低温贮藏对丽蚜小蜂生长发育和扩散的影响
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摘要
丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa作为烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum的重要寄生性天敌,目前已实现了规模化繁育,广泛应用于设施蔬菜粉虱类害虫的防控。该寄生蜂在大面积释放前往往要进行数量储备,因此低温贮藏是实现其规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文在明确丽蚜小蜂蛹期最适贮藏发育阶段的基础上,研究了不同低温贮藏方式对丽蚜小蜂生长发育和适合度的影响,并在温室条件下明确了低温贮藏对其扩散和寄生的影响。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂的蛹在4℃和8℃下低温贮藏仍可继续发育,解剖低温贮藏后未羽化的丽蚜小蜂发现其死亡主要发生在蛹的发育初期和后期,蛹的发育中期死亡比例最低;贮藏前经历适度的低温诱导(12℃/7 d)可以显著提高丽蚜小蜂的羽化率、寄生量和成虫寿命(P<0.05);温室条件下未经低温贮藏的丽蚜小蜂主要在1～4 m范围内扩散,而低温贮藏后羽化的丽蚜小蜂主要在1～2m范围内扩散;适度的低温诱导(12℃/7d)同样可以明显提高丽蚜小蜂在温室条件下的寄生率(P<0.05)。研究结果对于更好地发挥丽蚜小蜂在生物防治中的控害作用具有重要的应用意义。
Encarsia Formosa, which has been identified as an effective parasitic wasp of both Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, has currently been mass produced for control of whiteflies on a wide range of greenhouse vegetable crops. The parasitic wasp usually needs to be stored before augmentative releases, and thus cold storage has been proved to be an important process for mass production and release of parasitoids. In the present study, we exposed pupae of E. formosa to different cold storage regimes, and determined the influence of cold storage on pupal development and several fitness-related traits. We also examined the dispersal ability and parasitic rates on post-storage in the greenhouse. The results showed that E. formosa pupae developed during cold storage at both 8 ℃ and 4 ℃. The middle stage pupae appeared to suffer lower mortality compared to the early or late stage pupae. The three fitness parameters(eclosion, parasitism and adult longevity) of E. formosa was obviously improved(P<0.05) when the pupae were exposed to a cold acclimation(12 ℃ for 7 days). The parasitic wasps that experienced non-cold storage dispersed mainly within a distance of 1—4 m from the released point while those underwent cold storage dispersed mainly within a distance of 1—2 m. The parasitism rate in the greenhouse was also obviously improved(P<0.05) when the pupae were exposed to cold acclimation(12 ℃ for 7 days). These results are significant for the biological control using E. formosa.
Encarsia Formosa, which has been identified as an effective parasitic wasp of both Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, has currently been mass produced for control of whiteflies on a wide range of greenhouse vegetable crops. The parasitic wasp usually needs to be stored before augmentative releases, and thus cold storage has been proved to be an important process for mass production and release of parasitoids. In the present study, we exposed pupae of E. formosa to different cold storage regimes, and determined the influence of cold storage on pupal development and several fitness-related traits. We also examined the dispersal ability and parasitic rates on post-storage in the greenhouse. The results showed that E. formosa pupae developed during cold storage at both 8 ℃ and 4 ℃. The middle stage pupae appeared to suffer lower mortality compared to the early or late stage pupae. The three fitness parameters(eclosion, parasitism and adult longevity) of E. formosa was obviously improved(P<0.05) when the pupae were exposed to a cold acclimation(12 ℃ for 7 days). The parasitic wasps that experienced non-cold storage dispersed mainly within a distance of 1—4 m from the released point while those underwent cold storage dispersed mainly within a distance of 1—2 m. The parasitism rate in the greenhouse was also obviously improved(P<0.05) when the pupae were exposed to cold acclimation(12 ℃ for 7 days). These results are significant for the biological control using E. formosa.
引文
[1]张帆,李姝,肖达,等.我国设施蔬菜害虫的天敌昆虫应用研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(17):3463-3476.
[2]Colinet H,Boivin G.Insect parasitoids cold storage:A comprehensive review of factors of variability and consequences[J].Biological Control,2011,58(2):83-95.
[3]Venkatesan T,Singh S P,Jalali S K.Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis Muesebeck(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae)stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes[J].Journal of Entomological Research,2000,24(1):43-47.
[4]King C B R.Cold storage effect on Trichogramma and on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella[J].Tea Quarterly,1934,1:19-27.
[5]Hance T,van Baaren J,Vernon P,et al.Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2007,52:107-126.
[6]Hoddle M S,van Driesche R G,Sanderson J P.Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1998,43:645-669.
[7]Liu T X,Stansly P A,Gerling D.Whitefly parasitoids:distribution,life history,bionomics and utilization[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2015,60:273-292.
[8]尹园园,陈浩,翟一凡,等.丽蚜小蜂的繁育与应用研究进展[J].山东农业科学,2018,50(1):158-163.
[9]刘建军,田毓起.丽蚜小蜂的低温贮存[J].生物防治通报,1987,3(1):4-6.
[10]陈倩,肖利锋,朱国仁,等.低温贮存被寄生的烟粉虱伪蛹对丽蚜小蜂种群品质的影响[J].中国生物防治,2004,20(2):107-109.
[11]Lopez S N,Botto E.Effect of cold storage on some biological parameters of Eretmocerus corni and Encarsia formosa(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)[J].Biological Control,2005,33(2):123-130.
[12]何笙,陈卉,韩振芹,等.温度及低温贮存天数对丽蚜小蜂成虫羽化率的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(9):3905-3906.
[13]Colinet H,Renault D,Hance T,et al.The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp,Aphidius colemani[J].Physiological Entomology,2006,31(3):234-240.
[14]Colinet H,Hance T.Male reproductive potential of Aphidius colemani(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)exposed to constant or fluctuating thermal regimes[J].Environmental Entomology,2009,38(1):242-249.
[15]Colinet H,Hance T.Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids[J].Annals of Applied Biology,2010,156(1):147-156.
[16]唐文颖,张燕,郑方强,等.变温对烟蚜茧蜂低温贮藏存活特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):493-499.
[17]Luczynski A,Nyrop J P,Shi A.Influence of cold storage on pupal development and mortality during storage and on post-storage performance of Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)[J].Biological Control,2007,40(1):107-117.
[18]赵静,李媛媛,王蕾,等.温室条件下丽蚜小蜂的扩散行为[J].中国生物防治学报,2018,34(6):813-817.
[19]Colinet H,Hance T,Vernon P.Water relations,fat reserves,survival,and longevity of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)[J].Environmental Entomology,2006b,35(2):228-236.
[20]Colinet H,Boivin G,Hance T.Manipulation of parasitoid size using the temperature-size rule:fitness consequences[J].Oecologia,2007,152(3):425-433.
[21]Ellers J,van Alphen J J M.Life history evolution in Asobara tabida:plasticity in allocation of fat reserves to survival and reproduction[J].Journal of Evolutionary Biology,1997,10(5):771-785.
[22]Visser B,Le Lann C,den Blanken F J,et al.Loss of lipid synthesis as an evolutionary consequence of a parasitic lifestyle[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(19):8677-8682.
[23]Leopold R A.Colony maintenance and mass-rearing:using cold storage technology for extending the shelf-life of insects[M]//Vreysen M J B,Robinson A S,Hendrichs J,Eds.Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests.Amsterdam:Springer,2007,149-162.
[24]Osborne L S.Temperature-dependent development of greenhouse whitefly and its parasite,Encarsia formosa[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11(2):483-485.
[25]Sehnal F.Effects of cold on morphogenesis[M]//Lee R E,Denlinger D L,Eds.Insects at Low Temperatures.New York and London:Chapman and Hall,1991,149-171.
[26]van Lenteren J,Tommasini M.Mass production,storage,shipment and quality control of natural enemies[M]//Albajes R,Gullino M L,van Lenteren J C,et al.Eds.Mass Production,Storage,Shipment and Quality Control of Natural Enemies,Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops.Amsterdam:Springer,2002,276-294.
[27]Foerster L A,Doetzer A K,de Castro L C F.Emergence,longevity and fecundity of Trissolcus basalis and Telenomus podisi after cold storage in the pupal stage[J].Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,2004,39(9):841-845.
[28]Levie A,Vernon P,Hance T.Consequences of acclimation on survival and reproductive capacities of cold-stored mummies of Aphidius rhopalosiphi(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2005,98(3):704-708.
[29]Yocum G D,Zdárek J,Joplin K H,et al.Alteration of the eclosion rhythm and eclosion behavior in the flesh fly,Sarcophaga crassipalpis,by low and high temperature stress[J].Journal of Insect Physiology,1994,40(1):13-21.
[30]Kelty J D,Killian K A,Lee R E.Cold shock and rapid cold-hardening of pharate adult flesh flies(Sarcophaga crassipalpis):effects on behaviour and neuromuscular function following eclosion[J].Physiological Entomology,1996,21(4):283-288.
[31]Rundle B J,Thomson L J,Hoffmann A A.Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)and the response of three Trichogramma spp.(T.carverae,T.nr.brassicae,and T.funiculatum)to cold[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2004,97(2):213-221.
[32]Ko?tál V,Yanagimoto M,Bastl J.Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach(Nauphoeta cinerea)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A:Molecular and Integrative Physiology,2006,143(2):171-179.
[33]Ayvaz A,Karasu E,Karab?rklüS,et al.Effects of cold storage,rearing temperature,parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2008,44(3):232-240.
[34]刘贻聪,张友军,吴青君,等.丽蚜小蜂糖转运蛋白基因克隆及其诱导表达[J].中国生物防治学报,2018,34(2):247-253.
[35]Hofsvang T,Hagvar E B.Cold storage tolerance and supercooling points of mummies of Ephedrus cerasicola Stàry and Aphidius colemani Viereck(Hymenoptera:Aphidiidae)[J].Norwegian Journal of Entomology,1977,24(1):1-6.
[36]Bernardo U,Iodice L,Sasso R,et al.Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae(=T.Semiluteus)(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae)[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2008,18(9):921-933.
[37]Pitcher S A,Hoffmann M P,Gardner J,et al.Cold storage of Trichogramma ostriniae reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs[J].BioControl,2002,47(5):525-535.
[2]Colinet H,Boivin G.Insect parasitoids cold storage:A comprehensive review of factors of variability and consequences[J].Biological Control,2011,58(2):83-95.
[3]Venkatesan T,Singh S P,Jalali S K.Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis Muesebeck(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae)stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes[J].Journal of Entomological Research,2000,24(1):43-47.
[4]King C B R.Cold storage effect on Trichogramma and on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella[J].Tea Quarterly,1934,1:19-27.
[5]Hance T,van Baaren J,Vernon P,et al.Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2007,52:107-126.
[6]Hoddle M S,van Driesche R G,Sanderson J P.Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1998,43:645-669.
[7]Liu T X,Stansly P A,Gerling D.Whitefly parasitoids:distribution,life history,bionomics and utilization[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2015,60:273-292.
[8]尹园园,陈浩,翟一凡,等.丽蚜小蜂的繁育与应用研究进展[J].山东农业科学,2018,50(1):158-163.
[9]刘建军,田毓起.丽蚜小蜂的低温贮存[J].生物防治通报,1987,3(1):4-6.
[10]陈倩,肖利锋,朱国仁,等.低温贮存被寄生的烟粉虱伪蛹对丽蚜小蜂种群品质的影响[J].中国生物防治,2004,20(2):107-109.
[11]Lopez S N,Botto E.Effect of cold storage on some biological parameters of Eretmocerus corni and Encarsia formosa(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)[J].Biological Control,2005,33(2):123-130.
[12]何笙,陈卉,韩振芹,等.温度及低温贮存天数对丽蚜小蜂成虫羽化率的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(9):3905-3906.
[13]Colinet H,Renault D,Hance T,et al.The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp,Aphidius colemani[J].Physiological Entomology,2006,31(3):234-240.
[14]Colinet H,Hance T.Male reproductive potential of Aphidius colemani(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)exposed to constant or fluctuating thermal regimes[J].Environmental Entomology,2009,38(1):242-249.
[15]Colinet H,Hance T.Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids[J].Annals of Applied Biology,2010,156(1):147-156.
[16]唐文颖,张燕,郑方强,等.变温对烟蚜茧蜂低温贮藏存活特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):493-499.
[17]Luczynski A,Nyrop J P,Shi A.Influence of cold storage on pupal development and mortality during storage and on post-storage performance of Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)[J].Biological Control,2007,40(1):107-117.
[18]赵静,李媛媛,王蕾,等.温室条件下丽蚜小蜂的扩散行为[J].中国生物防治学报,2018,34(6):813-817.
[19]Colinet H,Hance T,Vernon P.Water relations,fat reserves,survival,and longevity of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)[J].Environmental Entomology,2006b,35(2):228-236.
[20]Colinet H,Boivin G,Hance T.Manipulation of parasitoid size using the temperature-size rule:fitness consequences[J].Oecologia,2007,152(3):425-433.
[21]Ellers J,van Alphen J J M.Life history evolution in Asobara tabida:plasticity in allocation of fat reserves to survival and reproduction[J].Journal of Evolutionary Biology,1997,10(5):771-785.
[22]Visser B,Le Lann C,den Blanken F J,et al.Loss of lipid synthesis as an evolutionary consequence of a parasitic lifestyle[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(19):8677-8682.
[23]Leopold R A.Colony maintenance and mass-rearing:using cold storage technology for extending the shelf-life of insects[M]//Vreysen M J B,Robinson A S,Hendrichs J,Eds.Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests.Amsterdam:Springer,2007,149-162.
[24]Osborne L S.Temperature-dependent development of greenhouse whitefly and its parasite,Encarsia formosa[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11(2):483-485.
[25]Sehnal F.Effects of cold on morphogenesis[M]//Lee R E,Denlinger D L,Eds.Insects at Low Temperatures.New York and London:Chapman and Hall,1991,149-171.
[26]van Lenteren J,Tommasini M.Mass production,storage,shipment and quality control of natural enemies[M]//Albajes R,Gullino M L,van Lenteren J C,et al.Eds.Mass Production,Storage,Shipment and Quality Control of Natural Enemies,Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops.Amsterdam:Springer,2002,276-294.
[27]Foerster L A,Doetzer A K,de Castro L C F.Emergence,longevity and fecundity of Trissolcus basalis and Telenomus podisi after cold storage in the pupal stage[J].Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,2004,39(9):841-845.
[28]Levie A,Vernon P,Hance T.Consequences of acclimation on survival and reproductive capacities of cold-stored mummies of Aphidius rhopalosiphi(Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae)[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2005,98(3):704-708.
[29]Yocum G D,Zdárek J,Joplin K H,et al.Alteration of the eclosion rhythm and eclosion behavior in the flesh fly,Sarcophaga crassipalpis,by low and high temperature stress[J].Journal of Insect Physiology,1994,40(1):13-21.
[30]Kelty J D,Killian K A,Lee R E.Cold shock and rapid cold-hardening of pharate adult flesh flies(Sarcophaga crassipalpis):effects on behaviour and neuromuscular function following eclosion[J].Physiological Entomology,1996,21(4):283-288.
[31]Rundle B J,Thomson L J,Hoffmann A A.Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)and the response of three Trichogramma spp.(T.carverae,T.nr.brassicae,and T.funiculatum)to cold[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2004,97(2):213-221.
[32]Ko?tál V,Yanagimoto M,Bastl J.Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach(Nauphoeta cinerea)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A:Molecular and Integrative Physiology,2006,143(2):171-179.
[33]Ayvaz A,Karasu E,Karab?rklüS,et al.Effects of cold storage,rearing temperature,parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2008,44(3):232-240.
[34]刘贻聪,张友军,吴青君,等.丽蚜小蜂糖转运蛋白基因克隆及其诱导表达[J].中国生物防治学报,2018,34(2):247-253.
[35]Hofsvang T,Hagvar E B.Cold storage tolerance and supercooling points of mummies of Ephedrus cerasicola Stàry and Aphidius colemani Viereck(Hymenoptera:Aphidiidae)[J].Norwegian Journal of Entomology,1977,24(1):1-6.
[36]Bernardo U,Iodice L,Sasso R,et al.Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae(=T.Semiluteus)(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae)[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2008,18(9):921-933.
[37]Pitcher S A,Hoffmann M P,Gardner J,et al.Cold storage of Trichogramma ostriniae reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs[J].BioControl,2002,47(5):525-535.