驼、牛、羊乳中脂肪酸含量的比较分析
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摘要
采用气相色谱法对驼、牛、羊乳3种乳中脂肪酸(fatty acids,FA)种类及含量进行比较。结果表明,3种乳脂肪酸种类和含量差异显著。驼乳检测出33种脂肪酸,棕榈酸相对含量最高((23.73±2.17)%);驼乳的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)相对含量((4.09±0.54)%)显著高于牛乳和羊乳;牛乳中检测出29种脂肪酸,棕榈酸相对含量最高((27.44±2.45)%);羊乳检测出34种脂肪酸,且油酸相对含量最高((30.89±3.57)%)。3种乳中羊乳单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA)含量最高((35.26±3.86)%)。此外,结合主成分分析和相关性分析方法,对驼乳的脂肪酸含量进行进一步分析,结果显示,驼乳的饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids,SFA)∶MUFA∶PUFA为1∶0.60∶0.08,驼乳更接近联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织推荐SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA为1∶1∶1。PUFA与短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFA)、长链脂肪酸(long-chain fatty acids,LCFA)呈负相关,与n-6 FA相关性最大(0.978);SCFA与LCFA呈正相关,n-6 FA与n-3 FA呈正相关。
The aim of this study was to characterize the fat acid profiles of camel, bovine and caprine milk by gas chromatography. The results showed that there were significant differences in the types and contents of fatty acids among the three milks. A total of 33 fatty acids were detected in camel milk, with palmitic acid being the most abundant((23.73 ± 2.17)%);the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content of camel milk was(4.09 ± 0.54)%, which was significantly higher than that of bovine and caprine milk. A total of 29 fatty acids were detected in bovine milk, with palmitic acid being the most dominant((27.44 ± 2.45)%), and 34 fatty acids were detected in caprine milk, dominated by oleic acid((30.89 ± 3.57)%). Among these milks, the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) was found in caprine milk((35.26 ± 3.86)%). In addition, the fatty acid profile of camel milk was further analyzed by principal component analysis and correlation analysis.The results showed that the ratio of saturated fatty acids to MUFA to PUFA was 1:0.60:0.08, which was closer to the FAO/WHO recommended value 1:1:1. There was a negative correlation between PUFA and short-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, with a maximum correlation with n-6 FA(0.978); there was a positive correlation between SCFA and LCFA, and between n-6 FA and LCFA.
The aim of this study was to characterize the fat acid profiles of camel, bovine and caprine milk by gas chromatography. The results showed that there were significant differences in the types and contents of fatty acids among the three milks. A total of 33 fatty acids were detected in camel milk, with palmitic acid being the most abundant((23.73 ± 2.17)%);the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content of camel milk was(4.09 ± 0.54)%, which was significantly higher than that of bovine and caprine milk. A total of 29 fatty acids were detected in bovine milk, with palmitic acid being the most dominant((27.44 ± 2.45)%), and 34 fatty acids were detected in caprine milk, dominated by oleic acid((30.89 ± 3.57)%). Among these milks, the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) was found in caprine milk((35.26 ± 3.86)%). In addition, the fatty acid profile of camel milk was further analyzed by principal component analysis and correlation analysis.The results showed that the ratio of saturated fatty acids to MUFA to PUFA was 1:0.60:0.08, which was closer to the FAO/WHO recommended value 1:1:1. There was a negative correlation between PUFA and short-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, with a maximum correlation with n-6 FA(0.978); there was a positive correlation between SCFA and LCFA, and between n-6 FA and LCFA.
引文
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[26]马露.奶牛、水牛、牦牛、娟珊牛、山羊、骆驼和马乳特征性成分分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
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[29]PEGOLO S,CECCHINATO A.Genetic and environmental relationships of detailed milk fatty acids profile determined by gas chromatography in Brown Swiss cows[J].American Dairy Science Association,2016,99(2):1315-1330.DOI:10.3168/jds.2015-9596.
[30]伍金华,周克元.乳腺癌患者红细胞膜n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率检测的临床意义[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2013,20(7):512-514.
[31]孙妍.不同中短链与长链脂肪酸比例对奶牛乳脂含量及组成的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.
[32]高巧仙.饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例对畜禽健康和产品品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(7):1429-1436.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2013.07.005.
[2]ROOKE J A,FLOCKHART J F,SPARKS N H.The potential for increasing the concentrations of micro-nutrients relevant to human nutrition in meat,milk and eggs[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2010,148(5):603-614.DOI:10.1017/S002185961000047X.
[3]李聪,张胜利,刘林,等.中国荷斯坦牛乳脂肪酸性状影响因素分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(11):1739-1748.
[4]古丽巴哈尔·卡吾力,高晓黎,常占瑛,等.马乳与驼乳、驴乳、牛乳基本理化性质及组成比较[J].食品科技,2017(7):123-127.
[5]王初一.苏尼特双峰驼乳抗肿瘤免疫活性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[6]李朝旭.石家庄地区牛乳脂肪中脂肪酸成分的分析[J].中国乳品工业,2004,32(5):41-43.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2230.2004.05.010.
[7]徐敏,陆东林,李景芳,等.生驼乳和驼乳粉食品安全地方标准的研究[J].中国奶牛,2016,317(9):60-64.
[8]陆东林,陈钢粮,叶东东,等.准噶尔双峰驼驼乳脂肪质量分数的调查分析[J].中国乳业,2017(3):56-60.
[9]董静,陈钢粮,齐新林,等.驼乳的理化指标及影响因素[J].新疆畜牧业,2016(8):34-35.
[10]何晓瑞,陆东林,徐敏,等.不同季节和月份驼乳和驼乳制品营养性指标的比较[J].新疆畜牧业,2016(10):21-23.
[11]S H I N G F I E L D K J,B O N N E T M,S C O L L A N N D.R e c e n t developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminantderived foods[J].Animal Bioscience,2013,7(Suppl 1):132.DOI:10.1017/S1751731112001681.
[12]高玎玲.内蒙古四种家畜乳常量与微量元素测定及特征分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2017.
[13]陆东林.马乳的营养价值和开发利用[J].新疆畜牧业,2012(4):4-9.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4889.2012.04.002.
[14]MABOOD F,JABEEN F,AHMED M,et al.Development of new NIR-spectroscopy method combined with multivariate analysis for detection of adulteration in camel milk with goat milk[J].Food Chemistry,2017,221:746-750.DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.109.
[15]顾翔宇.内蒙古牛马驼乳脂肪中脂肪酸构成的比较[J].中国乳品工业,2016,44(3):16-19.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2230.2016.03.004.
[16]STAHL T,SALLMANN H P,DUEHLMEIER R,et al.Selected vitamins and fatty acid patterns in dromedary milk and colostrums[J].Journal of Camel Practice and Research,2006,13(1):53-57.
[17]NARMURATOVA M,KONUSPAYEVA G,LOISEAU G,et al.Fatty acids composition of dromedary and bactrian camel milk in Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Camel Practice&Research,2011,13(1):45-50.
[18]王曙阳.骆驼奶活性成分评价及对II型糖尿病辅助治疗作用的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2011.
[19]朱文适.鲜牛羊奶中脂肪酸组分的测定与比较[J].山地农业生物学报,2000,19(3):189-190.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-0457.2000.03.008.
[20]潘国卿.内蒙古地区牛乳及其制品中脂肪酸成分的气相色谱-质谱法分析[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版),2012,41(4):401-405.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8735.2012.04.016.
[21]蒋玉菡.羊乳致膻机理及去膻技术研究进展[J].中国乳品工业,2017,45(9):41-44.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2230.2017.09.009.
[22]陆旭亚.肥胖儿童青少年血清磷脂脂肪酸谱研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2009.
[23]徐文晖.不饱和脂肪酸分离技术研究概况[J].食品研究与开发,2007,28(8):153-156.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2007.08.050.
[24]WONGTANGTINTHARN S,OKU H,IWASAKI H,et al.Effect of branched-chain fatty acids on fatty acid biosynthesis of human breast cancer cells[J].Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2004,50(2):137-143.
[25]冯晓群.马鹿亚种间杂交后代背最长肌脂肪酸的分析研究[J].肉类工业,2012(3):20-25.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5467.2012.03.011.
[26]马露.奶牛、水牛、牦牛、娟珊牛、山羊、骆驼和马乳特征性成分分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
[27]林观平.湖光牛奶脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].现代预防医学,2007,34(19):3619-3620.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-8507.2007.19.009.
[28]MATTOS R,STAPLES C R,ARTECHE A,et al.The effects of feeding fish oil on uterine secretion of PGF2α,milk composition,and metabolic status of periparturient Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2004(4):921-932.DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73236-1.
[29]PEGOLO S,CECCHINATO A.Genetic and environmental relationships of detailed milk fatty acids profile determined by gas chromatography in Brown Swiss cows[J].American Dairy Science Association,2016,99(2):1315-1330.DOI:10.3168/jds.2015-9596.
[30]伍金华,周克元.乳腺癌患者红细胞膜n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率检测的临床意义[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2013,20(7):512-514.
[31]孙妍.不同中短链与长链脂肪酸比例对奶牛乳脂含量及组成的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.
[32]高巧仙.饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例对畜禽健康和产品品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(7):1429-1436.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2013.07.005.