基于NRC模型下不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白预测产量与分子功能团特征参数相关性分析
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摘要
试验基于NRC-2001模型预测不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白产量,利用光谱技术分析不同玉米副产品的分子功能团特征及二者之间的相关性并建立回归方程。采用NRC-2001模型对奶牛饲料蛋白营养价值进行评价,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)技术收集光谱数据并分析。结果显示,利用NRC-2001模型预测不同玉米副产品代谢蛋白特征参数具有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,小肠中真可吸收代谢蛋白总量在玉米蛋白粉中有最高值,其次是玉米胚芽饼、玉米胚芽、玉米皮及玉米籽粒。饲料产奶价值(FMV)存在相同趋势。在光谱结构分析中,饲料的分子功能团特征参数存在显著差异(P<0.05),蛋白代谢预测产量与分子功能团特征参数之间存在相关性,建立的回归模型拟合度较好。其中,玉米籽粒中酰胺Ⅰ带与纤维性碳水化合物的面积比值(AmideⅠ_CELC)显著高于其他饲料原料(P<0.05),玉米胚芽的酰胺Ⅰ带与结构性碳水化合物的面积比值(AmideⅠ_SCHO)和AmideⅠ_CELC比值均较低(P<0.05),而玉米皮的蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带与结构性碳水化合物(SCHO)和纤维性碳水化合物(CELC)之间的光谱面积比值均显著低于其他饲料比值(P<0.05),玉米胚芽饼的蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带与总碳水化合物之间峰面积比值(AmideⅡ_TNSCHO)显著高于其他饲料原料(P<0.05)。在不同玉米副产品饲料中,瘤胃合成微生物蛋白(MCP)和小肠真可吸收微生物蛋白(AMCP)含量与蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带与非结构性碳水化合物之间的峰面积比值(AmideⅠ_TNSCHO)无显著相关性(P>0.05),但与其他各光谱分子功能团特征参数存在显著负相关(P<0.05)。AmideⅠ_TCHO和AmideⅡ_SCHO可共同作为预测因子估测小肠真可吸收瘤胃非降解蛋白(ARUP)、代谢蛋白(MP)和FMV,其决定系数均为0.997。本试验结果表明,不同玉米副产品基于NRC-2001模型下代谢蛋白预测产量与分子功能团特征参数之间存在相关关系,可利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析技术对饲料营养价值进行快速分析和估测。
The experiment was aimed to predict the metabolic protein production of different corn by-products based on the NRC-2001 model,and analyze the molecular functional group character-istics of different corn by-products and the correlation between them based on the spectral technique,and establish a regression equation.The nutrient value of dairy cow protein was evaluated by NRC-2001 model,and the spectral data was collected and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)technique.The results showed that the metabolic parameters of different corn byproducts with significant differences(P<0.05)predicted by the NRC-2001 model.Among them,the total amount of truly absorbable metabolic protein in the small intestine had the highest value in corn gluten meal,followed by corn germ cake,corn germ,corn gluten feed and corn kernel.There was a similar trend in feed milk value(FMV).In the spectral structure analysis,there were significant differences in the molecular functional group parameters of the feed(P<0.05).There was a correlation between the predicted yield of protein metabolites and the molecular functional group parameters.The regression model established was better.Among them,the value of AmideⅠ_CELC in corn kernel was significantly higher than other feeds(P<0.05),the values of AmideⅠ_SCHO and AmideⅠ_CELC were significantly lower in corn germ(P<0.05),the values of AmideⅡ_SCHO and AmideⅡ_CELC were significantly lower in corn gluten feed than that others(P<0.05),and the value of AmideⅡ_TNSCHO of the corn germ cake was significantly higher than that of other feeds(P<0.05).There was no significant correlation between the contents of MCP,AMCP and AmideⅠ_TNSCHO in corn and its by-products(P>0.05).However,there was a significant negative correlation between the characteristic parameters and other spectral molecular functional groups(P<0.05).AmideⅠ_TCHO and Amide Ⅱ_SCHO could be used as predictors to estimate ARUP,MP and FMV,with a coefficient of determination of 0.997.In conclusion,there was a relationship between the predicted metabolic parameters of protein and biomolecular spectroscopic features in different corn by-products and the nutritional value of feed could be quickly analyzed and estimated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
The experiment was aimed to predict the metabolic protein production of different corn by-products based on the NRC-2001 model,and analyze the molecular functional group character-istics of different corn by-products and the correlation between them based on the spectral technique,and establish a regression equation.The nutrient value of dairy cow protein was evaluated by NRC-2001 model,and the spectral data was collected and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)technique.The results showed that the metabolic parameters of different corn byproducts with significant differences(P<0.05)predicted by the NRC-2001 model.Among them,the total amount of truly absorbable metabolic protein in the small intestine had the highest value in corn gluten meal,followed by corn germ cake,corn germ,corn gluten feed and corn kernel.There was a similar trend in feed milk value(FMV).In the spectral structure analysis,there were significant differences in the molecular functional group parameters of the feed(P<0.05).There was a correlation between the predicted yield of protein metabolites and the molecular functional group parameters.The regression model established was better.Among them,the value of AmideⅠ_CELC in corn kernel was significantly higher than other feeds(P<0.05),the values of AmideⅠ_SCHO and AmideⅠ_CELC were significantly lower in corn germ(P<0.05),the values of AmideⅡ_SCHO and AmideⅡ_CELC were significantly lower in corn gluten feed than that others(P<0.05),and the value of AmideⅡ_TNSCHO of the corn germ cake was significantly higher than that of other feeds(P<0.05).There was no significant correlation between the contents of MCP,AMCP and AmideⅠ_TNSCHO in corn and its by-products(P>0.05).However,there was a significant negative correlation between the characteristic parameters and other spectral molecular functional groups(P<0.05).AmideⅠ_TCHO and Amide Ⅱ_SCHO could be used as predictors to estimate ARUP,MP and FMV,with a coefficient of determination of 0.997.In conclusion,there was a relationship between the predicted metabolic parameters of protein and biomolecular spectroscopic features in different corn by-products and the nutritional value of feed could be quickly analyzed and estimated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
引文
[1]陈建欣,王长梅.能量饲料的现状与未来发展方向[J].中国畜牧业,2007,2:41-44.CHEN J X,WANG C M.Energy feed status and future directions[J].China Animal Industry,2007,2:41-44.(in Chinese)
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[3]贾连平,祁腾飞.干玉米酒糟在国内外的生产和应用现状[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(3):113-118.JIA L P,QI T F.The production and applications of taurine in livestock and poultry aquaculture[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2012,39(3):113-118.(in Chinese)
[4]YU P.Application of advanced synchrotron radiationbased Fourier transform infrared(SR-FTIR)microspectroscopy to animal nutrition and feed science:A novel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2004,92(6):869-885.
[5]LIU B,MCKINNON J J,THACKER P,et al.Molecular structure and metabolic characteristics of the proteins and energy in triticale grains and dried distillers grains with solubles for dairy cattle[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(40):10064-10074.
[6]YU P,NUEZORTIN W G.Relationship of protein molecular structure to metabolisable proteins in different types of dried distillers grains with solubles:Anovel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2010,104(10):1429-1437.
[7]XIN H,ZHANG X,YU P.Using synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy to reveal microchemical structure characterization:Frost damaged wheat vs.normal wheat[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2013,14(8):16706-16718.
[8]WETZEL D L,SRIVARIN P,FINNEY J R.Revealing protein infrared spectral detail in a heterogeneous matrix dominated by starch[J].Vibrational Spectroscopy,2003,31(1):109-114.
[9]ZHANG X,YU P.Differentiation of mixtures of coproduct blend with barley grain based on Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection molecular spectroscopy:Carbohydrate molecular spectral profiles and nutritive characteristics in dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(11):6624-6634.
[10]LIU N,YU P.Characterization of the microchemical structure of seed endosperm within a cellular dimension among six barley varieties with distinct degradation kinetics,using ultraspatially resolved synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(13):7801-7810.
[11]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M].7th Edition.Washington,D.C.:National Academy of Press,2001.
[12]AOAC.Official methods of analysis,association of official analytical chemists[Z].Washington DC,USA,1990.
[13]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[14]MCCLEARY B V,GIBSON T S,MUGFORD D C,et al.Measurement of total starch in cereal products by amyloglucosidase-alPha-amylase method:Collaborative study[J].Journal of AOAC International,1997,80(3):571-579.
[15]ROBINSON P H,FADEL J G,TAMMINGA S.Evaluation of mathematical models to describe neutral detergent residue in terms of its susceptibility to degradation in the rumen[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1986,15(4):249-271.
[16]MENKE K H,STEINGASS H.Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J].Animal Research Development,1988,28:7-55.
[17]THEODORIDOU K,YU P.Metabolic characteristics of the proteins in yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola meal and presscake in dairy cattle:Comparison of three systems(PDI,DVE and NRC)in nutrient supply and feed milk value(FMV)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(11):2820-2830.
[18]李根来,姚文.玉米酒精糟的营养价值及其对生长育肥猪肉品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(1):17-21.LI G L,YAO W.Nutritional value of corn alcohol grains and its influence on the quality of fattened pork[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2010,37(1):17-21.(in Chinese)
[19]李欣新.双低菜粕和豆粕分子结构与营养特性和奶牛生产性能的关系[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.LI X X.The molecular structure of double-low rapeseed meal and soybean meal in relation to nutrient profiles and production performance in dairy cows[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[20]丁清华,张力莉,赵永涛,等.利用NRC(2001)模型对银川地区3个奶牛场日粮蛋白质营养价值的评定[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(9):25-27.DING Q H,ZHANG L L,ZHAO Y T,et al.Evaluation of dietary protein nutritional value of three dairy farms in Yinchuan using NRC(2001)model[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2009,30(9):25-27.(in Chinese)
[21]XIN H,FALK K C,YU P.Studies on Brassica carinata seed.1.Protein molecular structure in relation to protein nutritive values and metabolic characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(42):10118-10126.
[22]XU W,NARENDRA R,YANG Y.Extraction,characterization and potential applications of cellulose in corn kernels and Distillers’dried grains with solubles(DDGS)[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2009,76(4):521-527.
[23]XIN H,FALK K C,YU P.Studies on Brassica carinataseed.2.Carbohydrate molecular structure in relation to carbohydrate chemical profile,energy values,and biodegradation characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(42):10127-10134.
[24]姜鑫,张立阳,赵雪娇,等.发酵玉米蛋白粉对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,45(4):905-915.JIANG X,ZHANG L Y,ZHAO X J,et al.Effects of fermented corn gluten meal on in vitro fermentation characteristics and microorganism population[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,45(4):905-915.(in Chinese)
[25]魏炳栋,苗国伟,陈群,等.复合菌发酵玉米蛋白粉的条件优化[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,45(10):2944-2950.WEI B D,MIAO G W,CHEN Q,et al.Optimization of fermentation conditions for corn gluten meal by mixed strains[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,45(10):2944-2950.(in Chinese)
[26]单春花,曹玉凤,李宏双,等.2015年国外肉牛饲料营养的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,44(5):1399-1405.SHAN C H,CAO Y F,LI H S,et al.Aboard research progress on the feed application of beef cattle in2015[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,44(5):1399-1405.(in Chinese)
[27]吴鹏华.DDGS和豆粕混合饲料蛋白质二级结构与其营养价值关系的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014.WU P H.The study on protein secondary structures of combined feeds of soybean meal with DDGS in rumen degradation characteristics and CNCPS protein fractions[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[28]JACKSON M,MANTSCH H H.The use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy in the determination of protein structure[J].Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1995,30(2):95-120.
[29]王建平,王加启,卜登攀,等.2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅲ.碳水化合物营养[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(2):5-13.WANG J P,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Advances in research on international ruminant nutrition from2007to 2008Ⅲ.Carbohydrate nutrition[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2009,36(2):5-13.(in Chinese)
[30]BAN Y.Molecular structural,physiochemical and nutritional characterization of new lines of brassica carinata and the co-products[D].Saskatoon:University of Saskatchewan,2016.
[31]LIU B,THACKER P,MCKINNON J,et al.In-depth study of the protein molecular structures of different types of dried distillers grains with solubles and their relationship to digestive characteristics[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(6):1438-1448.
[32]潘晓花,杨亮,庞之洪,等.猪饲料有效能值预测模型的构建[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(5):1450-1460.PAN X H,YANG L,PANG Z H,et al.Construction of prediction model of effective energy of pig feed[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(5):1450-1460.(in Chinese)
[2]焦善伟.2017年国内玉米市场形势分析及展望[J].种业导刊,2017,10:12-16.JIAO S W.Domestic corn market situation and prospects in 2017[J].Journal of Seed Industry Guide,2017,10:12-16.(in Chinese)
[3]贾连平,祁腾飞.干玉米酒糟在国内外的生产和应用现状[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(3):113-118.JIA L P,QI T F.The production and applications of taurine in livestock and poultry aquaculture[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2012,39(3):113-118.(in Chinese)
[4]YU P.Application of advanced synchrotron radiationbased Fourier transform infrared(SR-FTIR)microspectroscopy to animal nutrition and feed science:A novel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2004,92(6):869-885.
[5]LIU B,MCKINNON J J,THACKER P,et al.Molecular structure and metabolic characteristics of the proteins and energy in triticale grains and dried distillers grains with solubles for dairy cattle[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(40):10064-10074.
[6]YU P,NUEZORTIN W G.Relationship of protein molecular structure to metabolisable proteins in different types of dried distillers grains with solubles:Anovel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2010,104(10):1429-1437.
[7]XIN H,ZHANG X,YU P.Using synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy to reveal microchemical structure characterization:Frost damaged wheat vs.normal wheat[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2013,14(8):16706-16718.
[8]WETZEL D L,SRIVARIN P,FINNEY J R.Revealing protein infrared spectral detail in a heterogeneous matrix dominated by starch[J].Vibrational Spectroscopy,2003,31(1):109-114.
[9]ZHANG X,YU P.Differentiation of mixtures of coproduct blend with barley grain based on Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection molecular spectroscopy:Carbohydrate molecular spectral profiles and nutritive characteristics in dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(11):6624-6634.
[10]LIU N,YU P.Characterization of the microchemical structure of seed endosperm within a cellular dimension among six barley varieties with distinct degradation kinetics,using ultraspatially resolved synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(13):7801-7810.
[11]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M].7th Edition.Washington,D.C.:National Academy of Press,2001.
[12]AOAC.Official methods of analysis,association of official analytical chemists[Z].Washington DC,USA,1990.
[13]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[14]MCCLEARY B V,GIBSON T S,MUGFORD D C,et al.Measurement of total starch in cereal products by amyloglucosidase-alPha-amylase method:Collaborative study[J].Journal of AOAC International,1997,80(3):571-579.
[15]ROBINSON P H,FADEL J G,TAMMINGA S.Evaluation of mathematical models to describe neutral detergent residue in terms of its susceptibility to degradation in the rumen[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1986,15(4):249-271.
[16]MENKE K H,STEINGASS H.Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J].Animal Research Development,1988,28:7-55.
[17]THEODORIDOU K,YU P.Metabolic characteristics of the proteins in yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola meal and presscake in dairy cattle:Comparison of three systems(PDI,DVE and NRC)in nutrient supply and feed milk value(FMV)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(11):2820-2830.
[18]李根来,姚文.玉米酒精糟的营养价值及其对生长育肥猪肉品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(1):17-21.LI G L,YAO W.Nutritional value of corn alcohol grains and its influence on the quality of fattened pork[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2010,37(1):17-21.(in Chinese)
[19]李欣新.双低菜粕和豆粕分子结构与营养特性和奶牛生产性能的关系[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.LI X X.The molecular structure of double-low rapeseed meal and soybean meal in relation to nutrient profiles and production performance in dairy cows[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[20]丁清华,张力莉,赵永涛,等.利用NRC(2001)模型对银川地区3个奶牛场日粮蛋白质营养价值的评定[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(9):25-27.DING Q H,ZHANG L L,ZHAO Y T,et al.Evaluation of dietary protein nutritional value of three dairy farms in Yinchuan using NRC(2001)model[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2009,30(9):25-27.(in Chinese)
[21]XIN H,FALK K C,YU P.Studies on Brassica carinata seed.1.Protein molecular structure in relation to protein nutritive values and metabolic characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(42):10118-10126.
[22]XU W,NARENDRA R,YANG Y.Extraction,characterization and potential applications of cellulose in corn kernels and Distillers’dried grains with solubles(DDGS)[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2009,76(4):521-527.
[23]XIN H,FALK K C,YU P.Studies on Brassica carinataseed.2.Carbohydrate molecular structure in relation to carbohydrate chemical profile,energy values,and biodegradation characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(42):10127-10134.
[24]姜鑫,张立阳,赵雪娇,等.发酵玉米蛋白粉对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,45(4):905-915.JIANG X,ZHANG L Y,ZHAO X J,et al.Effects of fermented corn gluten meal on in vitro fermentation characteristics and microorganism population[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,45(4):905-915.(in Chinese)
[25]魏炳栋,苗国伟,陈群,等.复合菌发酵玉米蛋白粉的条件优化[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,45(10):2944-2950.WEI B D,MIAO G W,CHEN Q,et al.Optimization of fermentation conditions for corn gluten meal by mixed strains[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,45(10):2944-2950.(in Chinese)
[26]单春花,曹玉凤,李宏双,等.2015年国外肉牛饲料营养的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,44(5):1399-1405.SHAN C H,CAO Y F,LI H S,et al.Aboard research progress on the feed application of beef cattle in2015[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,44(5):1399-1405.(in Chinese)
[27]吴鹏华.DDGS和豆粕混合饲料蛋白质二级结构与其营养价值关系的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014.WU P H.The study on protein secondary structures of combined feeds of soybean meal with DDGS in rumen degradation characteristics and CNCPS protein fractions[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[28]JACKSON M,MANTSCH H H.The use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy in the determination of protein structure[J].Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1995,30(2):95-120.
[29]王建平,王加启,卜登攀,等.2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅲ.碳水化合物营养[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(2):5-13.WANG J P,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Advances in research on international ruminant nutrition from2007to 2008Ⅲ.Carbohydrate nutrition[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2009,36(2):5-13.(in Chinese)
[30]BAN Y.Molecular structural,physiochemical and nutritional characterization of new lines of brassica carinata and the co-products[D].Saskatoon:University of Saskatchewan,2016.
[31]LIU B,THACKER P,MCKINNON J,et al.In-depth study of the protein molecular structures of different types of dried distillers grains with solubles and their relationship to digestive characteristics[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(6):1438-1448.
[32]潘晓花,杨亮,庞之洪,等.猪饲料有效能值预测模型的构建[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(5):1450-1460.PAN X H,YANG L,PANG Z H,et al.Construction of prediction model of effective energy of pig feed[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(5):1450-1460.(in Chinese)