播期对直播高粱生长发育及产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】高粱是中国白酒的主要原料,其产量受生育期生态条件的影响很大,直播是轻简化栽培趋势下的必然选择,探讨直播条件下播期对不同高粱品种生长发育及产量的影响,为西南地区直播高粱高产、高效生产提供依据。【方法】以5个西南地区主栽高粱品种为材料,设置5个播期,研究了播期对直播高粱出苗率、生育期、光合性能和产量及其构成因素的影响,并分析其与气象因子的关系。【结果】播期对高粱生长发育及产量形成均有显著的影响,品种间变化趋势相似,但变异程度存在差异。随着播期的推迟,高粱出苗率显著增加,生育期缩短,主要表现在播种—抽穗的生育日数明显缩短。抽穗期顶三叶SPAD值和叶面积指数(LAI)均呈先上升后下降的趋势。结实率、千粒重、穗粒重和产量均随播期的推迟而降低。高粱出苗率与播种后7 d均温、有效积温和降雨量呈极显著正相关;生育期和产量与抽穗前和全生育期均温呈极显著负相关。【结论】较迟播而言,早播高粱生育期延长,产量较高,但出苗率低。西南地区直播高粱的适宜播期为4月15日—5月2日。
[Purpose]Sorghum is the main raw material of Chinese liquor, the yield of which is affected by ecological condition of growth period greatly. Direct seeding, one of most important simplified cultivation ways is more and more popular. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of sowing date on growth and grain yield of direct seeding sorghum, expecting to provide a reference for high-efficient production of direct seeding sorghum in the Southwest China.[Method]Five sorghum varieties mainly grown in Southwest China were used as materials, and five sowing dates were designed. The emergence rate, growth stage, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were measured and the correlation between these characters above and ecological factors was analyzed.[Result]Sowing date had a significant effect on the growth and yield of sorghum, with similar trend but different extent of variation among cultivars. Along with the delay of sowing date, the emergence rate of direct seeding sorghum increased significantly, and the growth stage shortened, primarily causing by the lessening of days between sowing and heading. The SPAD of top three leaves and LAI in heading stage both increased firstly and then declined. The seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight, grain weight per ear and yield all decreased with the delay of sowing date. There were highly significant positive correlations between emergence rate and average temperature, effective accumulative temperature and rainfall of 7 days after sowing. The growth stage and yield of sorghum had highly significant negative correlations with average temperature of the period before heading and the whole growth stage.[Conclusion]Compared with sowing late, sowing early had the advantages of longer growth stage,higher yield, but the disadvantage of lower emergence rate. The suitable sowing date was recommended between April 15 th and May 2 nd for direct seeding sorghum in Southwest China.
[Purpose]Sorghum is the main raw material of Chinese liquor, the yield of which is affected by ecological condition of growth period greatly. Direct seeding, one of most important simplified cultivation ways is more and more popular. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of sowing date on growth and grain yield of direct seeding sorghum, expecting to provide a reference for high-efficient production of direct seeding sorghum in the Southwest China.[Method]Five sorghum varieties mainly grown in Southwest China were used as materials, and five sowing dates were designed. The emergence rate, growth stage, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were measured and the correlation between these characters above and ecological factors was analyzed.[Result]Sowing date had a significant effect on the growth and yield of sorghum, with similar trend but different extent of variation among cultivars. Along with the delay of sowing date, the emergence rate of direct seeding sorghum increased significantly, and the growth stage shortened, primarily causing by the lessening of days between sowing and heading. The SPAD of top three leaves and LAI in heading stage both increased firstly and then declined. The seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight, grain weight per ear and yield all decreased with the delay of sowing date. There were highly significant positive correlations between emergence rate and average temperature, effective accumulative temperature and rainfall of 7 days after sowing. The growth stage and yield of sorghum had highly significant negative correlations with average temperature of the period before heading and the whole growth stage.[Conclusion]Compared with sowing late, sowing early had the advantages of longer growth stage,higher yield, but the disadvantage of lower emergence rate. The suitable sowing date was recommended between April 15 th and May 2 nd for direct seeding sorghum in Southwest China.
引文
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[3]肖尧,熊敏,丁成龙,等.播期对高产春玉米产量及光合特性的影响[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2014(2):65.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-6486.2007.04.009.
[4]李向岭,李从锋,侯玉虹,等.不同播期夏玉米产量性能动态指标及其生态效应[J].中国农业科学,2011,45(6):1074.DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.06.005.
[5]姚义,霍中洋,张洪程,等.播期对麦茬直播粳稻产量及品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(15):3098.DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.15.004.
[6]BLANDINO M,REYNERI A,VANARA F.Effect of sowing time on toxigenic fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of maize kernels[J].Journal of Phytopathology,2009,157:7.DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01431.x.
[7]赵建武,白文斌,刘贵锋,等.不同播期、积温、降水量对高粱农艺性状形成及产量的影响[J].农学学报,2014,4(4):1.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-7774.2014.04.001.
[8]HADEBE S T,MABHAUDHI T,MODI A T.Water use of sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)in response to varying planting dates evaluated under rainfed conditions[J].Water SA,2017,43(1):91.DOI:10.4314/wsa.v43i1.12.
[9]吉春容,邹陈,范子昂,等.甜高粱不同播期下光合特性的变化及其与气象因子的关系[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(33):135.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2013.33.024.
[10]王聪.播期与肥密对高粱产量及品质的影响[D].大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2015.
[11]王天聆,喻盛莲,万俊英,等.不同播种期对高粱红缨子生育和产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培,2012(6):12.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-2239.2012.06.006.
[12]杨琳,崔福柱,段永红,等.不同播期对夏播高粱生育期及产量的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(1):7.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8151.2017.01.002.
[13]李超,肖木辑,周宇飞,等.不同播期对高粱子粒淀粉含量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2009,40(6):708.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1700.2009.06.014.
[14]李经成,宋炫旻,榻维言,等.能源型甜高粱分期播种试验初报[J].热带作物学报,2012,33(3):412.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2012.03.004.
[15]TULEEN D M,FREDERIKSEN R A,VUDHIVANICHP.Cultural practices and the incidence of sorghum downy mildew in grain sorghum[J].Phytopathology,1980,70(905):8.DOI:10.1094/Phyto-70-905.
[16]陆平.高粱种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[17]BEKELE W A,FIEDLER K,SHIRINGANI A A,et al.Unravelling the genetic complexity of sorghum seedling development under low-temperature conditions[J].Plant Cell and Environment,2014,37(3):707.DOI:10.1111/pce.12189.
[18]成慧娟,严福忠,马尚耀,等.影响高粱种子出苗率下降的原因及预防措施[J].内蒙古农业科技,2011(4):112.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-0907.2011.04.065.
[19]庾正平,任建华.高粱出苗能力的遗传研究[J].华北农学报,1986,1(4):43.
[20]赵增煜,吕繁德.种子籽粒大小对活力影响的研究(初报)[J].种子,1983,2(2):22.
[21]张恩艳.播期、密度对夏播高粱生长发育及产量的影响[D].晋中:山西农业大学,2015.
[22]张效梅.播期对高粱生长发育及产量结构的影响[J].山西农业科学,1984(z1):17.
[23]董世磊,曹禹,孙娜,等.不同播期、种植密度对新高粱3号产量的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2013(6):22.
[24]CIRILO A G,ANDRADE F H.Sowing date and maize productivity:I.Crop growth and dry matter partitioning[J].Crop Science,1994,34(4):1039.DOI:10.2135/cr opsci1994.0011183x003400040037x.
[25]李文科,薛庆禹,王靖,等.播期对吉林春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响[J].玉米科学,2013(5):81.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0906.2013.05.016.
[26]王义芹,杨兴洪,李滨,等.小麦叶面积及光合速率与产量关系的研究[J].华北农学报,2008,23(z2):10.
[27]周绍东,周宇飞,黄瑞冬.播种期对各生育时期甜高粱叶片性状的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2005,36(3):340.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1700.2005.03.021.
[28]徐恒永,赵君实.高产冬小麦的冠层光合能力及不同器官的贡献[J].作物学报,1995,21(2):204.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.1995.02.013.
[29]朱元刚,董树亭,张吉旺,等.种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1417.
[30]KIRBY E J M,APPLEYARD M,FELLOWES G.Effect of sowing date on the temperature response of leaf emergence and leaf size in barley[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,1982,5(6):477.DOI:10.1111/1365-3040.ep11611839.
[31]JUSKIW P E,HELM J H.Barley response to seeding date in central Alberta[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2003,83(2):275.DOI:10.4141/p02-049.
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