较为敏感,对氮的敏感性最强,即缺氮植株的叶绿素含量最小,而全素处理的叶绿素含量最大。
The nutritional deficiency symptoms and physiological characteristics of three legumes, including Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek., Glycine max(Linn.)Merr., and Phaseolus vulgaris, were studied under a variety of nutrient deficiency conditions, which provided theoretical basis for nutrition diagnosis and fertilization in field cultivation. The seedling phenotypic chracteristics were observed everyday, fresh quality were measured every week under the environments of complete nutrient application and laking eight mineral elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and iron. At the end of culture, root-shoot ratio, root activity, growth rate and chlorophyll content of each plant were measured and calculated. The results showed that for the seedling of three legumes, symptoms appeared differences in time, degree and order under the condition of deficient cultivation. The sensitivity and reaction were different for the same seedlings under condition of different element deficiency, the response of different seedlings under condition of the same element deficiency were also different, but the overall performance was relatively similar. After one week of deficient cultivation, the plants under that condition generally grew slowly than the complete-nutrient plants, and at 28 d, the growth of plants that under deficient cultivation was basically stagnant. The plants under complete-nutrient condition were tall, with big and bright green leaves which always stood upright, and the growth of their axillary buds was obvious. Plants with different deficiency culture were generally short, their leaves were in bad state, becoming small and thin, yellow or dark green, withered and drooping, and there was no obvious growth of axillary buds. In addition, they also showed some special deficiency symptoms. Comparing the root-shoot ratio of the three legumes, it could be seen that the root-shoot ratio under nitrogen deficiency condition was the largest of all three, while the root-shoot ratio under complete-nutrient condition was the smallest, and the root-shoot ratio under sulfur and potassium deficiency treatment was only larger than that under complete-nutrient cultivation. The growth rate of all three legumes was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek. seedlings' growth rate was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, and that with potassium deficiency was the smallest. The growth rate of Glycine max(Linn.)Merr. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, calcium, iron and magnesium, and that with calcium deficiency was the smallest. The growth rate of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and the growth rate of nitrogen deficient plants was the smallest.The root activity of all three legumes was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The root activity of Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, magnesium and sulfur, root activity of Glycine max(Linn.)Merr. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, and that of the Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, sulfur and iron. They were all most sensitive to nitrogen, that means the root activity of nitrogen-deficient plants was the smallest. Chlorophyll content of the the three legumes' seedlings was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The chlorophyll content of the seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, magnesium and sulfur, they were all most sensitive to nitrogen, that was to say the nitrogen-deficient plants of all three legumes had the least chlorophyll content, while the maximum content of chlorophyll was obtained by complete-nutrient cultivation.
The nutritional deficiency symptoms and physiological characteristics of three legumes, including Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek., Glycine max(Linn.)Merr., and Phaseolus vulgaris, were studied under a variety of nutrient deficiency conditions, which provided theoretical basis for nutrition diagnosis and fertilization in field cultivation. The seedling phenotypic chracteristics were observed everyday, fresh quality were measured every week under the environments of complete nutrient application and laking eight mineral elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and iron. At the end of culture, root-shoot ratio, root activity, growth rate and chlorophyll content of each plant were measured and calculated. The results showed that for the seedling of three legumes, symptoms appeared differences in time, degree and order under the condition of deficient cultivation. The sensitivity and reaction were different for the same seedlings under condition of different element deficiency, the response of different seedlings under condition of the same element deficiency were also different, but the overall performance was relatively similar. After one week of deficient cultivation, the plants under that condition generally grew slowly than the complete-nutrient plants, and at 28 d, the growth of plants that under deficient cultivation was basically stagnant. The plants under complete-nutrient condition were tall, with big and bright green leaves which always stood upright, and the growth of their axillary buds was obvious. Plants with different deficiency culture were generally short, their leaves were in bad state, becoming small and thin, yellow or dark green, withered and drooping, and there was no obvious growth of axillary buds. In addition, they also showed some special deficiency symptoms. Comparing the root-shoot ratio of the three legumes, it could be seen that the root-shoot ratio under nitrogen deficiency condition was the largest of all three, while the root-shoot ratio under complete-nutrient condition was the smallest, and the root-shoot ratio under sulfur and potassium deficiency treatment was only larger than that under complete-nutrient cultivation. The growth rate of all three legumes was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek. seedlings' growth rate was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, and that with potassium deficiency was the smallest. The growth rate of Glycine max(Linn.)Merr. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, calcium, iron and magnesium, and that with calcium deficiency was the smallest. The growth rate of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and the growth rate of nitrogen deficient plants was the smallest.The root activity of all three legumes was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The root activity of Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, magnesium and sulfur, root activity of Glycine max(Linn.)Merr. seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, and that of the Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, sulfur and iron. They were all most sensitive to nitrogen, that means the root activity of nitrogen-deficient plants was the smallest. Chlorophyll content of the the three legumes' seedlings was significantly affected by nutrient-deficiency treatment. The chlorophyll content of the seedlings was sensitive to nitrogen, magnesium and sulfur, they were all most sensitive to nitrogen, that was to say the nitrogen-deficient plants of all three legumes had the least chlorophyll content, while the maximum content of chlorophyll was obtained by complete-nutrient cultivation.
引文
[1]王秀荣,曾秀成,王文明,等.缺素培养对大豆养分含量的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2011,32(4):31-34.
[2]曾秀成,王文明,罗敏娜,等.缺素培养对大豆营养生长和根系形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):1032-1036.
[3]崔勤,李新丽,翟淑芝.小麦叶片叶绿素含量测定的分光光度计法[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(10):2063-2063.
[4]叶尚红.植物生理生化实验教程[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2004.
[5]杨曾奖,周文龙.桉树苗期缺素症状的研究[J].林业科学研究,1992,5(6):646-651.
[6]王桂凤.缺素对榆树苗期生长的影响[J].河南林业科技,1992(2):30-31.
[7]张继澍.植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[8]吴月娥,谢深喜. P、K、Ca缺失对枇杷幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响[J].果树学报,2006,23(1):55.
[9]许秀美,邱化蛟,周先学,等.植物对磷素的吸收、运转和代谢[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(3):397-400.
[10]隆学武,杨希,黄勇,等.金山葵缺素症状研究[J].福建林业科技,2002,29(2):54-56.
[11]赵占周.钙与葡萄生长[J].西北园艺(果树),2017(6):44-45.
[12]刘少春,张跃彬,郭家文,等.硫酸镁肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009(4):86-87.
[13]王樱林,韦小丽,段如雁,等.闽楠幼苗对大量元素缺乏的响应[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(2):61-65.
[14]李清莹,文珊娜,姜清彬,等.不同营养元素缺乏对火力楠幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(3):664-669.
[15]张弛.硫元素对植物营养的作用和施用[N].中国农资,2012-10-19.
[16]贾晓红,周再知,梁坤南,等.缺素对土沉香幼苗生长和叶片解剖结构的影响[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2015,44(1):40-45.
[17]樊庆琦,隋新霞,黄承彦,等.小麦缺铁胁迫对苗期相关性状的影响[J].山东农业科学,2018(5):33-38.
[18]孙海国,张福锁.缺磷胁迫下的小麦根系形态特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):295-299.
[19]王渭玲,梁宗锁,谭勇,等.黄芪幼苗N,P,K营养缺乏症状和生理特性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(8):949.
[20]乔海涛,杨洪强,申为宝,等.缺氮和缺铁对平邑甜茶幼苗根系构型的影响[J].园艺学报,2009,36(3):321-326.
[2]曾秀成,王文明,罗敏娜,等.缺素培养对大豆营养生长和根系形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):1032-1036.
[3]崔勤,李新丽,翟淑芝.小麦叶片叶绿素含量测定的分光光度计法[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(10):2063-2063.
[4]叶尚红.植物生理生化实验教程[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2004.
[5]杨曾奖,周文龙.桉树苗期缺素症状的研究[J].林业科学研究,1992,5(6):646-651.
[6]王桂凤.缺素对榆树苗期生长的影响[J].河南林业科技,1992(2):30-31.
[7]张继澍.植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[8]吴月娥,谢深喜. P、K、Ca缺失对枇杷幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响[J].果树学报,2006,23(1):55.
[9]许秀美,邱化蛟,周先学,等.植物对磷素的吸收、运转和代谢[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(3):397-400.
[10]隆学武,杨希,黄勇,等.金山葵缺素症状研究[J].福建林业科技,2002,29(2):54-56.
[11]赵占周.钙与葡萄生长[J].西北园艺(果树),2017(6):44-45.
[12]刘少春,张跃彬,郭家文,等.硫酸镁肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009(4):86-87.
[13]王樱林,韦小丽,段如雁,等.闽楠幼苗对大量元素缺乏的响应[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(2):61-65.
[14]李清莹,文珊娜,姜清彬,等.不同营养元素缺乏对火力楠幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(3):664-669.
[15]张弛.硫元素对植物营养的作用和施用[N].中国农资,2012-10-19.
[16]贾晓红,周再知,梁坤南,等.缺素对土沉香幼苗生长和叶片解剖结构的影响[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2015,44(1):40-45.
[17]樊庆琦,隋新霞,黄承彦,等.小麦缺铁胁迫对苗期相关性状的影响[J].山东农业科学,2018(5):33-38.
[18]孙海国,张福锁.缺磷胁迫下的小麦根系形态特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):295-299.
[19]王渭玲,梁宗锁,谭勇,等.黄芪幼苗N,P,K营养缺乏症状和生理特性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(8):949.
[20]乔海涛,杨洪强,申为宝,等.缺氮和缺铁对平邑甜茶幼苗根系构型的影响[J].园艺学报,2009,36(3):321-326.