煤炭地下气化及对中国天然气发展的战略意义
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摘要
基于国内外煤炭地下气化技术发展现状与趋势,提出了煤炭地下气化基本概念、机理与模式,指出目前面临的挑战、发展潜力与发展路径。煤炭地下气化这一革命性技术能够实现"人工制气",且符合煤炭清洁利用方向,在新能源达到规模化供应之前,可开辟中国特色的有效供甲烷与氢气战略新途径。中国含油气盆地煤系发育,仅超出煤炭企业井工开采深度、埋深1 000～3 000 m的煤炭资源量即为3.77×10~(12) t,初步预计可气化煤炭折合天然气资源量为(272～332)×10~(12)m~3,是常规天然气资源量的3倍,与非常规天然气资源量的总和基本相当。根据煤炭地下气化反应机理和产物组分的差别,初步将煤炭地下气化分为"浅层富氢、中深层富甲烷、深层超临界极富氢"3种开发模式。石油石化企业可在煤炭企业井工开采范围之外,发挥自身技术、管道、市场等一体化优势,根据不同需求和相应技术成熟度,优选路径发展煤炭地下气化业务,可将大量煤炭资源进行有效清洁开发利用,缓解天然气供应紧张局面,还可结合产出氢气就近利用以及在邻近油区开展CO_2驱油与埋存,打造石油石化循环经济净零排放示范区,为"氢经济"时代到来储备资源和技术,更为中国"清洁、低碳、安全、高效"的现代能源体系建设开辟新的途径。
Based on the present situation and trend of underground coal gasification in China and overseas, this article puts forward the basic concept, mechanism and mode of underground coal gasification, and presents the challenges, development potential and development path now faced. In China, underground coal gasification which is in accord with the clean utilization of coal can produce "artificial gas", which provides a new strategic approach to supply methane and hydrogen with Chinese characteristics before new energy sources offer large-scale supply. Coal measure strata in oil-bearing basins are developed in China, with 3.77 trillion tons coal reserves for the buried depth of 1 000-3 000 m. It is initially expected that the amount of natural gas resources from underground coal gasification to be 272-332 trillion cubic meters, which are about triple the sum of conventional natural gas, or equivalent to the total unconventional natural gas resources. According to the differences of coal reaction mechanism and product composition of underground coal gasification,the underground coal gasification can be divided into three development modes, hydrogen-rich in shallow, methane-rich in medium and deep, supercritical hydrogen-rich in deep. Beyond the scope of underground mining of coal enterprises, petroleum and petrochemical enterprises can take their own integration advantages of technologies, pipeline, market and so on, to develop underground coal gasification business based on their different needs and technical maturity, to effectively exploit a large amount of coal resources cleanly and to alleviate the tight supply of natural gas. It can also be combined with using the produced hydrogen in nearby area and the CO_2 flooding and storage in adjacent oil areas to create a demonstration zone for net zero emissions of petroleum and petrochemical recycling economy. It is significant for reserving resources and technologies for the coming "hydrogen economy" era, and opening up a new path for China's "clean, safe and efficient" modern energy system construction.
Based on the present situation and trend of underground coal gasification in China and overseas, this article puts forward the basic concept, mechanism and mode of underground coal gasification, and presents the challenges, development potential and development path now faced. In China, underground coal gasification which is in accord with the clean utilization of coal can produce "artificial gas", which provides a new strategic approach to supply methane and hydrogen with Chinese characteristics before new energy sources offer large-scale supply. Coal measure strata in oil-bearing basins are developed in China, with 3.77 trillion tons coal reserves for the buried depth of 1 000-3 000 m. It is initially expected that the amount of natural gas resources from underground coal gasification to be 272-332 trillion cubic meters, which are about triple the sum of conventional natural gas, or equivalent to the total unconventional natural gas resources. According to the differences of coal reaction mechanism and product composition of underground coal gasification,the underground coal gasification can be divided into three development modes, hydrogen-rich in shallow, methane-rich in medium and deep, supercritical hydrogen-rich in deep. Beyond the scope of underground mining of coal enterprises, petroleum and petrochemical enterprises can take their own integration advantages of technologies, pipeline, market and so on, to develop underground coal gasification business based on their different needs and technical maturity, to effectively exploit a large amount of coal resources cleanly and to alleviate the tight supply of natural gas. It can also be combined with using the produced hydrogen in nearby area and the CO_2 flooding and storage in adjacent oil areas to create a demonstration zone for net zero emissions of petroleum and petrochemical recycling economy. It is significant for reserving resources and technologies for the coming "hydrogen economy" era, and opening up a new path for China's "clean, safe and efficient" modern energy system construction.
引文
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[2]杨兰和,梁杰,尹雪峰.煤炭地下气化制氢技术理论与实践[J].煤炭科学技术,2000,28(6):37-39,56.YANG Lanhe,LIANG Jie,YIN Xuefeng.Theory and practices of nitrogen making with underground coal gasified gas[J].Coal Science and Technology,2000,28(6):37-39,56.
[3]刘淑琴,梁杰,余学东,等.不同煤种地下气化特性研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(6):624-628.LIU Shuqin,LIANG Jie,YU Xuedong,et al.Characteristics of underground gasification of different kinds of coal[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2003,32(6):624-628.
[4]梁杰,刘淑琴,杨榛,等.煤炭地下气化过程(火用)分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(2):200-204.LIANG Jie,LIU Shuqin,YANG Zhen,et al.Exergie analysis of underground coal gasification process[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2004,33(2):200-204.
[5]PERKINS G,SAHAJWALLA V.Modelling of heat and mass transport phenomena and chemical reaction in underground coal gasification[J].Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2007,85(3):329-343.
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[7]孔令峰,赵忠勋,赵炳刚,等.利用深层煤炭地下气化技术建设煤穴储气库的可行性研究[J].天然气工业,2016,36(3):99-107.KONG Lingfeng,ZHAO Zhongxun,ZHAO Binggang,et al.Feasibility analysis on rebuilding coal-mine gas storage by using underground coal gasification(UCG)technology[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(3):99-107.
[8]胡鑫蒙,赵迪斐,郭英海,等.我国煤炭地下气化技术(UCG)的发展现状与展望:来自首届国际煤炭地下气化技术与产业论坛的信息[J].非常规油气,2017,4(1):108-115.HU Xinmeng,ZHAO Difei,GUO Yinghai,et al.Present development situation and prospect of underground coal gasification(UCG)technology in China:Information from the 1st International Academic Forum for Underground Coal Gasification Technology and Industry[J].Unconventional Oil&Gas,2017,4(1):108-115.
[9]段天宏.煤炭地下气化的热解模型实验及气化指标研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2014.DUAN Tianhong.Study on pyrolysis model experiments and gasification indexes of underground coal gasification[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2014.
[10]PERKINS G.Underground coal gasification-Part I:Field demonstrations and process performance[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2018,67:158-187.
[11]张喆,胡瑞生,武君,等.煤超临界水气化制氢的影响因素分析[J].煤化工,2011,39(4):13-15.ZHANG Zhe,HU Ruisheng,WU Jun,et al.Impact of main parameters on gasification of coal in supercritical water[J].Coal Chemical Industry,2011,39(4):13-15.
[12]郭烈锦,赵亮,吕友军,等.煤炭超临界水气化制氢发电多联产技术[J].工程热物理学报,2017,38(3):678-679.GUO Liejin,ZHAO Liang,LYU Youjun,et al.Coal supercritical water gasification to produce hydrogen power generation polygeneration technology[J].Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2017,38(3):678-679.
[13]BLINDERMAN M S,KLIMENKO A Y.Underground coal gasification and combustion[M].London:Woodhead Publishing,2017:11-13,137.
[14]OLNESS D,GREGG D W.Historical development of underground coal gasification[R].Livermore:California University,Lawrence Livermore Lab,1977.
[15]KLIMENKO A Y.Early ideas in underground coal gasification and their evolution[J].Energies,2009,2:456-476.
[16]SU Faqiang,ITAKURA K I,DEGUCHI G,et al.Monitoring of coal fracturing in underground coal gasification by acoustic emission techniques[J].Applied Energy,2017,189:142-156.
[17]刘淑琴,陈峰,庞旭林,等.煤炭地下气化反应过程分析及稳定控制工艺[J].煤炭科学技术,2015,43(1):125-128,9.LIU Shuqin,CHEN Feng,PANG Xulin,et al.Analysis on reaction process of underground coal gasification and stable control technique[J].Coal Science and Technology,2015,43(1):125-128,9.
[18]张明,王世鹏.国内外煤炭地下气化技术现状及新奥攻关进展[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2010,37(10):14-16.ZHANG Ming,WANG Shipeng.Technical situation of underground coal gasification in China and abroad and the study progress of ENN[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2010,37(10):14-16.
[19]陈峰,潘霞,庞旭林.新奥无井式煤炭地下气化试验进展及产业化规划[J].煤炭科学技术,2013,41(5):19-22.CHEN Feng,PAN Xia,PANG Xulin.Progress and industrialization plan of ENN’s no mine shaft type underground coal gasification[J].Coal Science and Technology,2013,41(5):19-22.
[20]中国煤炭地质总局.中国煤炭资源赋存规律与资源评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.China National Administration of Coal Geology.China occurrence regularity of coal resources and resource evaluation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2016.
[21]朱学蕊.煤炭行业必须走科学开采道路[N].中国能源报,2014-06-16(1).ZHU Xuerui.The coal industry must take the road of scientific exploitation[N].China Energy News,2014-06-16(1).
[22]孔令峰,朱兴珊,展恩强,等.深层煤炭地下气化技术与中国天然气自给能力分析[J].国际石油经济,2018,26(6):85-94.KONG Lingfeng,ZHU Xingshan,ZHAN Enqiang,et al.Suggestions on China’s natural gas self-sufficiency by deep coal underground gasification technology[J].International Petroleum Economics,2018,26(6):85-94.
[23]陈石义,李乐忠,崔景云,等.煤炭地下气化(UCG)技术现状及产业发展分析[J].资源与产业,2014,16(5):129-135.CHEN Shiyi,LI Lezhong,CUI Jingyun,et al.Advances of underground coal gasification(UCG)and industrial development[J].Resources&Industries,2014,16(5):129-135.
[24]朱铭,徐道一,孙文鹏,等.世界煤地下气化的快速发展[J].自然杂志,2012,34(3):161-166,180.ZHU Ming,XU Daoyi,SUN Wenpeng,et al.Rapid progress of underground coal gasification in the world[J].Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(3):161-166,180.
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