基于人工过零技术的直流真空分断过程分析及验证
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摘要
针对人工过零直流真空分断过程,分析研究了影响真空分断特性的主要因素,并通过试验样机对直流真空分断过程进行了验证。研究结果表明,通过提高直流短路故障识别及快速真空开关分断速度降低弧后触头间隙的初始金属蒸汽浓度,在快速真空开关支路串联饱和电抗器减小电流过零后的电流变化率,为快速真空开关并联阻容缓冲电路减缓弧后暂态恢复电压的上升过程,设计快速真空开关动触头的最佳位移曲线并确定最佳燃弧区间避免换流分断过程中产生阳极斑点,从而改善大电流真空电弧后介质恢复特性,提升分断性能。研究成果为开发工程实用的直流真空断路器奠定了实践基础。
Aiming at the process of DC vacuum interruption with artificial current zero,some main factors influencing on the vacuum breaking characteristic were analyzed and studied. And the DC vacuum interruption process was verified by the prototype test. The research results indicate that the post arc dielectric recovery characteristic for a high current vacuum arc is improved,prompting a more reliable interruption process through some improvements as followed. The post arc initial metal vapor density was reduced by speeding up the DC fault detection and the fast vacuum switch( FVS) breaking. A much lower current rate of fall after zero is realized with a saturable reactor connected with the FVS in series. Adding a resistor & capacitor snubber parallel connected with the FVS makes the post arc transient recovery voltage rise more slowly. And the vacuum arc anode spot is avoided though a optimum design of FVS breaking movement characteristic and arcing interval. The achievement is worthy for development of a practical DC VCB.
Aiming at the process of DC vacuum interruption with artificial current zero,some main factors influencing on the vacuum breaking characteristic were analyzed and studied. And the DC vacuum interruption process was verified by the prototype test. The research results indicate that the post arc dielectric recovery characteristic for a high current vacuum arc is improved,prompting a more reliable interruption process through some improvements as followed. The post arc initial metal vapor density was reduced by speeding up the DC fault detection and the fast vacuum switch( FVS) breaking. A much lower current rate of fall after zero is realized with a saturable reactor connected with the FVS in series. Adding a resistor & capacitor snubber parallel connected with the FVS makes the post arc transient recovery voltage rise more slowly. And the vacuum arc anode spot is avoided though a optimum design of FVS breaking movement characteristic and arcing interval. The achievement is worthy for development of a practical DC VCB.
引文
[1]郑占锋,邹积岩,董恩源,等.直流开断与直流断路器[J].高压电器,2006,42(6):445.ZHENG Zhanfeng,ZOU Jiyan,DONG Enyuan,et al. DC interrup-tion and DC circuit breaker[J]. High Voltage Apparatus,2006,42(6):445.
[2] Atmadji A M S,Sloot J G J. Hybrid switching:a review of currentliterature[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on EnergyManagement and Power Delivery. Singapore:IEEE,1998,2:683-688.
[3]刘路辉,叶志浩,付立军,等.快速直流断路器研究现状与展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(4):966.LIU Luhui,YE Zhihao,FU Lijun,et al. Research&developmentstatus and prospects of fast DC circuit breakers[J]. Proceedings ofthe CSEE,2017,37(4):966.
[4] Desbaillet M. DC high speed circuit-breaker UR6 instructions man-ual document number:HSBA601103T EN[M]. Geneva Switzer-land:Secheron SA,2008.
[5]杨茜,荣命哲,吴翊,等.低压断路器中空气电弧重击穿现象的仿真与实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(6):84.YANG Qian,RONG Mingzhe,WU Yi,et al. Simulation and experi-mental research on air arc restriking in low voltage circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2007,27(6):84.
[6]杨飞.空气介质中压直流大电流快速分断技术的研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2010.
[7]孙昊,荣命哲,马瑞光,等.空气介质直流断路器的现状[J].低压电器,2013,20:8.SUN Hao,RONG Mingzhe,MA Ruiguang,et al. Current situationof air DC circuit breaker[J]. Low Voltage Apparatus,2013,20:8.
[8] XU Zhenxue,ZHANG Bin,Sirisukprasert S,et al. The emitter turn-off thyristor based DC circuit breaker[C]//Proceedings of 2002IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. New York:IEEE,2002,1:288-293.
[9] Agostini F,Vemulapati U,Torresin D,et al. 1MW bi-directionalDC solid state circuit breaker based on air cooled reverse blocking-IGCT[C]//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Electric Ship TechnologiesSymposium. Alexandria,VA:IEEE,2015:287-292.
[10]温家良,傅鹏,刘正之,等. EAST托卡马克大功率双向直流快速晶闸管开关可靠关断理论分析及参数优化设[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(14):62.WEN Jialiang,FU Peng,LIU Zhengzhi,et al. Theory analysis andparameters optimize design of reliability turn-off of high power DCbi-directional DC fast thyristor switch in EAST TOKAMAK[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2005,25(14):62.
[11]张帆,杨旭,任宇,等.一种适用于固态直流断路器的IGBT串联均压电路[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(3):656.ZHANG Fan,YANG Xu,REN Yu,et al. Voltage balancing circuitfor series-connected IGBTs in solid-state breaker[J]. Proceed-ings of the CSEE,2016,36(3):656.
[12]彭振东,任志刚,姜楠,等.新型直流固态限流断路器设计与分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(4):1028.PENG Zhendong,REN Zhigang,JIANG Nan,et al. Design and a-nalysis for a novel DC solid state current limiting circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(4):1028.
[13] Polman H,Ferreira A,Kaanders M,et al. Design of a bi-direction-al 600V/6kA ZVS hybrid DC switch using IGBTs[J]. IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2001,16(2):1052.
[14] Meyer J,Rufer A. A DC hybrid circuit breaker with ultra-fast con-tact opening and integrated gate-commutated thyristors(IGCTs)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2006,21(2):646.
[15]刘路辉,庄劲武,王晨,等.小间隙下混合型直流真空断路器的分断特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(33):5991.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,WANG Chen,et al. Interruptioncharacteristics of hybrid DC vacuum circuit breakers under smallcontact gaps[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(33):5991.
[16]周万迪,魏晓光,高冲,等.基于晶闸管的混合型无弧高压直流断路器[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(18):2990.ZHOU Wandi,WEI Xiaoguang,GAO Chong,et al. Thyristor basedhybrid arc-less high voltage direct current circuit breaker[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(18):2990.
[17]陈政宇,余占清,吕纲,等.基于IGCT串联的10 kV直流混合断路器研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(2):317.CHEN Zhengyu,YU Zhanqing,LGang,et al. Researches on 10kV DC hybrid circuit breaker based on IGCT series[J]. Proceed-ings of the CSEE,2016,36(2):317.
[18] Hfner J,Jacobson B. Proactive Hybrid HVDC breakers-a key in-novation for reliable HVDC grids[C]//Integrating Supergrids andMicrogrids International Sysposium. Bologna,Italy:IEEE,2011:1-9.
[19] ERIKSSON T,BACKMAN M,HALEN S. A low loss mechanicalHVDC breaker for HVDC grid applications[R]. Paris,FR:CI-GRE,2014.
[20] TAHATA K,EI Oukaili S,KAMEI K,et al. HVDC circuit break-ers for HVDC grid applications[C]//11th IET International Con-ference on AC and DC Power Transmission. Birmingham,UK:IET,2015:1-9.
[21]李黎,程勇,俞斌,等.一种适于快速高压直流断路器的过零振荡电路[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(11):3118.LI Li,CHENG Yong,YU Bin,et al. An oscillating circuit appliedto high-speed HVDC circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of theCSEE,2016,36(11):3118.
[22] SONG Xiaochuan,SHI Zongqian,LIU Chang,et al. Experimentalinvestigation on the characteristics of vacuum arc in the process ofDC interruption based on artificial current zero[C]//2010 24thInternational Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulationin Vacuum(ISDEIV). Braunschweig,DE:IEEE,2010:293.
[23]郑占峰.基于换流技术的快速直流真空开关理论与应用研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2013.
[24]王子建,何俊佳,尹小根,等.基于电磁斥力机构的10 kV快速真空开关[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(11):68.WANG Zijian,HE Junjia,YIN Xiaogen,et al. 10 kV high speedvacuum switch with electromagnetic repulsion mechanism[J].Transactions of China ElectroTechnical Sosiety,2009,24(11):68.
[25]刘路辉,庄劲武,江壮贤,等.混合型中压直流真空断路器的研究[J].高压电器,2014,50(5):18.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,JIANG Zhuangxian,et al. Develop-ment of hybrid medium voltage DC vacuum breaker[J]. HighVoltage Apparatus,2014,50(5):18.
[26]王季梅,苑舜.大容量真空开关理论及其产品开发[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[27] ZALUCKI Z. Interrupting capacity of vacuum interrupters depen-ding on the frequency of current[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plas-ma Science,1993,21(5):494-500.
[28] CHIDS S E,GREENWOOD A N,SULLIVAN J S. Events associ-ated with zero current passage during the rapid commutation of avacuum arc[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1983,11(3):181.
[29] GLINKOWSKI M T,GREENWOOD A N. Some interruption crite-ria for short high-frequency vacuum arcs[J]. IEEE Transactionson Plasma Science,1989,17(5):741.
[30] NIWA Y,MATSUZAKI J,YOKOKURA K,et al. The basic inves-tigation of the high-speed VCB and its application for the DCpower system[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd International Sympo-sium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum. Bucha-rest,Romenia:IEEE,2008:107-112.
[31] BENFATTO I,MASCHIO A,MANGANARO S. DC breaking testsup to 55kA in a single vacuum interrupter[J]. IEEE Transac-tions on Power Delivery,1988,3(4):1732.
[32]舒胜文,阮江军,黄道春,等.双断口真空断路器的瞬态恢复电压分配机理与均压电容研究[J].电网技术,2012,36(11):252.SHU Shengwen,RUAN Jiangjun,HUANG Daochun,et al. Studyon transient recovery voltage distribution mechanism and gradingcapacitor of double-break vacuum circuit breaker[J]. Power Sys-tem Technology,2012,36(11):252.
[33]刘路辉,庄劲武,王晨,等.燃弧时间对混合型直流真空断路器分断特性的影响[J].电工技术学报,2015,30(24):67.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,WANG Chen,et al. Effect of arcingtime upon the interruption characteristic of the hybrid DC vacuumcircuit breaker[J]. Transactions of China ElectroTechnical Sosi-ety,2015,30(24):67.
[34] GLINKOWSKI M T,GREENWOOD A N. Computer simulation ofpost-arc plasma behavior at short contact separation in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1989,17(1):45.
[2] Atmadji A M S,Sloot J G J. Hybrid switching:a review of currentliterature[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on EnergyManagement and Power Delivery. Singapore:IEEE,1998,2:683-688.
[3]刘路辉,叶志浩,付立军,等.快速直流断路器研究现状与展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(4):966.LIU Luhui,YE Zhihao,FU Lijun,et al. Research&developmentstatus and prospects of fast DC circuit breakers[J]. Proceedings ofthe CSEE,2017,37(4):966.
[4] Desbaillet M. DC high speed circuit-breaker UR6 instructions man-ual document number:HSBA601103T EN[M]. Geneva Switzer-land:Secheron SA,2008.
[5]杨茜,荣命哲,吴翊,等.低压断路器中空气电弧重击穿现象的仿真与实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(6):84.YANG Qian,RONG Mingzhe,WU Yi,et al. Simulation and experi-mental research on air arc restriking in low voltage circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2007,27(6):84.
[6]杨飞.空气介质中压直流大电流快速分断技术的研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2010.
[7]孙昊,荣命哲,马瑞光,等.空气介质直流断路器的现状[J].低压电器,2013,20:8.SUN Hao,RONG Mingzhe,MA Ruiguang,et al. Current situationof air DC circuit breaker[J]. Low Voltage Apparatus,2013,20:8.
[8] XU Zhenxue,ZHANG Bin,Sirisukprasert S,et al. The emitter turn-off thyristor based DC circuit breaker[C]//Proceedings of 2002IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. New York:IEEE,2002,1:288-293.
[9] Agostini F,Vemulapati U,Torresin D,et al. 1MW bi-directionalDC solid state circuit breaker based on air cooled reverse blocking-IGCT[C]//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Electric Ship TechnologiesSymposium. Alexandria,VA:IEEE,2015:287-292.
[10]温家良,傅鹏,刘正之,等. EAST托卡马克大功率双向直流快速晶闸管开关可靠关断理论分析及参数优化设[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(14):62.WEN Jialiang,FU Peng,LIU Zhengzhi,et al. Theory analysis andparameters optimize design of reliability turn-off of high power DCbi-directional DC fast thyristor switch in EAST TOKAMAK[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2005,25(14):62.
[11]张帆,杨旭,任宇,等.一种适用于固态直流断路器的IGBT串联均压电路[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(3):656.ZHANG Fan,YANG Xu,REN Yu,et al. Voltage balancing circuitfor series-connected IGBTs in solid-state breaker[J]. Proceed-ings of the CSEE,2016,36(3):656.
[12]彭振东,任志刚,姜楠,等.新型直流固态限流断路器设计与分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(4):1028.PENG Zhendong,REN Zhigang,JIANG Nan,et al. Design and a-nalysis for a novel DC solid state current limiting circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(4):1028.
[13] Polman H,Ferreira A,Kaanders M,et al. Design of a bi-direction-al 600V/6kA ZVS hybrid DC switch using IGBTs[J]. IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2001,16(2):1052.
[14] Meyer J,Rufer A. A DC hybrid circuit breaker with ultra-fast con-tact opening and integrated gate-commutated thyristors(IGCTs)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2006,21(2):646.
[15]刘路辉,庄劲武,王晨,等.小间隙下混合型直流真空断路器的分断特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(33):5991.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,WANG Chen,et al. Interruptioncharacteristics of hybrid DC vacuum circuit breakers under smallcontact gaps[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(33):5991.
[16]周万迪,魏晓光,高冲,等.基于晶闸管的混合型无弧高压直流断路器[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(18):2990.ZHOU Wandi,WEI Xiaoguang,GAO Chong,et al. Thyristor basedhybrid arc-less high voltage direct current circuit breaker[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(18):2990.
[17]陈政宇,余占清,吕纲,等.基于IGCT串联的10 kV直流混合断路器研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(2):317.CHEN Zhengyu,YU Zhanqing,LGang,et al. Researches on 10kV DC hybrid circuit breaker based on IGCT series[J]. Proceed-ings of the CSEE,2016,36(2):317.
[18] Hfner J,Jacobson B. Proactive Hybrid HVDC breakers-a key in-novation for reliable HVDC grids[C]//Integrating Supergrids andMicrogrids International Sysposium. Bologna,Italy:IEEE,2011:1-9.
[19] ERIKSSON T,BACKMAN M,HALEN S. A low loss mechanicalHVDC breaker for HVDC grid applications[R]. Paris,FR:CI-GRE,2014.
[20] TAHATA K,EI Oukaili S,KAMEI K,et al. HVDC circuit break-ers for HVDC grid applications[C]//11th IET International Con-ference on AC and DC Power Transmission. Birmingham,UK:IET,2015:1-9.
[21]李黎,程勇,俞斌,等.一种适于快速高压直流断路器的过零振荡电路[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(11):3118.LI Li,CHENG Yong,YU Bin,et al. An oscillating circuit appliedto high-speed HVDC circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of theCSEE,2016,36(11):3118.
[22] SONG Xiaochuan,SHI Zongqian,LIU Chang,et al. Experimentalinvestigation on the characteristics of vacuum arc in the process ofDC interruption based on artificial current zero[C]//2010 24thInternational Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulationin Vacuum(ISDEIV). Braunschweig,DE:IEEE,2010:293.
[23]郑占峰.基于换流技术的快速直流真空开关理论与应用研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2013.
[24]王子建,何俊佳,尹小根,等.基于电磁斥力机构的10 kV快速真空开关[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(11):68.WANG Zijian,HE Junjia,YIN Xiaogen,et al. 10 kV high speedvacuum switch with electromagnetic repulsion mechanism[J].Transactions of China ElectroTechnical Sosiety,2009,24(11):68.
[25]刘路辉,庄劲武,江壮贤,等.混合型中压直流真空断路器的研究[J].高压电器,2014,50(5):18.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,JIANG Zhuangxian,et al. Develop-ment of hybrid medium voltage DC vacuum breaker[J]. HighVoltage Apparatus,2014,50(5):18.
[26]王季梅,苑舜.大容量真空开关理论及其产品开发[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[27] ZALUCKI Z. Interrupting capacity of vacuum interrupters depen-ding on the frequency of current[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plas-ma Science,1993,21(5):494-500.
[28] CHIDS S E,GREENWOOD A N,SULLIVAN J S. Events associ-ated with zero current passage during the rapid commutation of avacuum arc[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1983,11(3):181.
[29] GLINKOWSKI M T,GREENWOOD A N. Some interruption crite-ria for short high-frequency vacuum arcs[J]. IEEE Transactionson Plasma Science,1989,17(5):741.
[30] NIWA Y,MATSUZAKI J,YOKOKURA K,et al. The basic inves-tigation of the high-speed VCB and its application for the DCpower system[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd International Sympo-sium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum. Bucha-rest,Romenia:IEEE,2008:107-112.
[31] BENFATTO I,MASCHIO A,MANGANARO S. DC breaking testsup to 55kA in a single vacuum interrupter[J]. IEEE Transac-tions on Power Delivery,1988,3(4):1732.
[32]舒胜文,阮江军,黄道春,等.双断口真空断路器的瞬态恢复电压分配机理与均压电容研究[J].电网技术,2012,36(11):252.SHU Shengwen,RUAN Jiangjun,HUANG Daochun,et al. Studyon transient recovery voltage distribution mechanism and gradingcapacitor of double-break vacuum circuit breaker[J]. Power Sys-tem Technology,2012,36(11):252.
[33]刘路辉,庄劲武,王晨,等.燃弧时间对混合型直流真空断路器分断特性的影响[J].电工技术学报,2015,30(24):67.LIU Luhui,ZHUANG Jinwu,WANG Chen,et al. Effect of arcingtime upon the interruption characteristic of the hybrid DC vacuumcircuit breaker[J]. Transactions of China ElectroTechnical Sosi-ety,2015,30(24):67.
[34] GLINKOWSKI M T,GREENWOOD A N. Computer simulation ofpost-arc plasma behavior at short contact separation in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1989,17(1):45.