潜流人工湿地处理低污染水对植物生长的影响
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摘要
选择花叶芦竹(Arundodonax var.versicolor)、旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)、芦苇(Phragmites australias)5种挺水植物为对象,均匀种植于长13 m、宽4.5 m的砾石型潜流人工湿地,观测不同处理下低污染水的净化效果以及不同种植距离植株的株高、生物量和氮磷去除量。结果表明,与对照相比,5种植物湿地床对化学需氧量、NH_3-N、TN、TP的净化效果显著,但不同植物间处理效果不显著。随着种植距离增加,5种植物的株高、生物量、根冠比均呈下降趋势,单位面积生物量和氮磷去除量与种植距离间呈指数或对数下降关系。植物收割去除TN的大小顺序为:旱伞草>芦苇>再力花>花叶芦竹>香蒲,TP的大小顺序为:旱伞草>再力花>芦苇>花叶芦竹>香蒲;但从累计比例来看,两者积累效率大小顺序均为芦苇>再力花>旱伞草>花叶芦竹>香蒲。因此,处理低污染水人工湿地植物选择时,需要选择高氮磷积累量的物种,更应选择具有高氮磷积累效率的物种。
Five aquatic macrophytes plants, such as Arundo donax var. versicolor, Cyperus alternifolius, Thalia dealbata, Typha orientalis, Phragmites australias were selected and planted on gravel-type subsurface flow constructed wetlands with a length of 13 m and width of 4. 5 m. The plant height, biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus content at different distance and its purification effect were observed. The results showed that purification effect of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus of five plant system constructed wetland was significantly better than that without plant system. With the increase of planting distance, the growth, biomass and root-shoot ratio of five plant species showed a decreasing trend. The biomass per unit area and accumulation of N and P were declining exponentially or logarithmically with planting distance. The order of nitrogen removal amount by harvesting aboveground parts was :C. alternifolius > P. australias > T. dealbata> A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis, the phosphorus was: C. alternifolius > T. dealbata > P. australias> A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis. And accumulation efficiency of N and P was P. australias > T. dealbata> C.alternifolius > A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis. Therefore, plant selection for low-polluted water constructed wetland was not only focused on the high N and P accumulation species, but also would be selected with high accumulation efficiency.
Five aquatic macrophytes plants, such as Arundo donax var. versicolor, Cyperus alternifolius, Thalia dealbata, Typha orientalis, Phragmites australias were selected and planted on gravel-type subsurface flow constructed wetlands with a length of 13 m and width of 4. 5 m. The plant height, biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus content at different distance and its purification effect were observed. The results showed that purification effect of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus of five plant system constructed wetland was significantly better than that without plant system. With the increase of planting distance, the growth, biomass and root-shoot ratio of five plant species showed a decreasing trend. The biomass per unit area and accumulation of N and P were declining exponentially or logarithmically with planting distance. The order of nitrogen removal amount by harvesting aboveground parts was :C. alternifolius > P. australias > T. dealbata> A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis, the phosphorus was: C. alternifolius > T. dealbata > P. australias> A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis. And accumulation efficiency of N and P was P. australias > T. dealbata> C.alternifolius > A. donax var. versicolor > T. orientalis. Therefore, plant selection for low-polluted water constructed wetland was not only focused on the high N and P accumulation species, but also would be selected with high accumulation efficiency.
引文
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[15]ZHU N W,AN P,KRISHNAKUMAR B,et al.Effect ofplant harvest on methane emission from two constructed wetlands designed for the treatment of wastewater[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(4):936-943.
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[2]TUTTOLOMONDO T,LICATA M,LETO C,et al.Effect of plant species on water balance in a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Arundo donax L.and Cyperus alternifolius L.——Two-year tests in a mediterranean environment in the west of Sicily(Italy)[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,74(10):79-92.
[3]BRISSON J,CHAZARENCE F.Maximizing pollutant removal in constructed wetlands:Should we pay more attention to macrophyte species selection?[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(13):3923-3930.
[4]赵建刚,刘丽娜,陈章和.潜流湿地和表面流湿地的净化效果与植物生长比较[J].生态科学,2006,25(1):74-77.
[5]王婷,耿绍波,常高峰.人工湿地植物对生活污水净化作用的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(s1):210-212.
[6]白献宇,胡小贞,庞燕.洱海流域低污染水类型、污染负荷及分布[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(2):200-207.
[7]汪殿蓓,冯国刚,杜安静.不同种植模式的人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(9):140-142.
[8]刘利华,郭雪艳,达良俊,等.不同富营养化水平对挺水植物生长及氮磷吸收能力的影响[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,58(6):39-45,72.
[9]蒋跃平,葛滢,岳春雷,等.轻度富营养化水人工湿地处理系统中植物的特性[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2005,32(3):309-313.
[10]金卫红,付融冰,顾国维.人工湿地中植物生长特性及其对TN和TP的吸收[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(3):75-80.
[11]张勇伟.上海辰山植物园景观水体生态净化技术集成应用[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2014,32(3):62-68.
[12]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[13]温闪闪,刘芳.水生植物对污染水体修复的研究进展[J].净水技术,2014,33(4):9-13.
[14]葛滢,常杰,王晓月,等.两种程度富营养化水中不同植物生理生态特性与净化能力的关系[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):1051-1055.
[15]ZHU N W,AN P,KRISHNAKUMAR B,et al.Effect ofplant harvest on methane emission from two constructed wetlands designed for the treatment of wastewater[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(4):936-943.
[16]尹炜,李培军,裘巧俊,等.植物吸收在人工湿地去除氮、磷中的贡献[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(2):218-221.