天然气水合物冷源外置式孔底冷冻绳索取样器冷冻效率优化研究
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摘要
为解决天然气水合物冷冻取样钻具冷源难以在孔底长时间存储及冷冻岩心效率低的问题,本文提出了采用冷源外置式冷冻岩心样品的方法,即将冷源存放在打捞器中减少冷源在孔内的存储时间,提高冷源的存储效率,并在冷冻过程中向冷冻腔内通入氮气增强低温酒精与岩心的对流换热以提高岩心的冷冻效率。采用液氮与酒精混合形成的低温酒精(-130℃)作为冷源进行冷源存储及岩心冷冻试验,模拟孔内环境存储30 min后,冷冻能量保存率为73.1%。通过注入氮气提高冷源与岩心的换热效率,可将岩心平均温度降至-14.92℃,与传统方式相比冷冻效率提高24.3%。试验结果表明,通过冷源外置式的结构和通过注气增强对流换热的方法能够解决冷源不能长时间存储及岩心冷冻效率低的问题,为天然气水合物钻探获取原始样品提供了一种可行的方法。
In order to solve the problem that the cooling source of the conventional gas hydrate hole-bottom freezing sampler is difficult to be stored for a long time and the core freezing efficiency is low, an off board cooling source freezing sampling method is proposed. The cooling source is stored in the fishing device, which reduces the storage time in the hole and improves the storage efficiency. During the freezing process, nitrogen is injected into the freezing chamber to enhance the convection of heat transfer between cooling alcohol and core, and to improve the core freezing efficiency. Low temperature alcohol(-130℃), a mixture of liquid nitrogen and alcohol,is used as a cooling source. Cooling source storage tests and core frozen experiments were carried out. During the procedure, after having stored the cooling source for 30-minute, the left frozen energy was 73.1%. With the nitrogen injected into the cooling source, the thermal efficiency between the cold source and core was improved, with the average temperature of the core lowered to 14.92℃, the freezing efficiency increased by 24.3% compared with the traditional way. The problem that the cooling source cannot be stored downhole for a long time can be solved by adopting the off-board cooling source sampler. The problem of low core freezing efficiency can be solved by adding nitrogen into the cooling source to increase the convection of heat transfer. This paper provides a feasible method for gas hydrate sampling.
In order to solve the problem that the cooling source of the conventional gas hydrate hole-bottom freezing sampler is difficult to be stored for a long time and the core freezing efficiency is low, an off board cooling source freezing sampling method is proposed. The cooling source is stored in the fishing device, which reduces the storage time in the hole and improves the storage efficiency. During the freezing process, nitrogen is injected into the freezing chamber to enhance the convection of heat transfer between cooling alcohol and core, and to improve the core freezing efficiency. Low temperature alcohol(-130℃), a mixture of liquid nitrogen and alcohol,is used as a cooling source. Cooling source storage tests and core frozen experiments were carried out. During the procedure, after having stored the cooling source for 30-minute, the left frozen energy was 73.1%. With the nitrogen injected into the cooling source, the thermal efficiency between the cold source and core was improved, with the average temperature of the core lowered to 14.92℃, the freezing efficiency increased by 24.3% compared with the traditional way. The problem that the cooling source cannot be stored downhole for a long time can be solved by adopting the off-board cooling source sampler. The problem of low core freezing efficiency can be solved by adding nitrogen into the cooling source to increase the convection of heat transfer. This paper provides a feasible method for gas hydrate sampling.
引文
[1] Li X S,Xu C G,Zhang Y,et al.Investigation into gas production from natural gas hydrate:A review[J].Applied Energy,2016,172:286-322.
[2] Boswell R,Collett T S.Current perspectives on gas hydrate resources[J].Energy & environmental science,2011,4(4):1206-1215.
[3] Chong Z R,Yang S H B,Babu P,et al.Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource:Prospects and challenges[J].Applied Energy,2016,162:1633-1652.
[4] 任红,许俊良,朱杰然.天然气水合物非干扰绳索式保温保压取样钻具的研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2012,39(6):1-4.REN Hong,XU Junliang,ZHU Jieran.Development of non-interference wire-line pressure-temperature-preserving sampling drilling tool for gas hydrate[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2012,39(6):1-4.
[5] 吴纪修,李宽,薛倩冰,等.羌塘盆地天然气水合物钻探试验井取样技术与施工实践[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2015,42(6):6-10.WU Jixiu,LI Kuan,XUE Qianbing,et al.Sampling technique in gas hydrate drilling test well in Qiangtang Basin and the construction practice[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2015,42(6):6-10.
[6] 赵尔信,蔡家品,贾美玲,等.海洋深水随钻天然气水合物取样钻探设备关键技术研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(S1):40-44.ZHAO Erxin,CHAI Jiapin,JIA Meilin,et al.Key Technology of offshore deep water gas hydrate sampling-while-drilling equipment[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(S1):40-44.
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[9] Abegg F,Hohnberg H J,Pape T,et al.Development and application of pressure-core-sampling systems for the investigation of gas-and gas-hydrate-bearing sediments[J].Deep-Sea Research,Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2008,55(11):1590-1599.
[10] Kubo Y,Mizuguchi Y,Inagaki F,et al.A new hybrid pressure-coring system for the drilling vessel Chikyu[J].Scientific Drilling,2014,17(17):37-43.
[11] Schultheiss P J,Francis T J G,Holland M,et al.Pressure coring,logging and subsampling with the HYACINTH system[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2006,267(1):151-163.
[12] Priest J A,Druce M,Roberts J,et al.PCATS Triaxial:A new geotechnical apparatus for characterizing pressure cores from the Nankai Trough,Japan[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,66:460-470.
[13] Suzuki K,Schultheiss P,Nakatsuka Y,et al.Physical properties and sedimentological features of hydrate-bearing samples recovered from the first gas hydrate production test site on Daini-Atsumi Knoll around eastern Nankai Trough[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,66:346-357.
[14] Yun T S,Fratta D,Santamarina J C.Hydrate-Bearing Sediments from the Krishna Godavari Basin:Physical Characterization,Pressure Core Testing,and Scaled Production Monitoring[J].Energy & Fuels,2010,24(11):5972-5983.
[15] Kurihara M,Sato A,Funatsu K,et al.Analysis of 2007 and 2008 gas hydrate production tests on the Aurora/JOGMEC/NRCan Mallik 2L-38 well through numerical simulation[J].Geological Survey of Canada,Bulletin,2012,601:217-259.
[16] Hauge L P,Birkedal K A,Ersland G,et al.Methane Production from Natural Gas Hydrates by CO2 Replacement-Review of Lab Experiments and Field Trial[C]// SPE Bergen One Day Seminar.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2014.
[17] 孙友宏,刘大军,郭威,等.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样技术及冷冻方式[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2013(11):1460-1464.SUN Youhong,LIU Dajun,GUO Wei,et al.The research on a sampling technology for gas hydrates by borehole bottom freezing and its freezing method[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2013(11):1460-1464.
[18] 王元,郭威,孙友宏,等.液氮冷源外置式天然气水合物孔底冷冻绳索取样器的研制[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(6):1-3.WANG Yuan,DUO Wei,SUN Youhong,et al.The development of wire-line sampling drilling tool for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing with develop-ment of wire-line sampling drilling tool for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing with liquid Nitrogen as ex-ternal cold source[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(6):1-3.
[19] 赵建国,孙友宏,王海亮.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样器室内冷冻试验能量计算与分析[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2010,37(1):8-12.ZHAO Jianguo,SUN Youhong,WANG Hailiang.Energy calculation and analysis on laboratory freezing experiment of freezing sampler for gas hydrate[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2010,37(1):8-12.
[20] 郭威,孙友宏,陈晨,等.干冰升华式孔底冷冻取样器冷源保冷方法的试验研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2009,36(9):5-6,10.GUO Wei,SUN Youhong,CHEN Chen,et al.Experimental study on cold source insulation method for gas hydrates with dry ice sublimation hole bottom freezing sampler[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2009,36(9):5-6,10.
[21] 郭威,孙友宏,张祖培,等.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样技术[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2009,36(S1):147-151.GUO Wei,SUN Youhong,ZHANG Zupei,et al.The technology of sampling for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2009,36(S1):147-151.
[22] Sun Y,Wang Y,Guo W,et al.Hole-bottom freezing technique based on phase change heat transfer for gas-hydrates sampling:Efficiency optimization of refrigeration change of phase[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2018,130:722-734.
[23] Gudmundsson J S.Method and equipment for production of gas hydrates[J].Norwegian Patent,1990,172080:135.
[24] Gudmundsson J S,Parlaktuna M,Khokhar A A.Storage of natural gas as frozen hydrate[J].SPE Production & Facilities,1994,9(1):69-73.
[2] Boswell R,Collett T S.Current perspectives on gas hydrate resources[J].Energy & environmental science,2011,4(4):1206-1215.
[3] Chong Z R,Yang S H B,Babu P,et al.Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource:Prospects and challenges[J].Applied Energy,2016,162:1633-1652.
[4] 任红,许俊良,朱杰然.天然气水合物非干扰绳索式保温保压取样钻具的研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2012,39(6):1-4.REN Hong,XU Junliang,ZHU Jieran.Development of non-interference wire-line pressure-temperature-preserving sampling drilling tool for gas hydrate[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2012,39(6):1-4.
[5] 吴纪修,李宽,薛倩冰,等.羌塘盆地天然气水合物钻探试验井取样技术与施工实践[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2015,42(6):6-10.WU Jixiu,LI Kuan,XUE Qianbing,et al.Sampling technique in gas hydrate drilling test well in Qiangtang Basin and the construction practice[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2015,42(6):6-10.
[6] 赵尔信,蔡家品,贾美玲,等.海洋深水随钻天然气水合物取样钻探设备关键技术研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(S1):40-44.ZHAO Erxin,CHAI Jiapin,JIA Meilin,et al.Key Technology of offshore deep water gas hydrate sampling-while-drilling equipment[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(S1):40-44.
[7] 许俊良,任红.天然气水合物钻探取样技术现状与研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2012,39(11):4-9.XU Junliang,REN Hong.Status of gas hydrate sampling technology and the research[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2012,39(11):4-9.
[8] Kvenvolden K A,Barnard L A,Cameron D H.Pressure core barrel-application to the study of gas hydrates,deep-sea drilling project site-533,leg-76[J].Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,1983,76(NOV):367-375.
[9] Abegg F,Hohnberg H J,Pape T,et al.Development and application of pressure-core-sampling systems for the investigation of gas-and gas-hydrate-bearing sediments[J].Deep-Sea Research,Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2008,55(11):1590-1599.
[10] Kubo Y,Mizuguchi Y,Inagaki F,et al.A new hybrid pressure-coring system for the drilling vessel Chikyu[J].Scientific Drilling,2014,17(17):37-43.
[11] Schultheiss P J,Francis T J G,Holland M,et al.Pressure coring,logging and subsampling with the HYACINTH system[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2006,267(1):151-163.
[12] Priest J A,Druce M,Roberts J,et al.PCATS Triaxial:A new geotechnical apparatus for characterizing pressure cores from the Nankai Trough,Japan[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,66:460-470.
[13] Suzuki K,Schultheiss P,Nakatsuka Y,et al.Physical properties and sedimentological features of hydrate-bearing samples recovered from the first gas hydrate production test site on Daini-Atsumi Knoll around eastern Nankai Trough[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,66:346-357.
[14] Yun T S,Fratta D,Santamarina J C.Hydrate-Bearing Sediments from the Krishna Godavari Basin:Physical Characterization,Pressure Core Testing,and Scaled Production Monitoring[J].Energy & Fuels,2010,24(11):5972-5983.
[15] Kurihara M,Sato A,Funatsu K,et al.Analysis of 2007 and 2008 gas hydrate production tests on the Aurora/JOGMEC/NRCan Mallik 2L-38 well through numerical simulation[J].Geological Survey of Canada,Bulletin,2012,601:217-259.
[16] Hauge L P,Birkedal K A,Ersland G,et al.Methane Production from Natural Gas Hydrates by CO2 Replacement-Review of Lab Experiments and Field Trial[C]// SPE Bergen One Day Seminar.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2014.
[17] 孙友宏,刘大军,郭威,等.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样技术及冷冻方式[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2013(11):1460-1464.SUN Youhong,LIU Dajun,GUO Wei,et al.The research on a sampling technology for gas hydrates by borehole bottom freezing and its freezing method[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2013(11):1460-1464.
[18] 王元,郭威,孙友宏,等.液氮冷源外置式天然气水合物孔底冷冻绳索取样器的研制[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(6):1-3.WANG Yuan,DUO Wei,SUN Youhong,et al.The development of wire-line sampling drilling tool for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing with develop-ment of wire-line sampling drilling tool for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing with liquid Nitrogen as ex-ternal cold source[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(6):1-3.
[19] 赵建国,孙友宏,王海亮.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样器室内冷冻试验能量计算与分析[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2010,37(1):8-12.ZHAO Jianguo,SUN Youhong,WANG Hailiang.Energy calculation and analysis on laboratory freezing experiment of freezing sampler for gas hydrate[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2010,37(1):8-12.
[20] 郭威,孙友宏,陈晨,等.干冰升华式孔底冷冻取样器冷源保冷方法的试验研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2009,36(9):5-6,10.GUO Wei,SUN Youhong,CHEN Chen,et al.Experimental study on cold source insulation method for gas hydrates with dry ice sublimation hole bottom freezing sampler[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2009,36(9):5-6,10.
[21] 郭威,孙友宏,张祖培,等.天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样技术[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2009,36(S1):147-151.GUO Wei,SUN Youhong,ZHANG Zupei,et al.The technology of sampling for gas hydrates by hole bottom freezing[J].Exploration Engineering (Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2009,36(S1):147-151.
[22] Sun Y,Wang Y,Guo W,et al.Hole-bottom freezing technique based on phase change heat transfer for gas-hydrates sampling:Efficiency optimization of refrigeration change of phase[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2018,130:722-734.
[23] Gudmundsson J S.Method and equipment for production of gas hydrates[J].Norwegian Patent,1990,172080:135.
[24] Gudmundsson J S,Parlaktuna M,Khokhar A A.Storage of natural gas as frozen hydrate[J].SPE Production & Facilities,1994,9(1):69-73.