河南偃师灰嘴遗址新石器时代和二里头文化时期工具残留物及微痕分析
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摘要
河南偃师灰嘴遗址包含有仰韶中晚期、龙山中晚期、二里头时期及东周时期遗存。该遗址在龙山和二里头时期发展成为石器制造中心,在伊洛地区史前时期社会复杂化发展进程中扮演了重要角色。为了进一步了解各个时期的生计结构,我们对灰嘴出土的28件切割工具(刀、镰和矛)进行了微痕、淀粉粒和植硅体的综合分析。分析结果说明,刀和镰主要是用来收割栽培谷物,包括粟黍、薏苡、小麦族和稻谷,但也收获或加工其他植物,如大豆和多种块根类植物,如山药、百合科、栝楼根等。结合浮选结果进行综合性分析,可知先民在灰嘴居住的两千多年历史中的生计形态变化表现为:仰韶时期是以粟黍-薏苡为主,到龙山、二里头时期逐渐转变为以粟黍-薏苡-麦类-大豆为主,同时始终以稻米和多种块根植物为辅。
Huizui, located in Yanshi county, Henan Province, was occupied for a very long period oftime,including the middle and late Yangshao,middle and late Longshan,Erlitou,and Eastern Zhou. Thesite became a center of stone tool production in late Longshan and Erlitou times,and played an importantrole in the development of social complexity in the Yiluo region. In order to understand the changingsubsistence systems at the site,we conducted use-wear,starch and phytolith analyses on 28 cutting tools,including sickles,knives,and spearheads. The results indicate that knives and sickles were used to harvestcereals, including millets, Job' s tears, Triticeae, and rice, as well as to cut or process beans andtubers, such as yam, lily, and snake gourd roots. Combining the data from macro-and micro-plantremains,Huizui populations appear to have relied on mainly millets and Job's tears during the Yangshaoperiod,but then changed to millets,Job's tears,wheat,and soybeans by the Erlitou period; in addition,rice and various tubers were consumed throughout the entire occupation period at the site.
Huizui, located in Yanshi county, Henan Province, was occupied for a very long period oftime,including the middle and late Yangshao,middle and late Longshan,Erlitou,and Eastern Zhou. Thesite became a center of stone tool production in late Longshan and Erlitou times,and played an importantrole in the development of social complexity in the Yiluo region. In order to understand the changingsubsistence systems at the site,we conducted use-wear,starch and phytolith analyses on 28 cutting tools,including sickles,knives,and spearheads. The results indicate that knives and sickles were used to harvestcereals, including millets, Job' s tears, Triticeae, and rice, as well as to cut or process beans andtubers, such as yam, lily, and snake gourd roots. Combining the data from macro-and micro-plantremains,Huizui populations appear to have relied on mainly millets and Job's tears during the Yangshaoperiod,but then changed to millets,Job's tears,wheat,and soybeans by the Erlitou period; in addition,rice and various tubers were consumed throughout the entire occupation period at the site.
引文
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[9]Liu,Li,Sai Ma,and Jianxin Cui,Identification of starch granules using a two-step identification method.Journal of Archaeological Science,2014.52:421-427.
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[15]Fullagar,Richard,Li Liu,Sheahan Bestel,Duncan Jones,Wei Ge,Anthony Wilson,and Shaodong Zhai,Stone tool-use experiments to determine the function of grinding stones and denticulate sickles.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2012.32:29-44;Liu,Li,Jiajing Wang,and Maureece J.Levin,Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017.14:439-453;Fullagar,Richard,The role of silica in polish formation.Journal of Archaeological Science,1991.18(1):1-25.
[16]Lee,Gyoung-Ah and Sheahan Bestel,Contextual analysis of plant remains at the Erlitou-period Huizui site,Henan,China.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2007.27:49-60.
[17]刘莉,陈星灿,赵昊.河南孟津寨根、班沟出土裴李岗晚期石磨盘功能分析[J].中原文物,2013(5).
[18]杨晓燕,蒋乐平.淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成[J].科学通报,2010(7);张永辉,翁屹,姚凌,张居中,周昱君,方方,崔炜.裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析[J].第四纪研究,2011(5).
[19]Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,Guoxiang Liu,and Hao Zhao,Plant domestication,cultivation,and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China:Evidence from microbotanical remains.The Holocene,2015.25(12):1965-1978.
[20]Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,and Ping Ji,Plant-based subsistence strategies and development of complex societies in Neolithic Northeast China:Evidence from grinding stones.Journal of Archaeological science:Reports,2016.7:247-261.
[21]中国社会科学院考古研究所.二里头(1999-2006)[M].北京:文物出版社,2014;Lee,Gyoung-Ah and Sheahan Bestel,Contextual analysis of plant remains at the Erlitou-period Huizui site,Henan,China.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2007.27:49-60;洛阳市文物工作队.洛阳皂角树[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[22]Long,Tengwen,Christian Leipe,Guiyun Jin,Mayke Wagner,Rongzhen Guo,Oskar Schr?der,and Pavel E.Tarasov,The early history of wheat in China from 14Cdating and Bayesian chronological modelling.Nature Plants,2018.4:272-279.
[23]Lee,Gyoung-Ah,Gary W.Crawford,Li Liu,and Xingcan Chen,Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China.PNAS,2007.104(3):1087-1092.
[24]Rosen,Arlene M.,Richard Macphail,Li Liu,Xingcan Chen,and Alison Weisskop,Rising social complexity,agricultural intensification,and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China.Quaternary International,2015.437:50-59.
[25][26]刘莉,王佳静,陈星灿,李永强,赵昊.仰韶文化大房子与宴饮传统:河南偃师灰嘴遗址F1地面和陶器残留物分析[J].中原文物,2018(1).
[27]Zhao,Zhijun and Juzhong Zhang,Jiahu yizhi 2001 niandu fuxuan jieguo fenxi baogao(Report of flutation results from the 2001 season at the Jiahu site).Kaogu,2009.8:84-93.
[28]Lee,Gyoung-Ah,Gary W.Crawford,Li Liu,and Xingcan Chen,Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China.PNAS,2007.104(3):1087-1092.
[29]Benvenuto,M.L.and M.L.Osterrieth,Silicophytoliths from soybean plants in different growth stages of the Argentine Pamaps.Brazilian Journal of Botany,2015.
[30]Liu,Li,Wei Ge,Sheahan Bestel,Duncan Jones,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China:evidence from grinding stones.Journal of Archaeological Science,2011.38(12):3524-3532;Liu,Li,Sheahan Bestel,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013.110(14):5380-5385;Guan,Ying,Deborah M.Pearsall,Xing Gao,Fuyou Chen,Shuwen Pei,and Zhenyu Zhou,Plant use activities during the Upper Paleolithic in East Eurasia:Evidence from the Shuidonggou Site,Northwest China.Quaternary International,2014.347:74-83.
[31]Liu,Li,Sheahan Bestel,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013.110(14):5380-5385;Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,Hao Zhao,and Ping Ji,Changing patterns of plant-based food production during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in central-south Inner Mongolia,China:An Interdisciplinary approach.Quaternary International,2015;Liu,Li,Maureece J.Levin,Michael F.Bonomo,Jiajing Wang,Jinming Shi,Xingcan Chen,Jiayi Han,and Yanhua Song,Harvesting and processing wild cereals in the Upper Palaeolithic Yellow River Valley,China.Antiquity,2018.92(363):603-619.
[2]上条信彦.胶东地区史前时期农耕石器使用微痕分析[M]//海岱地区早期农业和人类学研究.北京:科学出版社,2008:149-186;靳桂云,王海玉,燕生东,兰玉富,佟佩华.东胶州赵家庄遗址龙山文化刀刃部植硅体分析与研究[M]//科技考古(第3辑).北京:科学出版社,2011:75-79;马志坤,李泉,郇秀佳,杨晓燕,郑景云,叶茂林.青海民和喇家遗址石刀功能分析:来自石刀表层残留物的植物微体遗存证据[J].科学通报,2014:59(13).
[3]Fullagar,Richard,Li Liu,Sheahan Bestel,Duncan Jones,Wei Ge,Anthony Wilson,and Shaodong Zhai,Stone tool-use experiments to determine the function of grinding stones and denticulate sickles.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2012.32:29-44;Liu,Li,Jiajing Wang,and Maureece J.Levin,Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017.14:439-453.
[4]Pearsall,Deborah M.,Paleoethnobotany:A Handbook of Procedures,3rd edition.2015,Walnut Creek,CA:Left Coast Press.
[5]Benvenuto,M.L.and M.L.Osterrieth,Silicophytoliths from soybean plants in different growth stages of the Argentine Pamaps.Brazilian Journal of Botany,2015;Lu,Houyuan,Jianping Zhang,Naiqin Wu,Kam-biu Liu,Deke Xu,and Quan Li,Phytolith analysis for the discrimination of Foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and Common mille(Panicum miliaceum).PLoS ONE,2009.4:e4448;Zhang,Jianping,Houyuan Lu,Naiqin Wu,Xiaoyan Yang,and Xianmin Diao,Phytolith analysis for differentiating between foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and green foxtail(Setaria viridis).PLoS ONE,2011.6(5):e19726;Piperno,Dolores R.,Phytoliths:A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paeoecologists.2006,Lanham:Altamira Press.
[6]Ao,Zihua and Jay-lin Jane,Characterization and modeling of the A-and B-granule starches of wheat,triticale,and barley.Carbohydrate Polymers,2007.67:46-55.
[7][8][10]Liu,Li,Jiajing Wang,and Maureece J.Levin,Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017.14:439-453.
[9]Liu,Li,Sai Ma,and Jianxin Cui,Identification of starch granules using a two-step identification method.Journal of Archaeological Science,2014.52:421-427.
[11]中国社会科学院考古研究所.二里头(1999-2006)[M].北京:文物出版社,2014:1295-1313.
[12]丁宝章,王遂义.河南植物志(第四册)[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1998:371-382.
[13]路安民,陈书坤.中国植物志(第七十三卷,第一分册)[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.
[14]Piperno,Dolores R.,Phytoliths:A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paeoecologists.2006,Lanham:Altamira Press.
[15]Fullagar,Richard,Li Liu,Sheahan Bestel,Duncan Jones,Wei Ge,Anthony Wilson,and Shaodong Zhai,Stone tool-use experiments to determine the function of grinding stones and denticulate sickles.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2012.32:29-44;Liu,Li,Jiajing Wang,and Maureece J.Levin,Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2017.14:439-453;Fullagar,Richard,The role of silica in polish formation.Journal of Archaeological Science,1991.18(1):1-25.
[16]Lee,Gyoung-Ah and Sheahan Bestel,Contextual analysis of plant remains at the Erlitou-period Huizui site,Henan,China.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2007.27:49-60.
[17]刘莉,陈星灿,赵昊.河南孟津寨根、班沟出土裴李岗晚期石磨盘功能分析[J].中原文物,2013(5).
[18]杨晓燕,蒋乐平.淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成[J].科学通报,2010(7);张永辉,翁屹,姚凌,张居中,周昱君,方方,崔炜.裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析[J].第四纪研究,2011(5).
[19]Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,Guoxiang Liu,and Hao Zhao,Plant domestication,cultivation,and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China:Evidence from microbotanical remains.The Holocene,2015.25(12):1965-1978.
[20]Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,and Ping Ji,Plant-based subsistence strategies and development of complex societies in Neolithic Northeast China:Evidence from grinding stones.Journal of Archaeological science:Reports,2016.7:247-261.
[21]中国社会科学院考古研究所.二里头(1999-2006)[M].北京:文物出版社,2014;Lee,Gyoung-Ah and Sheahan Bestel,Contextual analysis of plant remains at the Erlitou-period Huizui site,Henan,China.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,2007.27:49-60;洛阳市文物工作队.洛阳皂角树[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[22]Long,Tengwen,Christian Leipe,Guiyun Jin,Mayke Wagner,Rongzhen Guo,Oskar Schr?der,and Pavel E.Tarasov,The early history of wheat in China from 14Cdating and Bayesian chronological modelling.Nature Plants,2018.4:272-279.
[23]Lee,Gyoung-Ah,Gary W.Crawford,Li Liu,and Xingcan Chen,Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China.PNAS,2007.104(3):1087-1092.
[24]Rosen,Arlene M.,Richard Macphail,Li Liu,Xingcan Chen,and Alison Weisskop,Rising social complexity,agricultural intensification,and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China.Quaternary International,2015.437:50-59.
[25][26]刘莉,王佳静,陈星灿,李永强,赵昊.仰韶文化大房子与宴饮传统:河南偃师灰嘴遗址F1地面和陶器残留物分析[J].中原文物,2018(1).
[27]Zhao,Zhijun and Juzhong Zhang,Jiahu yizhi 2001 niandu fuxuan jieguo fenxi baogao(Report of flutation results from the 2001 season at the Jiahu site).Kaogu,2009.8:84-93.
[28]Lee,Gyoung-Ah,Gary W.Crawford,Li Liu,and Xingcan Chen,Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China.PNAS,2007.104(3):1087-1092.
[29]Benvenuto,M.L.and M.L.Osterrieth,Silicophytoliths from soybean plants in different growth stages of the Argentine Pamaps.Brazilian Journal of Botany,2015.
[30]Liu,Li,Wei Ge,Sheahan Bestel,Duncan Jones,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China:evidence from grinding stones.Journal of Archaeological Science,2011.38(12):3524-3532;Liu,Li,Sheahan Bestel,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013.110(14):5380-5385;Guan,Ying,Deborah M.Pearsall,Xing Gao,Fuyou Chen,Shuwen Pei,and Zhenyu Zhou,Plant use activities during the Upper Paleolithic in East Eurasia:Evidence from the Shuidonggou Site,Northwest China.Quaternary International,2014.347:74-83.
[31]Liu,Li,Sheahan Bestel,Jinming Shi,Yanhua Song,and Xingcan Chen,Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013.110(14):5380-5385;Liu,Li,Neil A.Duncan,Xingcan Chen,Hao Zhao,and Ping Ji,Changing patterns of plant-based food production during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in central-south Inner Mongolia,China:An Interdisciplinary approach.Quaternary International,2015;Liu,Li,Maureece J.Levin,Michael F.Bonomo,Jiajing Wang,Jinming Shi,Xingcan Chen,Jiayi Han,and Yanhua Song,Harvesting and processing wild cereals in the Upper Palaeolithic Yellow River Valley,China.Antiquity,2018.92(363):603-619.