美国公共政策制定过程中利益集团的行动逻辑——以全美步枪协会(NRA)为例
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摘要
利益集团在美国政治生活中扮演着重要的角色。他们在公共政策制定过程中,通过各种方式向政府机构提出要求或施加影响,从而使政策最大限度地符合集团自身利益。本文基于利益集团对美国枪支管控政策的影响,沿循"行为动机—行为环境—行为资本—行为选择"的四维分析框架,着重分析利益集团在公共政策制定过程中的行动逻辑。以全美最大的单一议题利益集团——全美步枪协会为例,从利益驱动、制度基础、资源结构、策略选择四个方面研究了这一利益集团在枪支管控政策推行中的行动逻辑,并对枪支管控政策推行失败的原因加以了分析。
Interest groups play an important role in American political life.In the process of public policy making,they make demands or exert influences on government agencies in various ways,so as to make the policies conform to the interests of the group to the greatest extent.Based on the influence of interest groups on American gun control policies,this paper follows the four-dimensional analytical framework of "behavioral motivation--behavioral environment--behavioral capital--behavioral choice" and focuses on analyzing the action logic of interest groups in the process of public policy making.Taking the National Rifle Association of America(NRA),the largest single-issue interest group in the United States,as an example,this paper studies the action logic of this interest group in the implementation of gun control policies from four aspects,including interest drive,institutional basis,resource structure and strategy selection,and analyzes the reasons for the failure of the implementation of gun control policies.
Interest groups play an important role in American political life.In the process of public policy making,they make demands or exert influences on government agencies in various ways,so as to make the policies conform to the interests of the group to the greatest extent.Based on the influence of interest groups on American gun control policies,this paper follows the four-dimensional analytical framework of "behavioral motivation--behavioral environment--behavioral capital--behavioral choice" and focuses on analyzing the action logic of interest groups in the process of public policy making.Taking the National Rifle Association of America(NRA),the largest single-issue interest group in the United States,as an example,this paper studies the action logic of this interest group in the implementation of gun control policies from four aspects,including interest drive,institutional basis,resource structure and strategy selection,and analyzes the reasons for the failure of the implementation of gun control policies.
引文
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[18]盖伊·彼得斯.官僚政治[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006:192-218.
[19]蒋建国,许珍.美国利益集团对媒体话语权的影响与控制[J].马克思主义研究,2016(5).
[2]袁征.论美国枪支管制运动的发展及前景[J].美国研究,2002(4).
[3]李俊久,姜默竹.美国对华汇率外交中的利益集团政治[J].当代亚太,2014(4).
[4]罗伯特·A.达尔著.论民主[M].李风华,编译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012:143-144.
[5]杜鲁门.政治过程[M].陈尧,译.天津:天津人民出版社,2005:85-88.
[6]Graham,K,Wilson.Interest Grounds in The United States[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981:65-66.
[7]Arthur Bentley:The Process of Government[M].Cambridge,Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1967:205-210.
[8]David B Truman:The Government Process[M].N.Y.,AlfredKnopf,1951:15-20.
[9]诺曼·杰·奥恩斯坦,雪莉·埃尔德.利益集团、院外活动和政策制定[M].潘同文,译.北京:世界知识出版社,1981:102-105.
[10]陈晓平.透视美国枪支文化的死结--消极自由和积极自由的张力与吊诡[J].湖南社会科学,2018(1).
[11]高英东.美国持枪自由与枪支暴力背后的原因探析[J].犯罪研究,2015(2).
[12]刘奇耀,林海容.美国宪法第二修正案述评[J].山东社会科学,2012(10).
[13]高丽娜.从宪法学角度看美国禁枪问题[J].人民论坛,2011(2).
[14]Latham E.The Group Basis of Politics:Notes for a Theory[J].American Political Science Review,1952,46(2).
[15]Robison,Peter;Crewdson,John(December 28,2011).“NRA Raises$200 Million as Gun Lobby Toasters Burn Logo on Bread”.
[16]节大磊.美国的政治极化与美国民主[J].美国研究,2016,30(2).
[17]王沪宁.美国反对美国[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1991:166-167.
[18]盖伊·彼得斯.官僚政治[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006:192-218.
[19]蒋建国,许珍.美国利益集团对媒体话语权的影响与控制[J].马克思主义研究,2016(5).