长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响
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摘要
为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥>30%有机肥>秸秆还田>化肥>无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。
Fertilization regimes affect the soil microbiological properties of paddy fields. In China,few studies have investigated the influence of long-term fertilizer and combined organic matter and fertilizer application on the soil' s microbiological properties. Our objective was to explore the characteristics of soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC),soil microbial biomass nitrogen( SMBN),and the soil microbial quotient of a paddy field during the early and late rice growth periods under different long-term fertilization regimes in a double cropping rice system. A long-term experiment was established in 1986 in Ningxiang county of Hunan Province,China,and five different fertilizer treatments were applied:( 1) no fertilizer input( CK),( 2) mineral fertilizer alone( MF),( 3) rice residue plus mineral fertilizer( RF),( 4)30% organic matter and 70% mineral fertilizer( OM1),and( 5) 60% organic matter and 40% mineral fertilizer( OM2).We analyzed the SMBC,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient of the fields with the above five treatments using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that after 29 years,the different fertilization regimes significantly affected the soil's chemical and microbial properties. Compared to the CK,the organic matter,total N,and available N,P,and K increased due to the combined application of chemical fertilizer,recycled rice straw,and chicken manure. In paddy fields,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient were increased by long-term fertilization regimes wherein applications were carried out during the early and late rice growth periods. Meanwhile,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient increased with the development of early and late rice,peaking at the heading stages of early and late rice. These measurements then reached their minimum value at the mature stages of early and late rice. Compared to the CK,the SMBN activity increased by 7. 67%,10. 98%,19. 17%,and 21. 75% when treated with MF,RF,OM1,or OM2,respectively,at the heading stage of early rice,and increased by 7. 27%,10. 41%,18. 18%,and 20. 14% when treated with MF,RF,OM1,or OM2 at the heading stage of late rice,respectively.Furthermore,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and the soil microbial quotient were significantly higher when treated with OM1 or OM2 than that in the MF,RF,or CK treatments at the different main growth stages of early and late rice,respectively. In addition,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient under different fertilization regimes were ordered as follows: OM2 > OM1 > RF > MF > CK at the main growth stages of early and late rice. The soil fertility was increased by the combined application of mineral fertilizer and organic matter,and the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient were correlated with combined long-term fertilizer and organic matter application. Therefore, the combined application of chemical fertilizer and recycled rice straw or chicken manure could significantly increase the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient of paddy fields during early and late rice growth. In addition,the soil microbial properties reflect changes in soil quality,such as the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient,all of which can be used as biological indicators for the evaluation of soil fertility.
Fertilization regimes affect the soil microbiological properties of paddy fields. In China,few studies have investigated the influence of long-term fertilizer and combined organic matter and fertilizer application on the soil' s microbiological properties. Our objective was to explore the characteristics of soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC),soil microbial biomass nitrogen( SMBN),and the soil microbial quotient of a paddy field during the early and late rice growth periods under different long-term fertilization regimes in a double cropping rice system. A long-term experiment was established in 1986 in Ningxiang county of Hunan Province,China,and five different fertilizer treatments were applied:( 1) no fertilizer input( CK),( 2) mineral fertilizer alone( MF),( 3) rice residue plus mineral fertilizer( RF),( 4)30% organic matter and 70% mineral fertilizer( OM1),and( 5) 60% organic matter and 40% mineral fertilizer( OM2).We analyzed the SMBC,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient of the fields with the above five treatments using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that after 29 years,the different fertilization regimes significantly affected the soil's chemical and microbial properties. Compared to the CK,the organic matter,total N,and available N,P,and K increased due to the combined application of chemical fertilizer,recycled rice straw,and chicken manure. In paddy fields,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient were increased by long-term fertilization regimes wherein applications were carried out during the early and late rice growth periods. Meanwhile,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient increased with the development of early and late rice,peaking at the heading stages of early and late rice. These measurements then reached their minimum value at the mature stages of early and late rice. Compared to the CK,the SMBN activity increased by 7. 67%,10. 98%,19. 17%,and 21. 75% when treated with MF,RF,OM1,or OM2,respectively,at the heading stage of early rice,and increased by 7. 27%,10. 41%,18. 18%,and 20. 14% when treated with MF,RF,OM1,or OM2 at the heading stage of late rice,respectively.Furthermore,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and the soil microbial quotient were significantly higher when treated with OM1 or OM2 than that in the MF,RF,or CK treatments at the different main growth stages of early and late rice,respectively. In addition,the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient under different fertilization regimes were ordered as follows: OM2 > OM1 > RF > MF > CK at the main growth stages of early and late rice. The soil fertility was increased by the combined application of mineral fertilizer and organic matter,and the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient were correlated with combined long-term fertilizer and organic matter application. Therefore, the combined application of chemical fertilizer and recycled rice straw or chicken manure could significantly increase the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient of paddy fields during early and late rice growth. In addition,the soil microbial properties reflect changes in soil quality,such as the SMBC activity,SMBN,and soil microbial quotient,all of which can be used as biological indicators for the evaluation of soil fertility.
引文
[1]陈安磊,王凯荣,谢小立.施肥制度与养分循环对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(6):1094-1099.
[2]彭佩钦,吴金水,黄道友,汪汉林,唐国勇,黄伟生,朱奇宏.洞庭湖区不同利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响.生态学报,2006,26(7):2262-2266.
[3]臧逸飞,郝明德,张丽琼,张昊青.26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,2015,35(5):1445-1451.
[4]Ekenler M,Tabatabai M A.Effects of liming and tillage systems on microbial biomass and glycosidases in soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,39(1):51-61.
[5]Jangid K,Williams M A,Franzluebbers A J,Sanderlin J S,Reeves J H,Jenkins M B,Endale D M,Coleman D C,Whitman W B.Relative impacts of land-use,management intensity and fertilization upon soil microbial community structure in agricultural systems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(11):2843-2853.
[6]Chu H Y,Lin X,Fu J T,Morimoto S,Yagi K,Hu J L,Zhang J B.Soil microbial biomass,dehydrogenase activity,bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(11):2971-2976.
[7]李卉,李宝珍,邹冬生,吴金水.水稻秸秆不同处理方式对亚热带农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及氮素矿化的影响.农业现代化研究,2015,36(2):303-308.
[8]李文军,彭保发,杨奇勇.长期施肥对洞庭湖双季稻区水稻土有机碳、氮积累及其活性的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(3):488-500.
[9]陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,江春玉.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳、氮分布和微生物生物量的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(5):950-960.
[10]郝晓晖,胡荣桂,吴金水,汤水荣,罗希茜.长期施肥对稻田土壤有机氮、微生物生物量及功能多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1477-1484.
[11]卜洪震,王丽宏,尤金成,肖小平,杨光立,胡跃高,曾昭海.长期施肥管理对红壤稻田土壤微生物量碳和微生物多样性的影响.中国农业科学,2010,43(16):3340-3347.
[12]周卫军,曾希柏,张杨珠,周清,郭海彦,颜雄,陈建国.施肥措施对不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(5):1043-1048.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-108.
[14]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,肖和艾.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用.北京:气象出版社,2006:54-68.
[15]Goyal S,Chander K,Mundra M C,Kapoor K K.Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1999,29(2):196-200.
[16]Chilima J,Huang G Y,Wu C F.Microbial biomass carbon trends in black and red soils under single straw application:Effect of straw placement,mineral N addition and tillage.Pedosphere,2002,12(1):59-72.
[17]刘守龙,苏以荣,黄道友,肖和艾,吴金水.微生物商对亚热带地区土地利用及施肥制度的响应.中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1411-1418.
[18]孙瑞莲,朱鲁生,赵秉强,周启星,徐晶,张夫道.长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用.应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1907-1910.
[19]朱海平,姚槐应,张勇勇,吴愉萍.不同培肥管理措施对土壤微生物生态特征的影响.土壤通报,2003,34(2):140-142.
[20]李娟,赵秉强,李秀英,Hwat B S.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,2008,41(1):144-152.
[21]徐阳春,沈其荣,冉炜.长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响.土壤学报,2002,39(1):89-96.
[22]Spedding T A,Hamel C,Mehuys G R,Madramootoob C A.Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(3):499-512.
[23]宇万太,赵鑫,姜子绍,李欣宇,马强,周桦.不同施肥制度对潮棕壤微生物量碳的影响.生态学杂志,2007,26(10):1574-1578.
[24]王忠华,叶庆富,舒庆尧,崔海瑞,夏英武,周美园.转基因植物根系分泌物对土壤微生态的影响.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):373-375.
[25]徐阳春,沈其荣,雷宝坤,储国良,王全洪.水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):549-552.
[26]Tang H M,Xu Y L,Sun J M,Xiao X P,Wang K,Li W Y,Tang W G,Yang G L.Soil enzyme activities and soil microbe population as influenced by long-term fertilizer management under an intensive cropping system.Journal of Pure&Applied microbiology,2014,8(2):15-23.
[27]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,关春林,郜春花,石彦琴.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[28]Bonde A T,Schniirer J,Rosswall T.Microbial biomass as a fraction of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soils from long-term field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20(4):447-452.
[29]张奇春,王光火,方斌.不同施肥处理对水稻养分吸收和稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响.土壤学报,2005,42(1):116-121.
[30]任天志,Crego S.持续农业中的土壤生物指标研究.中国农业科学,2000,33(1):68-75.
[31]Omay A B,Rice C W,Maddux L D,Gordon W B.Changes in soil microbial and chemical properties under long-term crop rotation and fertilization.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(6):1672-1678.
[2]彭佩钦,吴金水,黄道友,汪汉林,唐国勇,黄伟生,朱奇宏.洞庭湖区不同利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响.生态学报,2006,26(7):2262-2266.
[3]臧逸飞,郝明德,张丽琼,张昊青.26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,2015,35(5):1445-1451.
[4]Ekenler M,Tabatabai M A.Effects of liming and tillage systems on microbial biomass and glycosidases in soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,39(1):51-61.
[5]Jangid K,Williams M A,Franzluebbers A J,Sanderlin J S,Reeves J H,Jenkins M B,Endale D M,Coleman D C,Whitman W B.Relative impacts of land-use,management intensity and fertilization upon soil microbial community structure in agricultural systems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(11):2843-2853.
[6]Chu H Y,Lin X,Fu J T,Morimoto S,Yagi K,Hu J L,Zhang J B.Soil microbial biomass,dehydrogenase activity,bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(11):2971-2976.
[7]李卉,李宝珍,邹冬生,吴金水.水稻秸秆不同处理方式对亚热带农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及氮素矿化的影响.农业现代化研究,2015,36(2):303-308.
[8]李文军,彭保发,杨奇勇.长期施肥对洞庭湖双季稻区水稻土有机碳、氮积累及其活性的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(3):488-500.
[9]陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,江春玉.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳、氮分布和微生物生物量的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(5):950-960.
[10]郝晓晖,胡荣桂,吴金水,汤水荣,罗希茜.长期施肥对稻田土壤有机氮、微生物生物量及功能多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1477-1484.
[11]卜洪震,王丽宏,尤金成,肖小平,杨光立,胡跃高,曾昭海.长期施肥管理对红壤稻田土壤微生物量碳和微生物多样性的影响.中国农业科学,2010,43(16):3340-3347.
[12]周卫军,曾希柏,张杨珠,周清,郭海彦,颜雄,陈建国.施肥措施对不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(5):1043-1048.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-108.
[14]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,肖和艾.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用.北京:气象出版社,2006:54-68.
[15]Goyal S,Chander K,Mundra M C,Kapoor K K.Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1999,29(2):196-200.
[16]Chilima J,Huang G Y,Wu C F.Microbial biomass carbon trends in black and red soils under single straw application:Effect of straw placement,mineral N addition and tillage.Pedosphere,2002,12(1):59-72.
[17]刘守龙,苏以荣,黄道友,肖和艾,吴金水.微生物商对亚热带地区土地利用及施肥制度的响应.中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1411-1418.
[18]孙瑞莲,朱鲁生,赵秉强,周启星,徐晶,张夫道.长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用.应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1907-1910.
[19]朱海平,姚槐应,张勇勇,吴愉萍.不同培肥管理措施对土壤微生物生态特征的影响.土壤通报,2003,34(2):140-142.
[20]李娟,赵秉强,李秀英,Hwat B S.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,2008,41(1):144-152.
[21]徐阳春,沈其荣,冉炜.长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响.土壤学报,2002,39(1):89-96.
[22]Spedding T A,Hamel C,Mehuys G R,Madramootoob C A.Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(3):499-512.
[23]宇万太,赵鑫,姜子绍,李欣宇,马强,周桦.不同施肥制度对潮棕壤微生物量碳的影响.生态学杂志,2007,26(10):1574-1578.
[24]王忠华,叶庆富,舒庆尧,崔海瑞,夏英武,周美园.转基因植物根系分泌物对土壤微生态的影响.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):373-375.
[25]徐阳春,沈其荣,雷宝坤,储国良,王全洪.水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):549-552.
[26]Tang H M,Xu Y L,Sun J M,Xiao X P,Wang K,Li W Y,Tang W G,Yang G L.Soil enzyme activities and soil microbe population as influenced by long-term fertilizer management under an intensive cropping system.Journal of Pure&Applied microbiology,2014,8(2):15-23.
[27]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,关春林,郜春花,石彦琴.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[28]Bonde A T,Schniirer J,Rosswall T.Microbial biomass as a fraction of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soils from long-term field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20(4):447-452.
[29]张奇春,王光火,方斌.不同施肥处理对水稻养分吸收和稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响.土壤学报,2005,42(1):116-121.
[30]任天志,Crego S.持续农业中的土壤生物指标研究.中国农业科学,2000,33(1):68-75.
[31]Omay A B,Rice C W,Maddux L D,Gordon W B.Changes in soil microbial and chemical properties under long-term crop rotation and fertilization.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(6):1672-1678.