秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群微卫星DNA遗传分析
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摘要
【目的】中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是一种兼有生态价值和经济价值的授粉昆虫。本研究拟揭示秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多态性现状,探讨中华蜜蜂的种群分化机制及其影响因素。【方法】使用8个微卫星DNA标记评估秦巴山区17个样点共979个蜂群的中华蜜蜂遗传多态性,以长白山中华蜜蜂和阿坝中华蜜蜂作为外群进行种群遗传分化分析。【结果】秦巴山区中华蜜蜂95%的差异来源于样点内,样点间遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.002~0.037,基因流参数Nm为6.51~124.75,与外群的遗传分化分析中均显示秦巴山区中华蜜蜂不存在遗传分化。平均期望杂合度(He)为0.6877±0.1098,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.6364±0.1367,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.7488±1.6201个,平均等位基因数(Na)为7.71±2.52个,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6418±0.1152,香农指数(I)为1.5026±0.3754,这些参数均表明微卫星遗传多态性丰富。中蜂囊状幼虫病流行过的地区,其杂合度、多态信息含量以及等位基因数均显著低于未发病地区。【结论】秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群数量大,分布均匀,基因流水平高,在650 km距离范围内没有发生种群分化;秦巴山区中华蜜蜂微卫星遗传多态性丰富,仅部分地区中华蜜蜂遗传多态性受中蜂囊状幼虫病的选择压而降低。
【Aim】The Chinese honeybee( Apis cerana cerana) plays vital roles in pollination for agroecosystem and honey bee products. This study aims to investigate the population differentiation and genetic polymorphism among Apis cerana cerana populations across the Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas,and to explore possible factors contributing to genetic differentiation and difference of genetic polymorphism. 【Methods】The genetic relationship was studied,and polymorphism was estimated among979 colonies of A. c. cerana from 17 localities combined with two outgroups,A. c. cerana colonies from Changbai Mountain and Aba,based on eight microsatellite loci. 【Results】The results showed that up to95% of the variation was observed within sampling localities while less variation between localities. The genetic differentiation coefficient( Fst) among 17 localities ranged from 0. 002 to 0. 037,and the gene flow( Nm) was from 6. 51 to 124. 75,indicating that no population differentiation was detected. The mean expected heterozygosity( He),observed heterozygosity( Ho),number of alleles( Na),number of effective alleles( Ne),polymorphism information content( PIC) and Shannon's information index( I)were 0. 6877 ± 0. 1098,0. 6364 ± 0. 1367,7. 71 ± 2. 52,3. 7488 ± 1. 6201,0. 6418 ± 0. 1152 and1. 5026 ± 0. 3754,respectively,suggesting the abundant genetic polymorphism. The values of the genetic polymorphism indices including the expected heterozygosity,number of alleles,number of effective alleles and polymorphism information content were significantly lower in localities which underwent Chinese sacbrood virus pandemic recently than those in the virus uninfected areas. 【Conclusion】In the context of the large population size and continuous distribution in Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas,there is no genetic differentiation among A. c. cerana populations across a distance of 650 km owing to a high level of gene flow. And the results also imply that the honeybee in Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas has rich genetic polymorphism. Significantly decreased polymorphism occurs in some localities that have undergone selective pressure from Chinese sacbrood virus prevalence.
【Aim】The Chinese honeybee( Apis cerana cerana) plays vital roles in pollination for agroecosystem and honey bee products. This study aims to investigate the population differentiation and genetic polymorphism among Apis cerana cerana populations across the Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas,and to explore possible factors contributing to genetic differentiation and difference of genetic polymorphism. 【Methods】The genetic relationship was studied,and polymorphism was estimated among979 colonies of A. c. cerana from 17 localities combined with two outgroups,A. c. cerana colonies from Changbai Mountain and Aba,based on eight microsatellite loci. 【Results】The results showed that up to95% of the variation was observed within sampling localities while less variation between localities. The genetic differentiation coefficient( Fst) among 17 localities ranged from 0. 002 to 0. 037,and the gene flow( Nm) was from 6. 51 to 124. 75,indicating that no population differentiation was detected. The mean expected heterozygosity( He),observed heterozygosity( Ho),number of alleles( Na),number of effective alleles( Ne),polymorphism information content( PIC) and Shannon's information index( I)were 0. 6877 ± 0. 1098,0. 6364 ± 0. 1367,7. 71 ± 2. 52,3. 7488 ± 1. 6201,0. 6418 ± 0. 1152 and1. 5026 ± 0. 3754,respectively,suggesting the abundant genetic polymorphism. The values of the genetic polymorphism indices including the expected heterozygosity,number of alleles,number of effective alleles and polymorphism information content were significantly lower in localities which underwent Chinese sacbrood virus pandemic recently than those in the virus uninfected areas. 【Conclusion】In the context of the large population size and continuous distribution in Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas,there is no genetic differentiation among A. c. cerana populations across a distance of 650 km owing to a high level of gene flow. And the results also imply that the honeybee in Qinling-Daba Mountain Areas has rich genetic polymorphism. Significantly decreased polymorphism occurs in some localities that have undergone selective pressure from Chinese sacbrood virus prevalence.
引文
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De la Rúa P,JafféR,Muoz I,Serrano J,Moritz RF,Kraus FB,2013.Conserving genetic diversity in the honeybee:comments on Harpur et al.(2012).Mol.Ecol.,22:3208-3210.
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Gu QH,Husemann M,Ding BQ,Luo Z,Xiong BX,2015.Population genetic structure of Bellamya aeruginosa(Mollusca:Gasropoda:Viviparidae)in China:weak divergence across large geographic distances.Ecol.Evol.,5(21):4906-4919.
Han HB,Zhou XR,Pang BP,Zhang MZ,Li HP,2013.Microsatellite marker analysis of the genetic diversity of Oedaleus asiaticus(Orthoptera:Acrididae)populations in Inner Mongolia,northern China.Acta Entomol.Sin.,56(1):79-87.[韩海斌,周晓榕,庞保平,张敏哲,李海平,2013.内蒙古亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析.昆虫学报,56(1):79-87]
Harpur BA,Minaei S,Kent CF,Zayed A,2012.Management increases genetic diversity of honey bees via admixture.Mol.Ecol.,21:4414-4421.
Harpur BA,Minaei S,Kent CF,Zayed A,2013.Admixture increases diversity in managed honey bees:reply to De la Rúa et al.(2013).Mol.Ecol.,22:3211-3215.
Hurtrez-Boussès S,Hurtrez JE,Turpin H,Durand C,Durand P,De Meeus T,Meunier C,Renaud F,2010.Hydrographic network structure and population genetic differentiation in a vector of fasciolosis,Galba truncatula.Infect.Genet.Evol.,10(2):178-183.
Husemann M,Ray JW,King RS,Hooser EA,Danley PD,2012.Comparative biogeography reveals differences in population genetic structure of five species of stream fishes.Biol.J.Linn.Soc.,107:867-885.
Jara L,Muoz I,Cepero A,Martín-Hernández R,Serrano J,Higes M,De la Rúa P,2015.Stable genetic diversity despite parasite and pathogen spread in honey bee colonies.Sci.Nat.,102(9-10):1-8.
Kremen C,William NM,Aizen MA,Gemmill-Herren B,LeB uhn G,Minckley R,Packer L,Potts SG,Roulton T,Steffan-Dewenter I,Vazquez DP,Winfree R,Adams L,Crone EE,Greenleaf SS,Keitt TH,Klein AM,Regetz J,Ricketts TH,2007.Pollination and other ecosystem service produced by mobile organisms:a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change.Ecol.Lett.,10(4):299-314.
Llewellyn KS,Loxdale HD,Harrington R,Brookes CP,Clark SJ,2003.Migration and genetic structure of the grain aphid(Sitobion avenae)in Britain related to climate and clonal fluctuation as revealed using microsatellites.Mol.Ecol.,12(1):21-34.
Loucifayad W,Achou M,Legout H,Alburaki M,Garnery L,2015.Genetic assessment of Algerian honeybee populations by microsatellite markers.Apidologie,46:392-402.
Michel S,Florence M,Vautrin D,Monnerot M,Cornuet JM,2007.Athird-generation microsatellite-based linkage map of the honey bee,Apis mellifera,and is comparison with the sequence-based physical map.Genome Biol.,8:66-77.
Nikolova SR,Bienkowska M,Gerula D,Ivanova EN,2015.Microsatellite DNA polymorphism in selectively controlled Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera caucasica populations from Poland.Arch.Biol.Sci.,67(3):889-894.
Oleksa A,Chybicki I,Tofilski A,Burczyk J,2011.Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of introgression into native dark bees(Apis mellifera mellifera)in Poland.J.Apicul.Res.,50:116-129.
Park SD,2001.Trypanotolerance in West African Cattle and the Population Genetic Effects of Selection.Ph D Dissertation,University of Dublin,Dublin,Ireland.
Peakall R,Smouse PE,2012.Gen AlE x 6.5:genetic analysis in Excel.Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update.Bioinformatics,28:2537-2539.
Pritchard JK,Stephens M,Donnelly P,2000.Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data.Genetics,155:945-959.
Rousset F,2008.Genepop’007:a complete reimplementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux.Mol.Ecol.Resour.,8:103-106.
Slatkin M,Barton NH,1989.A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow.Evolution,43(43):1349-1368.
Takahashi JI,Shimizu S,Koyama S,Kimura K,Shimizu I,Yoshida T,2009.Variable microsatellite loci isolated from the Asian honeybee,Apis cerana(Hymenoptera;Apidae).Mol.Ecol.Resour.,9(3):819-821.
Takezaki N,Nei M,1996.Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA.Genetics,144:389-399.
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