挑战与阻断性压力源对边界跨越结果的影响——IT员工压力学习的有调节中介效应
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摘要
基于压力学习理论,研究IT部门中IT员工边界跨越下工作压力的压力源特征及其学习效应。通过有调节的中介效应模型,发现角色重载、角色模糊具有阻断性压力源特征,工作自主性会由于过渡刺激效应对知识获取和边界跨越绩效产生负面影响,但对工作满意度的影响却不显著。另外,当控制了角色模糊的影响后,角色冲突呈现出挑战性压力源特征,知识获取在工作压力与边界跨越结果之间起着部分中介作用。高掌握目标导向的员工更排斥阻断性压力源;高报酬公平性感知的员工面对阻断性压力源时知识获取水平较低。研究通过展示压力源特征、工作自主性的"过渡刺激"效应、压力影响的调节效应等,在边界跨越情境下拓展了压力学习理论。
Based on the theory of learning under occupational stressors,the hindrance and challenge stressors and their effects on knowledge acquisition and boundary spanning outcomes are explored. Through a moderated mediating effect model,it is found that role overload and role ambiguity of IT boundary spanners has the typical characteristics of hindrance stressor. In addition,job autonomy has a negative impact on knowledge acquisition and boundary spanning performance due to the over-stimulating effect,whereas its impact on job satisfaction is not significant. When the impact of role ambiguity is controlled,role conflict exhibits the characteristics of challenge stressor. It is also found that the learning effect plays a partial mediating role between job stressors and boundary spanning outcome. IT employees with high mastery goal orientation are more likely to dislike hindrance stressors and those with high pay equity perception will acquire less knowledge facing hindrance stressors. These results contribute to the theory of learning under stressors by revealing the hindrance and challenge stressors of IT personnel boundary spanners,mediation role of knowledge acquisition,and the moderating effects in boundary spanning context.
Based on the theory of learning under occupational stressors,the hindrance and challenge stressors and their effects on knowledge acquisition and boundary spanning outcomes are explored. Through a moderated mediating effect model,it is found that role overload and role ambiguity of IT boundary spanners has the typical characteristics of hindrance stressor. In addition,job autonomy has a negative impact on knowledge acquisition and boundary spanning performance due to the over-stimulating effect,whereas its impact on job satisfaction is not significant. When the impact of role ambiguity is controlled,role conflict exhibits the characteristics of challenge stressor. It is also found that the learning effect plays a partial mediating role between job stressors and boundary spanning outcome. IT employees with high mastery goal orientation are more likely to dislike hindrance stressors and those with high pay equity perception will acquire less knowledge facing hindrance stressors. These results contribute to the theory of learning under stressors by revealing the hindrance and challenge stressors of IT personnel boundary spanners,mediation role of knowledge acquisition,and the moderating effects in boundary spanning context.
引文
[1]Ancona D.G.,Caldwell D.F.Bridging the Boundary:External Activity and Performance in Organizational Teams[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,37(4):634-665
[2]杜荣,冯俊嵩,厉敏.边界跨越对IT外包绩效影响的实证分析[J].中国管理科学,2012,20(4):177-184
[3]Korschun D.Boundary-spanning Employees and Relationships with External Stakeholders:A Social Identity Approach[J].Academy of Management Review,2015,40(4):611-629
[4]林彦梅,刘洪,王三银.工作边界强度与工作压力的关系:基于个人-环境匹配理论[J].中国工业经济,2015,(3):122-134
[5]Lepine J.A.,Lepine M.A.,Jackson,C.L.Challenge and Hindrance Stress:Relationships with Exhaustion,Motivation to Learn,and Learning Performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(5):883-91
[6]Prem R.,Ohly S.,Kubicek B.,et al.Thriving on Challenge Stressors?Exploring Time Pressure and Learning Demands as Antecedents of Thriving at Work[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2017,38(1):108-123
[7]Wang G.,Netemyer R.G.The Effects of Job Autonomy,Customer Demandingness,and Trait Competitiveness on Salesperson Learning,Self-efficacy,and Performance[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2002,30(3):217-228
[8]Slyke C.V.The Importance of Compatibility and Pressure on Intentions to Engage in Distance Learning[J].Communications of the Association for Information Systems,2010,27(22):395-414
[9]Singh J.Striking a Balance in Boundary-spanning Positions:An Investigation of Some Unconventional Influences of Role Stressors and Job Characteristics on Job Outcomes of Salespeople[J].Journal of Marketing,1998,62(3):69-86
[10]Du W.,Pan S.L.Boundary Spanning by Design:Toward Aligning Boundary-spanning Capacity and Strategy in IT Outsourcing[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2013,60(1):59-76
[11]汤超颖,辛蕾.IT企业员工工作压力与离职意向关系的实证研究[J].管理评论,2007,19(9):30-34
[12]Deborah J.A.,Nita G.B.,Cynthia K.Exhaustion from Information System Career Experience:Implications for Turn-away Intention[J].MIS Quarterly,2015,39(3):713-727
[13]张振刚,余传鹏,李云健.主动性人格,知识分享与员工创新行为关系研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(4):123-133
[14]Leonardi P.M.Ambient Awareness and Knowledge Acquisition:Using Social Media to Learn“Who Knows What”and“Who Knows Whom”[J].Mis Quarterly,2015,39(4):747-762
[15]周飞,林春培,孙锐.道德领导与组织管理创新关系研究:非正式知识共享的中介作用[J].管理评论,2015,27(5):169-177
[16]Buch R.,Dysvik A.,Kuvaas,B.,et al.L.It Takes Three to Tango:Exploring the Interplay among Training Intensity,Job Autonomy,and Supervisor Support in Predicting Knowledge Sharing[J].Human Resource Management,2015,54(4):623-635
[17]De Clercq D.,Mohammad R.Z.,Belausteguigoitia I.Task Conflict and Employee Creativity:The Critical Roles of Learning Orientation and Goal Congruence[J].Human Resource Management,2007,56(1):93-109
[18]Frese M.,Garst H.,Fay D.Making Things Happen:Reciprocal Relationship between Work Characteristics and Personal Initiative in a Four-wave Longitudinal Structural Equation Model[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(4):1084-1120
[19]De Lange A.H.D.,Taris T.W.,Jansen P.,et al.On the Relationships among Work Characteristics and Learning-related Behavior:Does Age Matter?[J]Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,31(7):925-950
[20]Wright R.R.,Mohr C.D.,Sinclair R.R.,et al.Sometimes Less is More:Directed Coping with Interpersonal Stressors at Work[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(6):786-805
[21]Gardner H.K.Performance Pressure as a Double-edged Sword:Enhancing Team Motivation but Undermining the Use of Team Knowledge[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2012,57(1):1-46
[22]蔡亚华,贾良定,万国光.变革型领导与员工创造力:压力的中介作用[J].科研管理,2015,36(8):112-119
[23]王瑛华,张剑,张海利.信息性与控制性:工作压力源的性质研究[J].管理工程学报,2012,26(2):127-133
[24]Cavanaugh M.A.,Boswell W.R.,Roehling M.V.,et al.An Empirical Examination of Self-reported Work Stress Among US Managers[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(1):65-74
[25]李宗波,彭翠.挑战性-阻碍性压力对工作满意度,情绪衰竭的差异性影响:上下属关系的调节作用[J].软科学,2014,28(3):82-86
[26]张西超,胡婧,王亮,等.挑战性-阻断性压力源对工作满意度的影响:组织支持感受的作用机制[J].经济科学,2013,35(5):111-120
[27]Zhang Y.,Lepine J.A.,Buckman B.R.,et al.It’s not Fair…or is it?The Role of Justice and Leadership in Explaining Work Stressor-job Performance Relationships[J].Academy of Management Journal,2014,57(3):675-697
[28]刘得格,时勘,王永丽,等.挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系[J].管理科学,2011,24(2):1-9
[29]刘得格.挑战性-阻碍性压力源,角色超载和情绪枯竭的关系:心理弹性的调节作用[J].心理与行为研究,2015,13(1):115-124
[30]张永军,于瑞丽,魏炜.挑战性-阻断性压力与创造力:情绪的中介作用[J].华东经济管理,2016,30(1):156-161
[31]Meier L.L.,Spector P.E.Reciprocal Effects of Work Stressors and Counterproductive Work Behavior:A Five-wave Longitudinal Study[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2013,98(3):529-539
[32]王仙雅,林盛,陈立芸.挑战—阻碍性科研压力源对科研绩效的作用机理:科研焦虑与成就动机的中介作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(3):23-30
[33]Lepine J.A.,Podsakoff N.P.,Lepine M.A.A Meta-analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-hindrance Stressor Framework:An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships among Stressors and Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(5):764-775
[34]Karasek R.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):258-306
[35]Dawson K.M.,O’Brien K.E.,Beehr T.A.The Role of Hindrance Stressors in the Job Demand-Control-Support Model of Occupational Stress:A Proposed Theory Revision[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2016,37(3):397-415
[36]Ritter K.J.Understanding Role Stressors and Job Satisfaction Over Time Using Adaptation Theory[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(12):1655-1669
[37]Guillemette M.G.,Pare G.Toward a New Theory of the Contribution of the IT Function in Organizations[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(2):529-551
[38]Deng X.N.,Chi L.Knowledge Boundary Spanning and Productivity in Information Systems Support Community[J].Decision Support Systems,2015,80(14):14-26
[39]Karasek R.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):258-306
[40]Sonnentag S.,Fritz C.Recovery from Job Stress:The Stressor-detachment Model as an Integrative Framework[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(S1):S72-S103
[41]Galluch P.S.,Grover V.,Thatcher J.B.Interrupting the Workplace:Examining Stressors in an Information Technology Context[J].Journal of the Association for Information Systems,2015,16(1):1-47
[42]Rutner P.S.,Hardgrave B.C.,Mcknight D.H.Emotional Dissonance and the Information Technology Professional[J].MIS Quarterly,2008,32(3):635-652
[43]Kuo Y.F.,Chen L.S.Individual Demographic Differences and Job Satisfaction among Information Technology Personnel:An Empirical Study in Taiwan[J].International Journal of Management,2004,21(2):221-231
[44]赵欣,刘倩,于玲玲.工作压力学习效应研究述评与三元互惠模型构建[J].外国经济与管理,2013,35(2):52-62
[45]Taris T.W.,Kompier M.A.J.,Lange A.H.D.Learning New Behavior Partners:A Longitudinal Test of Karasek’s ActiveLearning Hypothesis among Dutch Teachers[J].Work&Stress,2003,17(1):1-20
[46]Lin W.,Ma J.,Wang L.,et al.Double-edged Sword:The Moderating Role of Conscientiousness in the Relationships between Work Stressors,Psychological Strain,and Job Performance[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(1):94-111
[47]Greenidge D.,Coyne I.Job Stressors and Voluntary Work Behaviours:Mediating Effect of Emotion and Moderating Roles of Personality and Emotional Intelligence[J].Human Resource Management Journal,2014,24(4):479-495
[48]Eckhardt A.,Laumer S.,Maier C.,et al.The Effect of Personality on IT Personnel’s Job-related Attitudes:Establishing a Dispositional Model of Turnover Intention across IT Job Types[J].Journal of Information Technology,2016,31(1):48-66
[49]Yperen N.W.V.,Janssen O.Fatigued and Dissatisfied or Fatigued but Satisfied?Goal Orientations and Responses to High Job Demands[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(6):1161-1171
[50]杜鹏程,宋锟泰,汪点点.创新型企业研发人员工作自主性对沉默与建言的影响——角色压力的中介作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(12):158-167
[51]Bassellier G.,Benbasat I.Business Competence of Information Technology Professionals:Conceptual Development and Influence on IT-Business Partnerships[J].MIS Quarterly,2004,28(4):673-694
[52]Bono J.E.,Judge T.A.Self-concordance at Work:Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders[J].Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(5):554-571
[53]Moore J.E.One Road to Turnover:An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):141-168
[54]Shawm J.D.,Gupta N.Pay Fairness and Employee Outcomes:Exacerbation and Attenuation Effects of Financial Need[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2001,74(3):299-320
[55]Lam S.Y.What Kind of Assumptions Need to be Realistic and How to Test them:A Response Tsang(2006)[J].Strategic Management Journal,2010,31(6):679-687
[56]Edwards J.R.,Lambert L.S.Methods for Integrating Moderation and Mediation:A General Analytical Framework Using Moderated Path Analysis[J].Psychological Methods,2007,12(1):1-22
[57]Ahujia M.,Chudoba K.,Geroge J.,et al.Overworked and Isolated?Predicting the Effect of Work-family Conflict,Autonomy,and Workload on Organizational Commitment and Turnover of Virtual Works[C].Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002
[2]杜荣,冯俊嵩,厉敏.边界跨越对IT外包绩效影响的实证分析[J].中国管理科学,2012,20(4):177-184
[3]Korschun D.Boundary-spanning Employees and Relationships with External Stakeholders:A Social Identity Approach[J].Academy of Management Review,2015,40(4):611-629
[4]林彦梅,刘洪,王三银.工作边界强度与工作压力的关系:基于个人-环境匹配理论[J].中国工业经济,2015,(3):122-134
[5]Lepine J.A.,Lepine M.A.,Jackson,C.L.Challenge and Hindrance Stress:Relationships with Exhaustion,Motivation to Learn,and Learning Performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(5):883-91
[6]Prem R.,Ohly S.,Kubicek B.,et al.Thriving on Challenge Stressors?Exploring Time Pressure and Learning Demands as Antecedents of Thriving at Work[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2017,38(1):108-123
[7]Wang G.,Netemyer R.G.The Effects of Job Autonomy,Customer Demandingness,and Trait Competitiveness on Salesperson Learning,Self-efficacy,and Performance[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2002,30(3):217-228
[8]Slyke C.V.The Importance of Compatibility and Pressure on Intentions to Engage in Distance Learning[J].Communications of the Association for Information Systems,2010,27(22):395-414
[9]Singh J.Striking a Balance in Boundary-spanning Positions:An Investigation of Some Unconventional Influences of Role Stressors and Job Characteristics on Job Outcomes of Salespeople[J].Journal of Marketing,1998,62(3):69-86
[10]Du W.,Pan S.L.Boundary Spanning by Design:Toward Aligning Boundary-spanning Capacity and Strategy in IT Outsourcing[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2013,60(1):59-76
[11]汤超颖,辛蕾.IT企业员工工作压力与离职意向关系的实证研究[J].管理评论,2007,19(9):30-34
[12]Deborah J.A.,Nita G.B.,Cynthia K.Exhaustion from Information System Career Experience:Implications for Turn-away Intention[J].MIS Quarterly,2015,39(3):713-727
[13]张振刚,余传鹏,李云健.主动性人格,知识分享与员工创新行为关系研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(4):123-133
[14]Leonardi P.M.Ambient Awareness and Knowledge Acquisition:Using Social Media to Learn“Who Knows What”and“Who Knows Whom”[J].Mis Quarterly,2015,39(4):747-762
[15]周飞,林春培,孙锐.道德领导与组织管理创新关系研究:非正式知识共享的中介作用[J].管理评论,2015,27(5):169-177
[16]Buch R.,Dysvik A.,Kuvaas,B.,et al.L.It Takes Three to Tango:Exploring the Interplay among Training Intensity,Job Autonomy,and Supervisor Support in Predicting Knowledge Sharing[J].Human Resource Management,2015,54(4):623-635
[17]De Clercq D.,Mohammad R.Z.,Belausteguigoitia I.Task Conflict and Employee Creativity:The Critical Roles of Learning Orientation and Goal Congruence[J].Human Resource Management,2007,56(1):93-109
[18]Frese M.,Garst H.,Fay D.Making Things Happen:Reciprocal Relationship between Work Characteristics and Personal Initiative in a Four-wave Longitudinal Structural Equation Model[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(4):1084-1120
[19]De Lange A.H.D.,Taris T.W.,Jansen P.,et al.On the Relationships among Work Characteristics and Learning-related Behavior:Does Age Matter?[J]Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,31(7):925-950
[20]Wright R.R.,Mohr C.D.,Sinclair R.R.,et al.Sometimes Less is More:Directed Coping with Interpersonal Stressors at Work[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(6):786-805
[21]Gardner H.K.Performance Pressure as a Double-edged Sword:Enhancing Team Motivation but Undermining the Use of Team Knowledge[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2012,57(1):1-46
[22]蔡亚华,贾良定,万国光.变革型领导与员工创造力:压力的中介作用[J].科研管理,2015,36(8):112-119
[23]王瑛华,张剑,张海利.信息性与控制性:工作压力源的性质研究[J].管理工程学报,2012,26(2):127-133
[24]Cavanaugh M.A.,Boswell W.R.,Roehling M.V.,et al.An Empirical Examination of Self-reported Work Stress Among US Managers[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(1):65-74
[25]李宗波,彭翠.挑战性-阻碍性压力对工作满意度,情绪衰竭的差异性影响:上下属关系的调节作用[J].软科学,2014,28(3):82-86
[26]张西超,胡婧,王亮,等.挑战性-阻断性压力源对工作满意度的影响:组织支持感受的作用机制[J].经济科学,2013,35(5):111-120
[27]Zhang Y.,Lepine J.A.,Buckman B.R.,et al.It’s not Fair…or is it?The Role of Justice and Leadership in Explaining Work Stressor-job Performance Relationships[J].Academy of Management Journal,2014,57(3):675-697
[28]刘得格,时勘,王永丽,等.挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系[J].管理科学,2011,24(2):1-9
[29]刘得格.挑战性-阻碍性压力源,角色超载和情绪枯竭的关系:心理弹性的调节作用[J].心理与行为研究,2015,13(1):115-124
[30]张永军,于瑞丽,魏炜.挑战性-阻断性压力与创造力:情绪的中介作用[J].华东经济管理,2016,30(1):156-161
[31]Meier L.L.,Spector P.E.Reciprocal Effects of Work Stressors and Counterproductive Work Behavior:A Five-wave Longitudinal Study[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2013,98(3):529-539
[32]王仙雅,林盛,陈立芸.挑战—阻碍性科研压力源对科研绩效的作用机理:科研焦虑与成就动机的中介作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(3):23-30
[33]Lepine J.A.,Podsakoff N.P.,Lepine M.A.A Meta-analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-hindrance Stressor Framework:An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships among Stressors and Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(5):764-775
[34]Karasek R.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):258-306
[35]Dawson K.M.,O’Brien K.E.,Beehr T.A.The Role of Hindrance Stressors in the Job Demand-Control-Support Model of Occupational Stress:A Proposed Theory Revision[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2016,37(3):397-415
[36]Ritter K.J.Understanding Role Stressors and Job Satisfaction Over Time Using Adaptation Theory[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(12):1655-1669
[37]Guillemette M.G.,Pare G.Toward a New Theory of the Contribution of the IT Function in Organizations[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(2):529-551
[38]Deng X.N.,Chi L.Knowledge Boundary Spanning and Productivity in Information Systems Support Community[J].Decision Support Systems,2015,80(14):14-26
[39]Karasek R.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):258-306
[40]Sonnentag S.,Fritz C.Recovery from Job Stress:The Stressor-detachment Model as an Integrative Framework[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(S1):S72-S103
[41]Galluch P.S.,Grover V.,Thatcher J.B.Interrupting the Workplace:Examining Stressors in an Information Technology Context[J].Journal of the Association for Information Systems,2015,16(1):1-47
[42]Rutner P.S.,Hardgrave B.C.,Mcknight D.H.Emotional Dissonance and the Information Technology Professional[J].MIS Quarterly,2008,32(3):635-652
[43]Kuo Y.F.,Chen L.S.Individual Demographic Differences and Job Satisfaction among Information Technology Personnel:An Empirical Study in Taiwan[J].International Journal of Management,2004,21(2):221-231
[44]赵欣,刘倩,于玲玲.工作压力学习效应研究述评与三元互惠模型构建[J].外国经济与管理,2013,35(2):52-62
[45]Taris T.W.,Kompier M.A.J.,Lange A.H.D.Learning New Behavior Partners:A Longitudinal Test of Karasek’s ActiveLearning Hypothesis among Dutch Teachers[J].Work&Stress,2003,17(1):1-20
[46]Lin W.,Ma J.,Wang L.,et al.Double-edged Sword:The Moderating Role of Conscientiousness in the Relationships between Work Stressors,Psychological Strain,and Job Performance[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(1):94-111
[47]Greenidge D.,Coyne I.Job Stressors and Voluntary Work Behaviours:Mediating Effect of Emotion and Moderating Roles of Personality and Emotional Intelligence[J].Human Resource Management Journal,2014,24(4):479-495
[48]Eckhardt A.,Laumer S.,Maier C.,et al.The Effect of Personality on IT Personnel’s Job-related Attitudes:Establishing a Dispositional Model of Turnover Intention across IT Job Types[J].Journal of Information Technology,2016,31(1):48-66
[49]Yperen N.W.V.,Janssen O.Fatigued and Dissatisfied or Fatigued but Satisfied?Goal Orientations and Responses to High Job Demands[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,45(6):1161-1171
[50]杜鹏程,宋锟泰,汪点点.创新型企业研发人员工作自主性对沉默与建言的影响——角色压力的中介作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(12):158-167
[51]Bassellier G.,Benbasat I.Business Competence of Information Technology Professionals:Conceptual Development and Influence on IT-Business Partnerships[J].MIS Quarterly,2004,28(4):673-694
[52]Bono J.E.,Judge T.A.Self-concordance at Work:Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders[J].Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(5):554-571
[53]Moore J.E.One Road to Turnover:An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):141-168
[54]Shawm J.D.,Gupta N.Pay Fairness and Employee Outcomes:Exacerbation and Attenuation Effects of Financial Need[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2001,74(3):299-320
[55]Lam S.Y.What Kind of Assumptions Need to be Realistic and How to Test them:A Response Tsang(2006)[J].Strategic Management Journal,2010,31(6):679-687
[56]Edwards J.R.,Lambert L.S.Methods for Integrating Moderation and Mediation:A General Analytical Framework Using Moderated Path Analysis[J].Psychological Methods,2007,12(1):1-22
[57]Ahujia M.,Chudoba K.,Geroge J.,et al.Overworked and Isolated?Predicting the Effect of Work-family Conflict,Autonomy,and Workload on Organizational Commitment and Turnover of Virtual Works[C].Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002