冷凉区旱地玉米保护性耕作土壤环境及产量效应研究
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摘要
针对冷凉区旱地玉米生产中存在的干旱缺水、低温冷凉、土壤肥力下降等问题,于2011—2016年采用裂区设计,在山西省旱作节水农业—阳曲县河村示范基地,设置了6种不同耕作覆盖处理,研究旱地玉米保护性耕作的土壤环境及产量效应。结果表明:(1)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖平均增加0—200cm土壤贮水量20.8,32.1mm;免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖分别较常规旋耕+露地种植平均增加0—200cm土壤贮水量24.3,16.3mm。(2)不同耕作处理土壤紧实度差异主要在15cm内,条耕平均为常规旋耕的2.6倍,免耕第1年土壤紧实度最高,为常规耕作的4.6倍,以后逐年下降。(3)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖日平均地温降低0.2,0.1℃(5cm)和0.8,0.3℃(10cm);免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖分别较常规旋耕+露地种植日平均地温降低0.7,0.4℃(5cm)和1.5,1.0℃(10cm)。(4)保护性耕作3年后,免耕和条耕平均较常规旋耕增加0—20cm土壤有机质含量1.5g/kg(覆膜)和1.2g/kg(不覆膜);保护性耕作5年后,土壤培肥效应更加明显。(5)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖平均增产4.4%和6.9%,且条耕+二元覆盖经济产量显著大于常规旋耕+地膜覆盖;免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖、常规旋耕+露地种植平均产量之间没有显著差异。目前来说,适宜该区域的蓄水保墒、培肥土壤、稳产高产的保护性耕作措施为条耕+二元覆盖。
In order to solve the problems during dryland maize production in cold climate areas,such as drought and water shortage,low temperature,soil fertility decline and so on,a field experiment was conducted with split plot design in the demonstration base of dryland water-saving agriculture in He village of Yangqu county,Shanxi Province in 2011—2016.The effects of conservation tillage on soil environment and yield of dryland maize were studied with six different tillage mulching treatments.The results showed that:(1)Compared with conventional rotary tillage and plastic film mulching(CTP),no-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(NTSP)and strip-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(STSP)increased soil water storage by 20.8 mm and 32.1 mm respectively in 0—200 cm.Compared with conventional rotary tillage and bare land(CTO),no-tillage,semi straw mulching(NTSS)and strip-tillage,semi straw mulching(STSS)increased soil water storage by 24.3 mm and 16.3 mm respectively in 0—200 cm.(2)The difference of soil densities among different treatments mainly occurred within 15 cm,with 2.6 times under strip-tillage as much as the conventional rotary tillage.In the first year of no tillage,soil density was the highest,4.6 times of that conventional tillage,and then decreased year after year.(3)Compared with CTP,the daily average soil temperature under NTSP and STSP decreased by 0.2℃and 0.1℃(5 cm),0.8℃and 0.3℃(10 cm).Compared with CTO,the daily average soil temperature under NTSS and STSS decreased 0.7℃and 0.4℃(5 cm),1.5 ℃ and 1.0 ℃(10 cm).(4)After 3 years of conservation tillage,no tillage and strip-tillageincreased soil organic matter contents in 0-20 cm by 1.5 g/kg(film mulching)and 1.2 g/kg(no film mulching)averagely compared with conventional rotary tillage.And after 5 years,the effect of fertilizing soil was more obvious.(5)The economic yields under NTSP and STSP increased by 4.4% and 6.9%,respectively,compared with CTP,and the economic yield of STSP was significantly higher than that of CTP.There was no significant difference in average yield between NTSS,STSS and CTO.Generally,STSP is the appropriate conservation tillage for the area to store water and preserve soil moisture,to fertilize the soil,and to maintain stable and high yield.
In order to solve the problems during dryland maize production in cold climate areas,such as drought and water shortage,low temperature,soil fertility decline and so on,a field experiment was conducted with split plot design in the demonstration base of dryland water-saving agriculture in He village of Yangqu county,Shanxi Province in 2011—2016.The effects of conservation tillage on soil environment and yield of dryland maize were studied with six different tillage mulching treatments.The results showed that:(1)Compared with conventional rotary tillage and plastic film mulching(CTP),no-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(NTSP)and strip-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(STSP)increased soil water storage by 20.8 mm and 32.1 mm respectively in 0—200 cm.Compared with conventional rotary tillage and bare land(CTO),no-tillage,semi straw mulching(NTSS)and strip-tillage,semi straw mulching(STSS)increased soil water storage by 24.3 mm and 16.3 mm respectively in 0—200 cm.(2)The difference of soil densities among different treatments mainly occurred within 15 cm,with 2.6 times under strip-tillage as much as the conventional rotary tillage.In the first year of no tillage,soil density was the highest,4.6 times of that conventional tillage,and then decreased year after year.(3)Compared with CTP,the daily average soil temperature under NTSP and STSP decreased by 0.2℃and 0.1℃(5 cm),0.8℃and 0.3℃(10 cm).Compared with CTO,the daily average soil temperature under NTSS and STSS decreased 0.7℃and 0.4℃(5 cm),1.5 ℃ and 1.0 ℃(10 cm).(4)After 3 years of conservation tillage,no tillage and strip-tillageincreased soil organic matter contents in 0-20 cm by 1.5 g/kg(film mulching)and 1.2 g/kg(no film mulching)averagely compared with conventional rotary tillage.And after 5 years,the effect of fertilizing soil was more obvious.(5)The economic yields under NTSP and STSP increased by 4.4% and 6.9%,respectively,compared with CTP,and the economic yield of STSP was significantly higher than that of CTP.There was no significant difference in average yield between NTSS,STSS and CTO.Generally,STSP is the appropriate conservation tillage for the area to store water and preserve soil moisture,to fertilize the soil,and to maintain stable and high yield.
引文
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[12]潘雅文,樊军,郝明德,等.黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1558-1567.
[13]彭文英,彭美丽,吴晓展.免耕对粮食作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):95-100.
[14]舒馨,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.保护性耕作对潮土物理性质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(6):175-181.
[15] Kahlon M S,Lal R,Ann M.Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126(1):151-158.
[16]张雯,丛巍巍,赵洪亮,等.免耕条件下玉米残茬处理对农田表层土壤结构性能的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):79-82.
[17] Fabrizzi K P,Garcia F O,Costa J L,et al.Soil water dynamics,physical properties and corn and wheat responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern Pampas of Argentina[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2005,81(1):57-69.
[18] Zhang S L,Zhang X Y,Huffman T,et al.Soil loss,crop growth,and economic margins under different management systems on a sloping field in the black soil area of Northeast China[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2011,35(3):293-311.
[19]张兴义,陈强,陈渊,等.东北北部冷凉区免耕土壤的特性及作物效应[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(11):2271-2277.
[20]王宏立,张伟.不同保护性耕作方式对东北寒地旱作区土壤温度的影响[C]∥2010年国际农业工程大会论文集,2010,11:335-338.
[21] Stockfisch N,Forstreuter T,Ehlers W.Ploughing effects on soil organic matter after twenty years of conservation tillage in Lower Saxony,Germany[J].Soil Tillage Research,1999,52(1/2):91-101.
[22]张建军,王勇,樊廷录,等.耕作方式与施肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(4):1001-1008.
[23]武均,蔡立群,罗珠珠,等.保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原雨养农田土壤物理性状的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):112-117.
[2]张冬梅,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.早熟区不同熟期玉米品种产量对播期和施肥方式的响应[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(24):59-66.
[3]王碧胜,蔡典雄,武雪萍,等.长期保护性耕作对土壤有机碳和玉米产量及水分利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1455-1464.
[4]李玉洁,王慧,赵建宁,等.耕作方式对农田土壤理化因子和生物学特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):939-948.
[5]李龙,郝明德,王缠军,等.渭北旱塬保护性耕作对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(12):46-52.
[6]尚金霞,李军,贾志宽,等.渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(13):2668-2678.
[7]刘爽,张兴义.保护性耕作下黑土水热动态研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(6):15-22.
[8] Zhu Y G,Chen S B,Yang J C,et al.Effects of soil amendments on lead uptake by two vegetable crops from a lead-contaminated soil from Anhui,China[J].Environment International,2004,30(3):351-356.
[9]赵如浪,冯佰利,蒋树怀,等.黄土高原旱地保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体特性变化研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(4):74-79.
[10]王育红,姚宇卿,蔡典雄,等.豫西旱坡地长期定位保护性耕作研究:Ⅲ.综合效益分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(5):52-58.
[11]雷金银,吴发启,王健,等.保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):40-45.
[12]潘雅文,樊军,郝明德,等.黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1558-1567.
[13]彭文英,彭美丽,吴晓展.免耕对粮食作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):95-100.
[14]舒馨,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.保护性耕作对潮土物理性质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(6):175-181.
[15] Kahlon M S,Lal R,Ann M.Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126(1):151-158.
[16]张雯,丛巍巍,赵洪亮,等.免耕条件下玉米残茬处理对农田表层土壤结构性能的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):79-82.
[17] Fabrizzi K P,Garcia F O,Costa J L,et al.Soil water dynamics,physical properties and corn and wheat responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern Pampas of Argentina[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2005,81(1):57-69.
[18] Zhang S L,Zhang X Y,Huffman T,et al.Soil loss,crop growth,and economic margins under different management systems on a sloping field in the black soil area of Northeast China[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2011,35(3):293-311.
[19]张兴义,陈强,陈渊,等.东北北部冷凉区免耕土壤的特性及作物效应[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(11):2271-2277.
[20]王宏立,张伟.不同保护性耕作方式对东北寒地旱作区土壤温度的影响[C]∥2010年国际农业工程大会论文集,2010,11:335-338.
[21] Stockfisch N,Forstreuter T,Ehlers W.Ploughing effects on soil organic matter after twenty years of conservation tillage in Lower Saxony,Germany[J].Soil Tillage Research,1999,52(1/2):91-101.
[22]张建军,王勇,樊廷录,等.耕作方式与施肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(4):1001-1008.
[23]武均,蔡立群,罗珠珠,等.保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原雨养农田土壤物理性状的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):112-117.