机动车限行期间大气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10))中二■英(PCDD/Fs)的削减
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摘要
为探讨不同交通状况下大气颗粒物中二■英(PCDD/Fs)的污染特征以及评估交通限行对大气颗粒物中二■英(PCDD/Fs)变化趋势的影响,在中国地质大学(北京)东门使用中流量采样器对大气颗粒物PM_(10)和TSP样品进行了连续同步采集,应用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱(HRGC/HRMS)联用法和US EPA 1613B标准方法,检测分析了北京市交通限行期间以及交通限行前后等不同交通状况下大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中17种2,3,7,8-氯取代PCDD/Fs浓度及其变化特征,结果显示,PCDD/Fs在TSP中的浓度和毒性当量(TEQ)分别是交通限行前2117 fg·m~(-3)(120.85 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行期间550 fg·m~(-3)(25.26 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3)),在PM_(10)中的浓度(毒性当量)分别是交通限行前2045 fg·m~(-3)(112.87 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行期间484 fg·m~(-3)(19.67 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行结束后1572 fg·m~(-3)(81.06 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3)). PCDDs浓度远低于PCDFs,体现了典型"热源"特征,除OCDF外,PCDDs和PCDF同族体浓度变化趋势表现为随着取代氯原子个数的增加而增大,PCDD/Fs主要附着在PM_(10)中,占TSP中总浓度的87%—97%,平均92%.交通限行期间PCDD/Fs污染水平明显降低,临时交通流控制措施是PCDD/Fs降低的主要因素.当前的研究结果力求为评价交通源对大气环境中PCDD/Fs的影响以及交通限行对PCDD/Fs的削减贡献提供支撑.
Atmospheric particles(PM_(10), TSP) with different traffic conditions sampling were carried out simultaneously in Beijing with middle-volume active sampler at the east gate of China University of Geosciences(CUGB) to investigate the concentrations, congener profiles and estimate the effect of traffic restriction on variation trends of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs), seventeen 2, 3, 7, 8-substitituted congeners of PCDD/Fs were determined using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC/HRMS) based on US EPA 1613 B method. The concentrations and I-TEQs of PCDD/Fs were respectively 2045 fg·m~(-3)(112.87 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(before traffic restriction), 484 fg·m~(-3)(19.67 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(during traffic restriction) and 1572 pg·m~(-3)(81.06 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(after traffic restriction) for PM_(10), the concentrations and I-TEQs were 2117 fg·m~(-3)(120.85 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(before traffic restriction) and 550 fg·m~(-3)(25.26 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(during traffic restriction) for PCDD/Fs in TSP. The homologue profiles for PCDDs concentrations presented were obviously lower than those of PCDFs, which was classified as thermal source pollution profiles, both the PCDD and PCDF concentrations increased with the increasing levels of chlorination with the exception of OCDF, by contrasting the PM_(10) and TSP results, an apparent trend was found with higher PCDD/F concentrations in PM_(10), which accounted for 87%—97% of the total PCDD/F concentrations in TSP, with an average contribution of 92%. The levels of PCDD/Fs during traffic resteriction were significantly lower than that in normal traffic situation, which was attributed to the reduction of traffic flow as well as the increase of fleet speed during the Beijing Olympics. The results from present study provides further aid in evaluating the impact of vehicle as PCDD/Fs emission sources to ambient air, and further to assess the effectiveness of vehicle restriction measures in reducing atmospheric PCDD/Fs.
Atmospheric particles(PM_(10), TSP) with different traffic conditions sampling were carried out simultaneously in Beijing with middle-volume active sampler at the east gate of China University of Geosciences(CUGB) to investigate the concentrations, congener profiles and estimate the effect of traffic restriction on variation trends of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs), seventeen 2, 3, 7, 8-substitituted congeners of PCDD/Fs were determined using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC/HRMS) based on US EPA 1613 B method. The concentrations and I-TEQs of PCDD/Fs were respectively 2045 fg·m~(-3)(112.87 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(before traffic restriction), 484 fg·m~(-3)(19.67 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(during traffic restriction) and 1572 pg·m~(-3)(81.06 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(after traffic restriction) for PM_(10), the concentrations and I-TEQs were 2117 fg·m~(-3)(120.85 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(before traffic restriction) and 550 fg·m~(-3)(25.26 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))(during traffic restriction) for PCDD/Fs in TSP. The homologue profiles for PCDDs concentrations presented were obviously lower than those of PCDFs, which was classified as thermal source pollution profiles, both the PCDD and PCDF concentrations increased with the increasing levels of chlorination with the exception of OCDF, by contrasting the PM_(10) and TSP results, an apparent trend was found with higher PCDD/F concentrations in PM_(10), which accounted for 87%—97% of the total PCDD/F concentrations in TSP, with an average contribution of 92%. The levels of PCDD/Fs during traffic resteriction were significantly lower than that in normal traffic situation, which was attributed to the reduction of traffic flow as well as the increase of fleet speed during the Beijing Olympics. The results from present study provides further aid in evaluating the impact of vehicle as PCDD/Fs emission sources to ambient air, and further to assess the effectiveness of vehicle restriction measures in reducing atmospheric PCDD/Fs.
引文
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[3] LEE S J,ALE D,CHANG Y S,et al.Seasonal and particle sizedependent variations in gas /particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs [J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153:215-222.
[4] LEE R G M,JONES K C.Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric pcdd/fs:Measurements and observations on modeling [J].Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33 (20):3596-3604.
[5] KARABEKTAS M,HOSOZ M.Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using isobutanol-diesel fuel blends [J].Renewable Energy,2009,34:1554-1559.
[6] SUN Y,ZHUANG G S,WANG Y,et al.The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing-concentration,composition,distribution and sources [J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:5990-6004.
[7] HE K B,YANG F M,MA Y L,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35:4959-4970.
[8] CHERUIYOT N K,LEE W J,YAN P,et al.An overview of PCDD/F inventories and emission factors from stationary and mobile sources:what we know and what is missing [J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16:2965-2988.
[9] CHUANG,S C,HUANG,K L,CHEN,S J,et al.PCDD/F emissions from gasoline and diesel fueled vehicles [J].Sustainable Environment Research,2011,21:29-36.
[10] SCHWIND K H,THOMA H,HUTZINGER O,et al.Emission halogenierter Dibenzodioxine (PXDD) und Dibenzofurane (PXDF) aus Verbrennungsmotoren [J].Umweltwissenschaflen und Schadstoff-Forschung,1991,3:291-298.
[11] GEUEKE K J,GESSNER A,QUASS U,et al.PCDD/F emissions from heavy duty vehicle diesel engines [J].Chemosphere,1999,38(12):2791-2806.
[12] COOPER D A.HCB,PCB,PCDD and PCDF emissions from ships [J].Atmospheric Environment 2005,39:4901-4912.
[13] GERTLER A W,SAGEBIEL J C,DIPPEL W A,et al.Measurements of dioxin and furan emission factors from heavy-duty diesel vehicles [J].Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association,1998,48:276-278.
[14] XUAN Z Q,BI C L,LI J F,et al.Source contributions to total concentrations and carcinogenic potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air:A case study in Suzhou City,China [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,10:1007-1018.
[15] CAI H,XIE S.Estimation of vehicular emission inventories in China from 1980 to 2005 [J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:8963-8979.
[16] 科学时报,限行是解决机动车污染的必然措施[EB/OL].[2007-08-28].http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/20078290515358188060.html.Science Times,Limit line is an inevitable measure to solve motor vehicle pollution[EB/OL].[2007-08-28].http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/20078290515358188060.html.
[17] ZHOU Y,WU Y,YANG L,et al.The impact of transportation control measures on mission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44:285-293.
[18] WANG S X,ZHAO M,XING J,et al.Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,4(7):2490-2496.
[19] LI Y M,WANG P,DING L,et al.Atmospheric distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls around a steel plant Area,Northeast China [J].Chemosphere,2010,79:253-258.
[20] LOHMANN R,LEE R G M,GREEN N J L,et al.Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples [J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:2529-2537.
[21] LOHMANN R,JONES K C.Dioxins and furans in air and deposition:A review of levels,behavior and processes [J].Science of The Total Environment,1998,219:53-81.
[22] 张菊,欧阳志云,苗鸿,等.奥运前期与奥运期间北京市大气细颗粒物特征比较分析 [J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2512-2518.ZHANG J,OU-YANG Z Y,MIAO H,et al.Characteristic comparative study of particulate matters in beijing before and during the olympics [J].Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2512-2518(in Chinese).
[23] JIA Y L,STONE D,WANG W T,et al.Estimated reduction in cancer risk due to PAH exposures if source control measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were sustained [J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2011,119:815-820.
[24] XIN J Y,WANG Y S,TANG G Q,et al.Variability and reduction of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55:1937-1944.
[25] LI Y M,WANG T,WANG P,et al.Reduction of atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45:3304-3309.
[26] LEE W S,CHANG-CHIEN G P,WANG L C,et al.Source identification of PCDD/Fs for various atmospheric environments in a highly industrialized city [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:4937-4944.
[27] MAKIYA K,UEDA H,NAKANO T,et al.Environmental levels (air and soil) of other organohalogens and ioxins P298:National environmental monitoring in Japan [J].Organohalogen Compounds,1999,43:217-220.
[28] CHANG M B,WENG Y M,LEE T Y,et al.Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in Northern Taiwan [J].Chemosphere,2003,51:1103-1110.
[29] 李英明,张庆华,王亚玮,等.交通限行对北京市空气中二恶英和多氯联苯的影响 [C].第四届全国环境化学学术大会论文集,南京,2007,767-768.LI Y M,ZHANG Q H,WANG Y W,et al.Impact of traffic restriction on PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Beijing air[C].Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Environmental Chemistry,Nanjing,China,2007,767-768(in Chinese).
[30] DING L,LI Y M,WANG P,et al.Spatial concentration,congener profiles and inhalation risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the atmosphere of Tianjin,China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58:971-978.
[31] YU L P,MAI B X,MENG X Z,et al.Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Guangzhou,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:96-108.
[32] LI H R,FENG J L,SHENG G Y,et al.The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai,China [J].Chemosphere,2008,70:576-583.
[33] QIN S T,ZHU X H,WANG W,et al.Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian,China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57 (26):3442-3451.
[34] SIN D W M,CHOI J Y Y,LOUIE P K K,et al.A study of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Hong Kong [J].Chemosphere,2002,47:647-653.
[35] KIM D G,MIN Y K,JEONG J Y,et al.Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do,Korea [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1722-1727.
[36] Government of Japan.Information brochure dioxin,2009 [R].2009,8-9.
[37] ABAD E,MARTíNEZ K,GUSTEMS L,et al.Ten years measuring PCDDs/PCDFs in ambient air of Catalonia (Spain) [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1709-1714
[38] COUTINHO M,PEREIRA M.,BONEGO C.Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/F levels in Portugal [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1715-1721.
[39] MENICHINI E,IACOVELLA N,MONFREDINI F,et al.Atmospheric pollution by PAHs,PCDD/Fs and PCBs imultaneously collected at a regional background site in central Italy and at an urban site in Rome,[J].Chemosphere,2007,69:422-434.
[40] CORREA O,RIFAI H,RAUN L,et al.Concentrations and vapor-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of Houston,TX [J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:6687-6699.
[41] Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan,1999.Environmental quality standards in Japan-Air quality [EB/OL].[1999-12-27].http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/aq/aq.html.
[42] CHEN Y C,TSAI P J,WANG L C,et al.An integrated approach for identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) pollutant sources based on human blood contents [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2010,17:759-769.
[43] CHANG M B,CHANG S H,CHEN Y W,et al.Dioxin emission factors for automobiles from tunnel air sampling in Northern Taiwan [J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,325:129-138.
[44] ZHU X H,PFISTER G,HENKELMANN B,et al.Simultaneous monitoring of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in contaminated air with semipermeable membrane devices and fresh spruce needles [J].Chemosphere,2007,68:1623-1629.
[45] HUNT G T.Atmospheric concentrations of PCDDs /PCDFs in Metropolitan Hartford Connecticut -Current levels and historical data [J].Chemosphere,2008,73(1) :S106-S113.
[46] HAGENMAIR H,LINDIG C,She J.Correlation of environmental occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with possible source [J].Chemosphere,1994,29:2163-2173.
[47] CHEN T,ZHAN M X,LIN X Q,et al.Distribution of PCDD/Fs in the fly ash and atmospheric air of two typical hazardous waste incinerators in eastern China [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22:1207-1214.
[2] IN H J,PARK S U.The soil particle size dependent emission parameterzation for an Asian dust (Yellow Sand) observed in Korea in April 2002 [J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:4625-4636.
[3] LEE S J,ALE D,CHANG Y S,et al.Seasonal and particle sizedependent variations in gas /particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs [J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153:215-222.
[4] LEE R G M,JONES K C.Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric pcdd/fs:Measurements and observations on modeling [J].Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33 (20):3596-3604.
[5] KARABEKTAS M,HOSOZ M.Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using isobutanol-diesel fuel blends [J].Renewable Energy,2009,34:1554-1559.
[6] SUN Y,ZHUANG G S,WANG Y,et al.The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing-concentration,composition,distribution and sources [J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:5990-6004.
[7] HE K B,YANG F M,MA Y L,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35:4959-4970.
[8] CHERUIYOT N K,LEE W J,YAN P,et al.An overview of PCDD/F inventories and emission factors from stationary and mobile sources:what we know and what is missing [J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16:2965-2988.
[9] CHUANG,S C,HUANG,K L,CHEN,S J,et al.PCDD/F emissions from gasoline and diesel fueled vehicles [J].Sustainable Environment Research,2011,21:29-36.
[10] SCHWIND K H,THOMA H,HUTZINGER O,et al.Emission halogenierter Dibenzodioxine (PXDD) und Dibenzofurane (PXDF) aus Verbrennungsmotoren [J].Umweltwissenschaflen und Schadstoff-Forschung,1991,3:291-298.
[11] GEUEKE K J,GESSNER A,QUASS U,et al.PCDD/F emissions from heavy duty vehicle diesel engines [J].Chemosphere,1999,38(12):2791-2806.
[12] COOPER D A.HCB,PCB,PCDD and PCDF emissions from ships [J].Atmospheric Environment 2005,39:4901-4912.
[13] GERTLER A W,SAGEBIEL J C,DIPPEL W A,et al.Measurements of dioxin and furan emission factors from heavy-duty diesel vehicles [J].Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association,1998,48:276-278.
[14] XUAN Z Q,BI C L,LI J F,et al.Source contributions to total concentrations and carcinogenic potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air:A case study in Suzhou City,China [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,10:1007-1018.
[15] CAI H,XIE S.Estimation of vehicular emission inventories in China from 1980 to 2005 [J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:8963-8979.
[16] 科学时报,限行是解决机动车污染的必然措施[EB/OL].[2007-08-28].http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/20078290515358188060.html.Science Times,Limit line is an inevitable measure to solve motor vehicle pollution[EB/OL].[2007-08-28].http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/20078290515358188060.html.
[17] ZHOU Y,WU Y,YANG L,et al.The impact of transportation control measures on mission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44:285-293.
[18] WANG S X,ZHAO M,XING J,et al.Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,4(7):2490-2496.
[19] LI Y M,WANG P,DING L,et al.Atmospheric distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls around a steel plant Area,Northeast China [J].Chemosphere,2010,79:253-258.
[20] LOHMANN R,LEE R G M,GREEN N J L,et al.Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples [J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:2529-2537.
[21] LOHMANN R,JONES K C.Dioxins and furans in air and deposition:A review of levels,behavior and processes [J].Science of The Total Environment,1998,219:53-81.
[22] 张菊,欧阳志云,苗鸿,等.奥运前期与奥运期间北京市大气细颗粒物特征比较分析 [J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2512-2518.ZHANG J,OU-YANG Z Y,MIAO H,et al.Characteristic comparative study of particulate matters in beijing before and during the olympics [J].Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2512-2518(in Chinese).
[23] JIA Y L,STONE D,WANG W T,et al.Estimated reduction in cancer risk due to PAH exposures if source control measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were sustained [J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2011,119:815-820.
[24] XIN J Y,WANG Y S,TANG G Q,et al.Variability and reduction of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55:1937-1944.
[25] LI Y M,WANG T,WANG P,et al.Reduction of atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45:3304-3309.
[26] LEE W S,CHANG-CHIEN G P,WANG L C,et al.Source identification of PCDD/Fs for various atmospheric environments in a highly industrialized city [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:4937-4944.
[27] MAKIYA K,UEDA H,NAKANO T,et al.Environmental levels (air and soil) of other organohalogens and ioxins P298:National environmental monitoring in Japan [J].Organohalogen Compounds,1999,43:217-220.
[28] CHANG M B,WENG Y M,LEE T Y,et al.Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in Northern Taiwan [J].Chemosphere,2003,51:1103-1110.
[29] 李英明,张庆华,王亚玮,等.交通限行对北京市空气中二恶英和多氯联苯的影响 [C].第四届全国环境化学学术大会论文集,南京,2007,767-768.LI Y M,ZHANG Q H,WANG Y W,et al.Impact of traffic restriction on PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Beijing air[C].Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Environmental Chemistry,Nanjing,China,2007,767-768(in Chinese).
[30] DING L,LI Y M,WANG P,et al.Spatial concentration,congener profiles and inhalation risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the atmosphere of Tianjin,China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58:971-978.
[31] YU L P,MAI B X,MENG X Z,et al.Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Guangzhou,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:96-108.
[32] LI H R,FENG J L,SHENG G Y,et al.The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai,China [J].Chemosphere,2008,70:576-583.
[33] QIN S T,ZHU X H,WANG W,et al.Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian,China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57 (26):3442-3451.
[34] SIN D W M,CHOI J Y Y,LOUIE P K K,et al.A study of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Hong Kong [J].Chemosphere,2002,47:647-653.
[35] KIM D G,MIN Y K,JEONG J Y,et al.Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do,Korea [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1722-1727.
[36] Government of Japan.Information brochure dioxin,2009 [R].2009,8-9.
[37] ABAD E,MARTíNEZ K,GUSTEMS L,et al.Ten years measuring PCDDs/PCDFs in ambient air of Catalonia (Spain) [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1709-1714
[38] COUTINHO M,PEREIRA M.,BONEGO C.Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/F levels in Portugal [J].Chemosphere,2007,67:1715-1721.
[39] MENICHINI E,IACOVELLA N,MONFREDINI F,et al.Atmospheric pollution by PAHs,PCDD/Fs and PCBs imultaneously collected at a regional background site in central Italy and at an urban site in Rome,[J].Chemosphere,2007,69:422-434.
[40] CORREA O,RIFAI H,RAUN L,et al.Concentrations and vapor-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of Houston,TX [J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:6687-6699.
[41] Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan,1999.Environmental quality standards in Japan-Air quality [EB/OL].[1999-12-27].http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/aq/aq.html.
[42] CHEN Y C,TSAI P J,WANG L C,et al.An integrated approach for identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) pollutant sources based on human blood contents [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2010,17:759-769.
[43] CHANG M B,CHANG S H,CHEN Y W,et al.Dioxin emission factors for automobiles from tunnel air sampling in Northern Taiwan [J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,325:129-138.
[44] ZHU X H,PFISTER G,HENKELMANN B,et al.Simultaneous monitoring of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in contaminated air with semipermeable membrane devices and fresh spruce needles [J].Chemosphere,2007,68:1623-1629.
[45] HUNT G T.Atmospheric concentrations of PCDDs /PCDFs in Metropolitan Hartford Connecticut -Current levels and historical data [J].Chemosphere,2008,73(1) :S106-S113.
[46] HAGENMAIR H,LINDIG C,She J.Correlation of environmental occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with possible source [J].Chemosphere,1994,29:2163-2173.
[47] CHEN T,ZHAN M X,LIN X Q,et al.Distribution of PCDD/Fs in the fly ash and atmospheric air of two typical hazardous waste incinerators in eastern China [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22:1207-1214.