新疆和田沙漠腹地日光温室环境测试与分析
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摘要
近年来,以和田沙漠区域日光温室为主的非耕地设施农业在新疆发展迅速并形成了一定规模。为明确沙漠区域日光温室冬季温光变化规律,以期为沙漠地区日光温室结构改进和作物管理提供参考,该文针对于沙漠腹地特殊环境下日光温室内部光温环境变化进行了测试与分析。结果表明:沙漠地区日光温室内外部光照强度大,晴天条件下光照强度20 000 lx以上时间长达5～6 h;温室内空气、地面温度波动大,最高气温、最低气温平均差值为26.6℃,最大为32.7℃,晴天地表温度在30℃以上的时间长达4～5 h,2月份最高可达40.3℃,呈现出"中午温度过高,夜间温度偏低,昼夜温差较大"的特点。晴天条件下,温室白天空气湿度为24%～84%,最小为24%,夜间空气湿度为84%～95%,受沙漠区域干燥环境的影响,夜间低温时,棚膜内表面无"结露"现象。沙漠地区日光温室能较好的将太阳能转化为热能且具有较好的保温能力,室内相对湿度小,可有效保证各种蔬菜、水果的生长发育,但蓄热能力较差,增加沙漠地区日光温室蓄热能力的相关研究亟待开展。
Chinese solar greenhouse played an important role in Xinjiang protected horticulture. However, the land in Xinjiang is mainly "unutilized land" type, and the cultivated land resource is seriously insufficient, the development of Xinjiang protected agriculture was promoted towards Gobi, saline and alkali, desert and other non-cultivated land. In recent years, the desert greenhouse has begun to take shape. In order to clarify the thermal performence of solar greenhouse in desert areas, and provide a reference for the improvement of solar greenhouse structure and crop management in desert areas, the changes of light and temperature environment in the greenhouse under the special environment of desert hinterland(79.84°E, 37.37°N) were tested and analysed in this paper. The results showed that the light intensity inside and outside the desert greenhouse were too large. Under sunny day conditions, the average light intensity was 24 204 lx and the maximum was 48 787 lx. The light intensity over 20 000 lx lasted for 5-6 h. The temperature of the air and ground in the greenhouse fluctuated greatly. The average difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature was 26.6 ℃, the maximum was 32.7 ℃. The ground surface temperature above 30 ℃ lasted for 4-5 h and the maximum was 40.3 ℃ in February, which showed the characteristics of "temperature is too high at noon, low at night, and temperature difference between day and night is large". The surface temperature of the culture substrate was more moderate than the surface temperature fluctuation of sand. The lowest temperature was 15.9 ℃, the highest temperature was 27.9 ℃, and the temperature fluctuation of the ground and the substrate depth of 30 cm were small, which kept between 17 and 19 ℃. The use of substrate cultivation can effectively alleviate the high temperature on the surface. Under the condition of sunny days, the relative humidity of air in greenhouse was 24%-84% in daytime, the minimum is 24%, and 84%-95% at night. Due to the dry environment in the desert area, the low temperature at night will not lead to condensation of dew on the surface of greenhouse film. In the desert greenhouse, solar energy can be better converted into heat and the relative humidity was low, which can effectively ensure the growth and development of various vegetables and fruits. However, heat storage capacity of the desert greenhouse was poor, and the research on increasing the heat storage capacity of solar greenhouses in desert areas needs to be carried out.
Chinese solar greenhouse played an important role in Xinjiang protected horticulture. However, the land in Xinjiang is mainly "unutilized land" type, and the cultivated land resource is seriously insufficient, the development of Xinjiang protected agriculture was promoted towards Gobi, saline and alkali, desert and other non-cultivated land. In recent years, the desert greenhouse has begun to take shape. In order to clarify the thermal performence of solar greenhouse in desert areas, and provide a reference for the improvement of solar greenhouse structure and crop management in desert areas, the changes of light and temperature environment in the greenhouse under the special environment of desert hinterland(79.84°E, 37.37°N) were tested and analysed in this paper. The results showed that the light intensity inside and outside the desert greenhouse were too large. Under sunny day conditions, the average light intensity was 24 204 lx and the maximum was 48 787 lx. The light intensity over 20 000 lx lasted for 5-6 h. The temperature of the air and ground in the greenhouse fluctuated greatly. The average difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature was 26.6 ℃, the maximum was 32.7 ℃. The ground surface temperature above 30 ℃ lasted for 4-5 h and the maximum was 40.3 ℃ in February, which showed the characteristics of "temperature is too high at noon, low at night, and temperature difference between day and night is large". The surface temperature of the culture substrate was more moderate than the surface temperature fluctuation of sand. The lowest temperature was 15.9 ℃, the highest temperature was 27.9 ℃, and the temperature fluctuation of the ground and the substrate depth of 30 cm were small, which kept between 17 and 19 ℃. The use of substrate cultivation can effectively alleviate the high temperature on the surface. Under the condition of sunny days, the relative humidity of air in greenhouse was 24%-84% in daytime, the minimum is 24%, and 84%-95% at night. Due to the dry environment in the desert area, the low temperature at night will not lead to condensation of dew on the surface of greenhouse film. In the desert greenhouse, solar energy can be better converted into heat and the relative humidity was low, which can effectively ensure the growth and development of various vegetables and fruits. However, heat storage capacity of the desert greenhouse was poor, and the research on increasing the heat storage capacity of solar greenhouses in desert areas needs to be carried out.
引文
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[13]孙治强,王吉庆.黄淮改良型日光温室的设计与性能研究[J].农业工程学报,1997,13(增刊):41-47.Sun Zhiqiang,Wang Jiqing.The Design and performance study of the solar greenhouse of the Huanghuai[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1997,13(supp):41-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王倩,张海涛,刘旭,等.下沉式日光温室内温光环境分析[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(1):37-42.Wang Qian,Zhang Haitao,Liu Xu et.al.Analysis on Temperature and light in sinking solar greenhouse[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(1):37-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]祁光斌,颉建明,郁继华,等.河西走廊GNN10B型石墙钢架日光温室温光环境分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2016,51(1):84-89.Qi Guangbin,Xie Jianming,Yu Jihua,et al.Analysis on temperature and light of solar greenhouse called Hexicorridor GNN10B stone wall steel[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2016,51(1):84-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]高艳明,汪洋,黄利,等.宁夏非耕地沙漠新建日光温室性能分析[J].北方园艺,2014(22):44-47.Gao Yanming,Wang Yang,Huang Li,et al.Analysis of performance in Ningxia non-cultivated desert new greenhouse[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(22):44-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]马彩雯,吴乐天,王晓冬.喀什地区日光温室小气候试验研究[J].农机化研究,2010,32(9):179-183.Ma Caiwen,Wu Letain,Wang Xiaodong.The research of microclimate test change in solar greenhouse in Kashi area[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(9):179-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]宋羽,邹平,马彩雯.新疆戈壁地区典型日光温室冬季环境性能研究[J].北方园艺,2013(20):45-48.Song Yu,Zou Ping,Ma Caiwen.Study on winter thermal environment of typical solar greenhouse in gobiregion of Xingjiang[J].Northern Horticulture,2013(20):45-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]马月虹,李保明,张家发,等.北疆麦壳砂浆砌块填充蓄热材料复合墙体日光温室热性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(13):233-238.Ma Yuehong,Li Baoming,Zhang Jiafa,et al.Thermal performance of solar greenhouse with composite wall using wheat shell-mortar block filling with heat storage material in north Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(13):233-238.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]吴乐天.新疆戈壁地日光温室墙体结构性能研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2015.Wu Letian.The Performance Research on the Wall Structure of Solar Greenhouse in Gobi Region in Xinjiang[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]茹克雅.和田市团结新村展现新疆民族团结新风貌[N].中国日报:2015-08-30.
[4]魏瑞江,孙忠富.我国日光温室小气候研究进展与展望[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2014,42(12):139-150.Wei Ruijiang,Sun Zhongfu.Development and perspective of research on microclimate of sunshine greenhouse in China[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2014,42(12):139-150.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]陈端生.中国节能型日光温室建筑与环境研究进展[J].农业工程学报,1994,10(1):123-129.Chen Duansheng.Advance of the research on the architecture and environment of the Chinese energy-saving sunlight greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,1994,10(1):123-129.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]李明,周长吉,魏晓明.日光温室墙体蓄热层厚度确定方法[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):177-183.Li Ming,Zhou Changji,Wei Xiaoming.Thickness determination of heat storage layer of wall in solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(2):177-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]白青,张亚红,孙利鑫.基于温波传递理论的日光温室土墙体蓄热层及墙体厚度分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):207-213.Bai Qing,Zhang Yahong,Sun Lixin.Analysis on heat storage layer and thickness of soil wall in solar greenhouse based on theory of temperature-wave transfer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(22):207-213.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王昭,陈振东,邹志荣,等.青海型主动蓄热日光温室应用性能分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(8):116-123.Wang Zhao,Chen Zhendong,Zou Zhirong,et al.Application performance analysis on active heating storage greenhouse of Qinghai style[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(8):116-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]鲍恩财,曹晏飞,邹志荣,等.节能日光温室蓄热技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):1-14.Bao Encai,Cao Yanfei,Zou Zhirong,et al.Research progress of thermal storage technology in energy-saving solar greenhouses[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(6):1-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]张勇,邹志荣,李建明.倾转屋面日光温室的采光及蓄热性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):129-137.Zhang Yong,Zou Zhirong,Li Jianming.Performance experiment on lighting and thermal storage in tilting roof solar-greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(1):129-137.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]鲍恩财,申婷婷,张勇,等.装配式主动蓄热墙体日光温室热性能分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):178-186.BaoEncai,Shen Tingting,Zhang Yong,et al.Thermal performance analysis of assembled active heat storage wall in Chinese solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(10):178-186.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]鲍恩财,朱超,曹晏飞,等.固化沙蓄热后墙日光温室热工性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):187-194.BaoEncai,Zhu Chao,Cao Yanfei,et al.Thermal performance test of solidified sand heat storage wall in Chinese solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(9):187-194.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]孙治强,王吉庆.黄淮改良型日光温室的设计与性能研究[J].农业工程学报,1997,13(增刊):41-47.Sun Zhiqiang,Wang Jiqing.The Design and performance study of the solar greenhouse of the Huanghuai[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1997,13(supp):41-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王倩,张海涛,刘旭,等.下沉式日光温室内温光环境分析[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(1):37-42.Wang Qian,Zhang Haitao,Liu Xu et.al.Analysis on Temperature and light in sinking solar greenhouse[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(1):37-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]祁光斌,颉建明,郁继华,等.河西走廊GNN10B型石墙钢架日光温室温光环境分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2016,51(1):84-89.Qi Guangbin,Xie Jianming,Yu Jihua,et al.Analysis on temperature and light of solar greenhouse called Hexicorridor GNN10B stone wall steel[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2016,51(1):84-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]高艳明,汪洋,黄利,等.宁夏非耕地沙漠新建日光温室性能分析[J].北方园艺,2014(22):44-47.Gao Yanming,Wang Yang,Huang Li,et al.Analysis of performance in Ningxia non-cultivated desert new greenhouse[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(22):44-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]马彩雯,吴乐天,王晓冬.喀什地区日光温室小气候试验研究[J].农机化研究,2010,32(9):179-183.Ma Caiwen,Wu Letain,Wang Xiaodong.The research of microclimate test change in solar greenhouse in Kashi area[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(9):179-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]宋羽,邹平,马彩雯.新疆戈壁地区典型日光温室冬季环境性能研究[J].北方园艺,2013(20):45-48.Song Yu,Zou Ping,Ma Caiwen.Study on winter thermal environment of typical solar greenhouse in gobiregion of Xingjiang[J].Northern Horticulture,2013(20):45-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]马月虹,李保明,张家发,等.北疆麦壳砂浆砌块填充蓄热材料复合墙体日光温室热性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(13):233-238.Ma Yuehong,Li Baoming,Zhang Jiafa,et al.Thermal performance of solar greenhouse with composite wall using wheat shell-mortar block filling with heat storage material in north Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(13):233-238.(in Chinese with English abstract)