连续油管在酸性环境下的疲劳寿命研究进展
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摘要
在连续油管井下作业过程中,连续油管反复起下,产生低周弯曲疲劳,弯曲过程为塑性变形,这与常规静态管柱和输送管道弹性变形的受力特征存在明显差异。当连续油管用于酸性环境时,连续油管的H_2S损伤和塑性变形相互作用,会进一步增加其失效风险。针对连续油管井下作业的特点,综述了连续油管在酸性环境下使用后产生的腐蚀疲劳失效机理、失效案例,介绍了酸性环境下连续油管腐蚀疲劳的试验方法及其试验原理,以及不同试验方法下的试验研究进展。结果显示,连续油管在酸性环境下应用,由于H_2S引起的损伤,氢原子渗透进入管体导致材料变脆,塑性降低,使得连续油管弯曲疲劳寿命显著下降。对比分析了酸性环境下连续油管试验方法的优缺点,结合不同试验方法的试验研究成果,提出了连续油管在酸性环境下使用的注意事项和防护措施建议,以期为连续油管在酸性环境下井下作业的安全应用提供技术参考。
During coiled tubing( CT) well servicing operations performed in a well bore,the tubing string is subjected to low bend cycle fatigue for rising and descending,and the bending process is a plastic deformation,which is quite different from the elastic deformation of the static tubing string and pipeline.When CT is applied in sour service,it is subjected to higher risks of failure for interacting H_2S damage and plastic deformation. The corrosion fatigue mechanisms and the failure cases of CT used in the sour well were reviewed in this paper,and corrosion fatigue test methods of CT and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced,and research progress by those methods were reviewed too. The test results show that the fatigue life of CT exposed to sour environment was decreased observably because the plastic properties of the tubing string was degraded for permeating hydrogen atom due to damages caused by H_2S. To reduce the failure of CT and to increase the safety of CT well servicing operation,some notes and precautionary measures were proposed when CT was applied in sour service.
During coiled tubing( CT) well servicing operations performed in a well bore,the tubing string is subjected to low bend cycle fatigue for rising and descending,and the bending process is a plastic deformation,which is quite different from the elastic deformation of the static tubing string and pipeline.When CT is applied in sour service,it is subjected to higher risks of failure for interacting H_2S damage and plastic deformation. The corrosion fatigue mechanisms and the failure cases of CT used in the sour well were reviewed in this paper,and corrosion fatigue test methods of CT and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced,and research progress by those methods were reviewed too. The test results show that the fatigue life of CT exposed to sour environment was decreased observably because the plastic properties of the tubing string was degraded for permeating hydrogen atom due to damages caused by H_2S. To reduce the failure of CT and to increase the safety of CT well servicing operation,some notes and precautionary measures were proposed when CT was applied in sour service.
引文
[1]Hampson R,Moir C G,Freeney T.Working with Coiled Tubing in H2S and CO2Wells:A Global Perspective[C]//Paper SPE-121294-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,31 March-1 April,2009,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2009.
[2]Crabtree A R,Gavin W.Coiled Tubing in Sour EnvironmentsTheory and Practice[C]//Paper SPE 89614 was Presented at the2004 SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,23-24March,2004,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2004.
[3]鲜宁,姜放,荣明,等.连续油管在酸性环境下的腐蚀与防护及其研究进展[J].天然气工业,2011,31(4):113-116.Xian Ning,Jiang Fang,Rong Ming,et al.Research Progress in Corrosion Issues and Prevention Countermeasures of the Coiled Tubing for Downhole Sour Services[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(4):113-116.
[4]Crabtree A R.CT-Failure Monitoring:A Decade of Experience[C]//Paper SPE-113676-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,1-2 April,2008,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2008.
[5]Nasr-EI-Din H A,Aramco S,Metcalf A S.Workovers in Sour Environments:How do We Avoid Coiled Tubing Failures?[C]//Paper SPE 87622 was Presented at the 2004 1st International Symposium Oilfield Corrosion,28 May,2004,Aberdeen,England.New York:SPE,2004.
[6]Smuga-Otto I,Nowinka J,Wilde G,et al.Coiled Tubing Performance Evaluation for Sour Service Under Variable Loading Conditions[C]//Paper 01080 was Presented at the NACE Annual Corrosion Meeting,12-16 March,2001,Houston,Texas,USA.Houston:NACE,2001.
[7]Larsen H A,Reichert B A.Coiled Tubing Abrasion-An Experimental Study of Field Failures[C]//Paper SPE-81724-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,8-9 April,2003,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2003.
[8]Stanley R K.An Analysis of Failure in Coiled Tubing[C]//Paper IADC/SPE Paper 39352 was Presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference,3-6 March,1998,Dallas,Texas,USA.Houston:IADC,1998.
[9]Adrichen W P V,Larsen H A.Coiled-Tubing Failure Statistics Used to Develop CT Performance Indicators[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2002,17(3):159-163.
[10]李鸿斌,毕宗岳,余晗,等.Ф31.8 mm连续油管断裂失效分析[J].焊管,2016,39(5):31-36.Li Hongbin,Bi Zongyue,Yu Han,et al.Fracture Failure Analysis ofФ31.8 mm Coiled Tubing[J].Welded Pipe and Tube,2016,39(5):31-36.
[11]鲜宁,姜放,施岱艳,等.H2S环境下碳钢连续油管的SSC行为研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2012,33(增刊2):142-145.Xian Ning,Jiang Fang,Shi Daiyan,et al.Sulfide Stress Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Coiled Tubing Under H2SEnvironment[J].Corrosion&Protection,2012,33(Suppl2):142-145.
[12]Hampson R,Moir C G,Freeney T.Working with Coiled Tubing in H2S and CO2Wells:A Global Perspective[C]//Paper SPE-121294-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,31 March-1 April,2009,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2009.
[13]介升旗.宝鸡钢管首根连续油管顺利下线[J].焊管,2009,32(7):29.Jie Shengqi.First Coiled Tubing Rolled Off Line from Baoji Petroleum Steel Pipe CO.,[J].Welded Pipe and Tube,2009,32(7):29.
[14]Luft H B.The Low Cycle Fatigue and Plastic Strain Response of Coiled Tubing in a Sour Environment with and Without Corrosion Inhibitor Protection[C]//Paper SPE-81723-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,8-9 April,2003,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2003.
[15]Padron T.Effect of External Mechanical Damage on the Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing Exposed to Sour Environments[C]//Paper SPE-113149-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,1-2 April,2008,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2008.
[16]Padron T,Dataham G.Effect of External Mechanical Damage on the Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing Exposed to Sour Environments:Criteria for CT100 Grade[C]//Paper SPE-120827-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,31 March-1April,2009,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2009.
[17]Padron T.Sour Serviceability of Higher-Strength Coiled Tubing Final Results[C]//Paper SPE-130279-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,23-24 March,2010,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2010.
[18]Padron T,Luft B H,Kee E,et al.Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing With External Mechanical Damage[C]//Paper SPE-107113-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,20-21 March,2007,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2007.
[19]Newman K R.Residual Curvature and Moments in CT due to Bending[C]//Paper SPE 173641-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference&Exhibition,24-25 March,2015,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2015.
[20]Reichert B,Nguyen T,Rolovic R,et al.Advancements in Fatigue Testing and Analysis[C]//Paper SPE-179064-MSwas Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,22-23 March,2016,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2016.
[21]Szklarz K E,Quigley S,Luft B H,et al.Understanding Coiled Tubing Sour Service Performance Through Full-Size Testing[C]//Paper NACE-07102 was Presented at the Corrosion 2007,11-15 March,2007,Nashville,Tennessee,USA.Houston:NACE,2007.
[22]Szklarz K E,Luft B H,Padron T,et al.Limits Of Use For Coiled Tubing In Sour Service[C]//Paper NACE-09091was Presented at the Corrosion 2009,22-26 March,2009,Atlanta,Georgia,USA.Houston:NACE,2009.
[2]Crabtree A R,Gavin W.Coiled Tubing in Sour EnvironmentsTheory and Practice[C]//Paper SPE 89614 was Presented at the2004 SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,23-24March,2004,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2004.
[3]鲜宁,姜放,荣明,等.连续油管在酸性环境下的腐蚀与防护及其研究进展[J].天然气工业,2011,31(4):113-116.Xian Ning,Jiang Fang,Rong Ming,et al.Research Progress in Corrosion Issues and Prevention Countermeasures of the Coiled Tubing for Downhole Sour Services[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(4):113-116.
[4]Crabtree A R.CT-Failure Monitoring:A Decade of Experience[C]//Paper SPE-113676-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,1-2 April,2008,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2008.
[5]Nasr-EI-Din H A,Aramco S,Metcalf A S.Workovers in Sour Environments:How do We Avoid Coiled Tubing Failures?[C]//Paper SPE 87622 was Presented at the 2004 1st International Symposium Oilfield Corrosion,28 May,2004,Aberdeen,England.New York:SPE,2004.
[6]Smuga-Otto I,Nowinka J,Wilde G,et al.Coiled Tubing Performance Evaluation for Sour Service Under Variable Loading Conditions[C]//Paper 01080 was Presented at the NACE Annual Corrosion Meeting,12-16 March,2001,Houston,Texas,USA.Houston:NACE,2001.
[7]Larsen H A,Reichert B A.Coiled Tubing Abrasion-An Experimental Study of Field Failures[C]//Paper SPE-81724-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,8-9 April,2003,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2003.
[8]Stanley R K.An Analysis of Failure in Coiled Tubing[C]//Paper IADC/SPE Paper 39352 was Presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference,3-6 March,1998,Dallas,Texas,USA.Houston:IADC,1998.
[9]Adrichen W P V,Larsen H A.Coiled-Tubing Failure Statistics Used to Develop CT Performance Indicators[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,2002,17(3):159-163.
[10]李鸿斌,毕宗岳,余晗,等.Ф31.8 mm连续油管断裂失效分析[J].焊管,2016,39(5):31-36.Li Hongbin,Bi Zongyue,Yu Han,et al.Fracture Failure Analysis ofФ31.8 mm Coiled Tubing[J].Welded Pipe and Tube,2016,39(5):31-36.
[11]鲜宁,姜放,施岱艳,等.H2S环境下碳钢连续油管的SSC行为研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2012,33(增刊2):142-145.Xian Ning,Jiang Fang,Shi Daiyan,et al.Sulfide Stress Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Coiled Tubing Under H2SEnvironment[J].Corrosion&Protection,2012,33(Suppl2):142-145.
[12]Hampson R,Moir C G,Freeney T.Working with Coiled Tubing in H2S and CO2Wells:A Global Perspective[C]//Paper SPE-121294-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,31 March-1 April,2009,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2009.
[13]介升旗.宝鸡钢管首根连续油管顺利下线[J].焊管,2009,32(7):29.Jie Shengqi.First Coiled Tubing Rolled Off Line from Baoji Petroleum Steel Pipe CO.,[J].Welded Pipe and Tube,2009,32(7):29.
[14]Luft H B.The Low Cycle Fatigue and Plastic Strain Response of Coiled Tubing in a Sour Environment with and Without Corrosion Inhibitor Protection[C]//Paper SPE-81723-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition,8-9 April,2003,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2003.
[15]Padron T.Effect of External Mechanical Damage on the Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing Exposed to Sour Environments[C]//Paper SPE-113149-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TACoiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,1-2 April,2008,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2008.
[16]Padron T,Dataham G.Effect of External Mechanical Damage on the Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing Exposed to Sour Environments:Criteria for CT100 Grade[C]//Paper SPE-120827-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,31 March-1April,2009,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2009.
[17]Padron T.Sour Serviceability of Higher-Strength Coiled Tubing Final Results[C]//Paper SPE-130279-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,23-24 March,2010,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2010.
[18]Padron T,Luft B H,Kee E,et al.Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing With External Mechanical Damage[C]//Paper SPE-107113-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,20-21 March,2007,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2007.
[19]Newman K R.Residual Curvature and Moments in CT due to Bending[C]//Paper SPE 173641-MS was Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing&Well Intervention Conference&Exhibition,24-25 March,2015,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2015.
[20]Reichert B,Nguyen T,Rolovic R,et al.Advancements in Fatigue Testing and Analysis[C]//Paper SPE-179064-MSwas Presented at the SPE/ICo TA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition,22-23 March,2016,Houston,Texas,USA.New York:SPE,2016.
[21]Szklarz K E,Quigley S,Luft B H,et al.Understanding Coiled Tubing Sour Service Performance Through Full-Size Testing[C]//Paper NACE-07102 was Presented at the Corrosion 2007,11-15 March,2007,Nashville,Tennessee,USA.Houston:NACE,2007.
[22]Szklarz K E,Luft B H,Padron T,et al.Limits Of Use For Coiled Tubing In Sour Service[C]//Paper NACE-09091was Presented at the Corrosion 2009,22-26 March,2009,Atlanta,Georgia,USA.Houston:NACE,2009.