考虑滴头堵塞位置的灌水均匀系数模型优化
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摘要
为准确评价堵塞对滴灌工程灌水均匀性的影响,从确定采样点布置方式入手,利用HYDRUS-2D模拟不同堵塞情况下的土壤水分状况,首先分析灌水均匀性与土壤水分分布均匀性之间的关系,然后以土壤水分分布均匀系数为依据,在考虑滴头堵塞位置的基础上对灌水均匀系数模型进行优化,最后通过温室灌溉试验进行验证。结果表明,取样点布置方式对土壤水分分布均匀系数影响显著,适宜的取样间距和深度分别为60 cm及地表下20 cm。土壤水分分布均匀系数与不同灌水均匀系数之间存在良好的线性关系,且随着堵塞滴头数量的增加,堵塞滴头位置分布情况对土壤水分分布均匀性的影响增大。小区灌溉试验结果表明,当堵塞滴头数量较多时,土壤水分分布均匀系数与考虑滴头堵塞位置的优化灌水均匀系数具有较高的相关性,优于原指标,可较好反映由堵塞滴头位置改变引起的土壤水分分布均匀性变化,故在评价滴灌系统灌水均匀性时宜使用优化均匀系数。
Uniformity is one of the most important indicators for the evaluation of drip irrigation quality,and is also regarded as an important parameter for drip irrigation system design.Soil water distribution uniformity is the ultimate expression of drip irrigation uniformity,but the present drip irrigation uniformity indexes can’t reflect it directly.In this study,we used soil water distribution coefficient as the standard to evaluate the rationality and accuracy of 3 typical drip irrigation uniformity coefficients(Christiansen uniformity coefficient,Keller uniformity coefficient and the uniformity coefficients considering location of clogged emitters)and finally optimized the best one among these 3 coefficients.Three factors(clogged degree,proportion of clogged emitter,location of clogged emitters)influencing the drip irrigation uniformity were considered,and a total of 27 kinds of drip irrigation situations(clogged degree of 40%,60%and 80%;proportion of clogged emitter of 20%,30%and 40%;location of clogged emitters of even distribution,relative uniform and nonuniform distribution)were designed.The soil water distribution of each irrigation situation was simulated by HYDRUS-2D program and verified by an actual infiltration experiment.We matched soil water distribution coefficient and the irrigation uniformity coefficients of each irrigation situation,then compared and evaluated them by linear fitting.Soil water distribution coefficient was significantly influenced by sampling arrangement,therefore 9 kinds of sampling arrangements were set up and a desirable one was chosen through variance analysis.Results showed that under the condition of the simulation test,the desirable sampling interval and depth were 60 and 20 cm respectively for soil moisture monitoring.Based on the desirable sampling arrangement,there was a significant linear relevance between soil water distribution uniformity and irrigation uniformity.Among them,the uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters could reflect the soil water distribution accurately;it had the optimal linear relationship with soil water distribution coefficient.According to this linear relationship,the uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters could be optimized when the regression coefficient ratio for the content of clogged emitters’location uniformity and the Christiansen uniformity coefficient was 2:8.A field experiment was done in a solar heated greenhouse in order to verify the accuracy of the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters.The field experiment result was consistent with the simulation result,both of which showed a significant linear relationship between soil water distribution coefficient and the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters.With the increase of clogged emitters,the influence of clogged emitters’location on soil water distribution uniformity would also increase.If the clogged emitter accounted for a large proportion(>10%),the relationship between soil water distribution coefficient and the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters was closer than it between soil water distribution coefficient and the other uniformity coefficients(R2=0.970,P<0.01).Therefore,the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters was more proper when evaluating the irrigation uniformity.Its evaluation result was consistent with the soil moisture situation and could reflect the actual irrigation quality comprehensively.But in general,soil water distribution coefficient was higher than the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters,indicating that the soil moisture was more uniform because of the soil matrix suction and the redistribution of soil water.
Uniformity is one of the most important indicators for the evaluation of drip irrigation quality,and is also regarded as an important parameter for drip irrigation system design.Soil water distribution uniformity is the ultimate expression of drip irrigation uniformity,but the present drip irrigation uniformity indexes can’t reflect it directly.In this study,we used soil water distribution coefficient as the standard to evaluate the rationality and accuracy of 3 typical drip irrigation uniformity coefficients(Christiansen uniformity coefficient,Keller uniformity coefficient and the uniformity coefficients considering location of clogged emitters)and finally optimized the best one among these 3 coefficients.Three factors(clogged degree,proportion of clogged emitter,location of clogged emitters)influencing the drip irrigation uniformity were considered,and a total of 27 kinds of drip irrigation situations(clogged degree of 40%,60%and 80%;proportion of clogged emitter of 20%,30%and 40%;location of clogged emitters of even distribution,relative uniform and nonuniform distribution)were designed.The soil water distribution of each irrigation situation was simulated by HYDRUS-2D program and verified by an actual infiltration experiment.We matched soil water distribution coefficient and the irrigation uniformity coefficients of each irrigation situation,then compared and evaluated them by linear fitting.Soil water distribution coefficient was significantly influenced by sampling arrangement,therefore 9 kinds of sampling arrangements were set up and a desirable one was chosen through variance analysis.Results showed that under the condition of the simulation test,the desirable sampling interval and depth were 60 and 20 cm respectively for soil moisture monitoring.Based on the desirable sampling arrangement,there was a significant linear relevance between soil water distribution uniformity and irrigation uniformity.Among them,the uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters could reflect the soil water distribution accurately;it had the optimal linear relationship with soil water distribution coefficient.According to this linear relationship,the uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters could be optimized when the regression coefficient ratio for the content of clogged emitters’location uniformity and the Christiansen uniformity coefficient was 2:8.A field experiment was done in a solar heated greenhouse in order to verify the accuracy of the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters.The field experiment result was consistent with the simulation result,both of which showed a significant linear relationship between soil water distribution coefficient and the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters.With the increase of clogged emitters,the influence of clogged emitters’location on soil water distribution uniformity would also increase.If the clogged emitter accounted for a large proportion(>10%),the relationship between soil water distribution coefficient and the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters was closer than it between soil water distribution coefficient and the other uniformity coefficients(R2=0.970,P<0.01).Therefore,the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters was more proper when evaluating the irrigation uniformity.Its evaluation result was consistent with the soil moisture situation and could reflect the actual irrigation quality comprehensively.But in general,soil water distribution coefficient was higher than the optimized uniformity coefficient considering location of clogged emitters,indicating that the soil moisture was more uniform because of the soil matrix suction and the redistribution of soil water.
引文
[1]Christiansen J E.Irrigation by Sprinkling[M].Berkeley,CA:University of California,1942.
[2]Criddle W D.Methods for Evaluating Irrigation System[M].Washington DC:Soil Conservation Service,US Dept of Agriculture,1956.
[3]Beale J G.Distribution Uniformity of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems[M].Kensington:University of New South Wales,1965.
[4]Keller J,Karmeli D.Trickle irrigation design parameters[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(4):678-684.
[5]Nakayama F S,Bucks D A.Assessing trickle emitter application uniformity[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1979,22(4):816-821.
[6]Solomon K.Manufacturing variation of trickle emitters[J].Transactions of the ASAE.1979,22(5):1034-1038.
[7]Bralts V F,Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Drip irrigation uniformity considering emitter plugging[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1981,24(5):1234-1240.
[8]Bralts V F,Kesner C D.Drip irrigation field uniformity estimation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,22(3):1369-1374.
[9]Keller J,Bliesner R D.Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigation[M].New York:van Nostrand Reinhold,1990.
[10]Barragan J,Bralts V F,Wu I P.Assessment of emission uniformity for micro-irrigation Design[J].Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(1):89-97.
[11]Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Design of Drip Irrigation Lines[D].Honolulu:University of Hawaii,1974.
[12]Bralts V F,Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Manufacturing variation and drip irrigation uniformity[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1981,24(1):113-119.
[13]Howell T A,Hilter E A.Trickle irrigation lateral design[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(5):902-908.
[14]郑耀泉,宁堆虎.滴头制造偏差的模拟与滴灌系统随机设计方法的研究[J].水利学报,1991(7):1-7.Zheng Yaoquan,Ning Duihu.Simulation of emitter manufacturing deviation and development of stochastic design method for trickle irrigation system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1991(7):1-7.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[15]郑耀泉,陈渠昌.微灌均匀度参数之间的关系及其应用[J].灌溉排水,1994,13(2):7-10.Zheng Yaoquan,Chen Quchang.The relation among uniformity parameters of micro-irrigation and their use[J].Irrigation and Drainage,1994,13(2):7-10.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[16]张国祥.考虑三偏差因素的滴灌系统流量总偏差率[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):27-29.Zhang Guoxiang.Calculating the total flow deviation rate of drip-irrigation system based on three deviation rates[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(11):27-29.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[17]张国祥.用凯勒均匀度进行微灌系统设计的质疑[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(8):6-9.Zhang Guoxiang.Query about micro-irrigation system design using Keller Uniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(8):6-9.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[18]牛文全,吴普特,范兴科.微灌系统综合流量偏差率的计算方法[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(6):85-88.Niu Wenquan,Wu Pute,Fan Xingke.Method for calculating integrated flux deviation rate of micro-irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(6):85-88.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[19]张林,范兴科,吴普特,等.均匀坡度下考虑三偏差的滴灌系统流量偏差率的计算[J].农业工程报,2009,25(4):7-14.Zhang Lin,Fan Xingke,Wu Pute,et al.Calculation of flow deviation rate of drip irrigation system taking three deviation rates into account on uniform slopes[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(4):7-14(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[20]张林,吴普特,牛文全,等.均匀坡度下滴灌系统流量偏差率的计算方法[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(8):40-44.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Niu Wenquan,et al.Method for calculating flow deviation in drip irrigation system under uniform slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(8):40-44.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[21]张林,吴普特,朱德兰,等.基于制造偏差的滴灌系统综合流量偏差率[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(12):135-139.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Integrated flow deviation rate of drip irrigation system based on manufacturing variation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(12):135-139.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[22]朱德兰,吴普特,张青峰,等.微地形影响下滴灌均匀度设计指标研究[J].排灌机械,2006,24(1):22-26.Zhu Delan,Wu Pute,Zhang Qingfeng,et al.Study on the emission uniformity for the emitter under the condition of farmland micro-terrain action[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2006,24(1):22-26.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[23]朱德兰,吴普特,王剑.滴头制造偏差对灌水均匀度及毛管造价的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(2):175-179.Zhu Delan,Wu Pute,Wang Jian.Effect of emitters manufacturing variation of micro-irrigation on uniformity and lateral cost[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2011,29(2):175-179.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[24]Zhu D L,Wu P T,Merkley G P.Drip irrigation lateral design procedure based on emission uniformity and field microtopography[J].Irrigation and Drainage,2010,59(5):535-546.
[25]Capra A,Scicolone B.Water quality and distribution uniformity un drip/trickle irrigation systems[J].J Agric Eng Res,1998,70(4):355-365.
[26]牛文全,张若婵,罗春艳.考虑滴头堵塞位置分布的灌水均匀度计算方法[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(6):147-152,174.Niu Wenquan,Zhang Ruochan,Luo Chunyan.Drip irrigation uniformity calculation considering distribution location of clogged emitters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(6):147-152,174.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[27]宰松梅,仵峰,温季,等.大田地下滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度评价方法[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):51-57.Zai Songmei,Wu Feng,Wen Ji,et al.Evaluation method of soil water distribution uniformity under conditions of field subsurface drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(12):51-57.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[28]张林,吴普特,范兴科.多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):40-45.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Fan Xingke.Numerical simulation of soil water movement with drip irrigation of multiple point source[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(9):40-45.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[29]李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.Li Jiusheng,Zhang Jianjun,Rao Minjie.Model verification of water and nitrate transport from a surface point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(8):932-938.(In Chinese with English abstract)
[30]李久生,饶敏杰.喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分及冬小麦产量影响的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000(1):9-14.Li Jiusheng,Rao Minjie.Effects of sprinkler uniformity on spatial variability of soil moisture and winter wheat yield[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000(1):9-14.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[2]Criddle W D.Methods for Evaluating Irrigation System[M].Washington DC:Soil Conservation Service,US Dept of Agriculture,1956.
[3]Beale J G.Distribution Uniformity of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems[M].Kensington:University of New South Wales,1965.
[4]Keller J,Karmeli D.Trickle irrigation design parameters[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(4):678-684.
[5]Nakayama F S,Bucks D A.Assessing trickle emitter application uniformity[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1979,22(4):816-821.
[6]Solomon K.Manufacturing variation of trickle emitters[J].Transactions of the ASAE.1979,22(5):1034-1038.
[7]Bralts V F,Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Drip irrigation uniformity considering emitter plugging[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1981,24(5):1234-1240.
[8]Bralts V F,Kesner C D.Drip irrigation field uniformity estimation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,22(3):1369-1374.
[9]Keller J,Bliesner R D.Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigation[M].New York:van Nostrand Reinhold,1990.
[10]Barragan J,Bralts V F,Wu I P.Assessment of emission uniformity for micro-irrigation Design[J].Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(1):89-97.
[11]Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Design of Drip Irrigation Lines[D].Honolulu:University of Hawaii,1974.
[12]Bralts V F,Wu I P,Gitlin H M.Manufacturing variation and drip irrigation uniformity[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1981,24(1):113-119.
[13]Howell T A,Hilter E A.Trickle irrigation lateral design[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(5):902-908.
[14]郑耀泉,宁堆虎.滴头制造偏差的模拟与滴灌系统随机设计方法的研究[J].水利学报,1991(7):1-7.Zheng Yaoquan,Ning Duihu.Simulation of emitter manufacturing deviation and development of stochastic design method for trickle irrigation system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1991(7):1-7.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[15]郑耀泉,陈渠昌.微灌均匀度参数之间的关系及其应用[J].灌溉排水,1994,13(2):7-10.Zheng Yaoquan,Chen Quchang.The relation among uniformity parameters of micro-irrigation and their use[J].Irrigation and Drainage,1994,13(2):7-10.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[16]张国祥.考虑三偏差因素的滴灌系统流量总偏差率[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):27-29.Zhang Guoxiang.Calculating the total flow deviation rate of drip-irrigation system based on three deviation rates[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(11):27-29.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[17]张国祥.用凯勒均匀度进行微灌系统设计的质疑[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(8):6-9.Zhang Guoxiang.Query about micro-irrigation system design using Keller Uniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(8):6-9.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[18]牛文全,吴普特,范兴科.微灌系统综合流量偏差率的计算方法[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(6):85-88.Niu Wenquan,Wu Pute,Fan Xingke.Method for calculating integrated flux deviation rate of micro-irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(6):85-88.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[19]张林,范兴科,吴普特,等.均匀坡度下考虑三偏差的滴灌系统流量偏差率的计算[J].农业工程报,2009,25(4):7-14.Zhang Lin,Fan Xingke,Wu Pute,et al.Calculation of flow deviation rate of drip irrigation system taking three deviation rates into account on uniform slopes[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(4):7-14(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[20]张林,吴普特,牛文全,等.均匀坡度下滴灌系统流量偏差率的计算方法[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(8):40-44.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Niu Wenquan,et al.Method for calculating flow deviation in drip irrigation system under uniform slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(8):40-44.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[21]张林,吴普特,朱德兰,等.基于制造偏差的滴灌系统综合流量偏差率[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(12):135-139.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Integrated flow deviation rate of drip irrigation system based on manufacturing variation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(12):135-139.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[22]朱德兰,吴普特,张青峰,等.微地形影响下滴灌均匀度设计指标研究[J].排灌机械,2006,24(1):22-26.Zhu Delan,Wu Pute,Zhang Qingfeng,et al.Study on the emission uniformity for the emitter under the condition of farmland micro-terrain action[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2006,24(1):22-26.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[23]朱德兰,吴普特,王剑.滴头制造偏差对灌水均匀度及毛管造价的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(2):175-179.Zhu Delan,Wu Pute,Wang Jian.Effect of emitters manufacturing variation of micro-irrigation on uniformity and lateral cost[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2011,29(2):175-179.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[24]Zhu D L,Wu P T,Merkley G P.Drip irrigation lateral design procedure based on emission uniformity and field microtopography[J].Irrigation and Drainage,2010,59(5):535-546.
[25]Capra A,Scicolone B.Water quality and distribution uniformity un drip/trickle irrigation systems[J].J Agric Eng Res,1998,70(4):355-365.
[26]牛文全,张若婵,罗春艳.考虑滴头堵塞位置分布的灌水均匀度计算方法[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(6):147-152,174.Niu Wenquan,Zhang Ruochan,Luo Chunyan.Drip irrigation uniformity calculation considering distribution location of clogged emitters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(6):147-152,174.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[27]宰松梅,仵峰,温季,等.大田地下滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度评价方法[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):51-57.Zai Songmei,Wu Feng,Wen Ji,et al.Evaluation method of soil water distribution uniformity under conditions of field subsurface drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(12):51-57.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[28]张林,吴普特,范兴科.多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):40-45.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Fan Xingke.Numerical simulation of soil water movement with drip irrigation of multiple point source[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(9):40-45.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[29]李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.Li Jiusheng,Zhang Jianjun,Rao Minjie.Model verification of water and nitrate transport from a surface point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(8):932-938.(In Chinese with English abstract)
[30]李久生,饶敏杰.喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分及冬小麦产量影响的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000(1):9-14.Li Jiusheng,Rao Minjie.Effects of sprinkler uniformity on spatial variability of soil moisture and winter wheat yield[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000(1):9-14.(in Chinese with English Abstract)