垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物组分粒径分布特征
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摘要
本研究采用静电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物,分析颗粒物中元素和碳组分,对其中OC、EC和重金属元素在14个粒径段的粒径特征进行分析,并建立了垃圾焚烧厂源PM_1、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的元素和碳组分成分谱,以期为精细化来源解析提供参考.结果表明,垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物的主要组分有Al、Si、S、Ca、Cr、Fe、OC和EC等(质量分数≥1%),其中OC和Ca的含量较高,在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为10. 15%和12. 37%;重金属含量Cr> Pb> Zn> Mn> Cu> Cd> Ni,其中Cr和Pb在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为1. 83%和0. 74%,Cr在PM_1中的质量分数达到3. 53%; OC在2. 39～3. 99μm和6. 68～9. 91μm这2个粒径段的含量达到峰值,分别占OC总含量的15. 02%和20. 45%,但在细颗粒物中的含量高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,EC在细颗粒物中的含量远高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,在0. 382～0. 613μm粒径段占14. 8%; Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等重金属元素主要富集于细颗粒中.
There are few analyses on the components of particulate matter emitted from waste incineration plants. In past studies,analyses of particle size distribution characteristics of the components were mainly targeted at particles with larger particle sizes. An electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI) was used in this study to collect the particulate matter emitted from a waste incineration plant,and the elements and carbonaceous components of these samples were analyzed. The particle size characteristics of organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC),and heavy metal elements in 14 particle size segments were analyzed and composition profiles of elements and carbonaceous components of PM_1,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10) from the waste incineration plant were established to provide a reference for refined source apportionment research. The results showed that the main components of the waste incineration plant included Al,Si,S,Ca,Cr,Fe,OC,EC,etc. OC and Ca were dominating components,and mass fractions of these components in the PM_(2.5) profile were 10. 15% and 12. 37%,respectively. The contents of heavy metals were ranked as Cr > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd> Ni,and the mass fractions of Cr and Pb in PM_(2.5) amounted to 1. 83% and 0. 74%,respectively. OC in the range of 2. 39-3. 99 and 6. 68-9. 91 μm accounted for 15. 02% and 20. 45% of the total OC content,respectively,and the content of OC in fine particles was higher than that in coarse particles. The content of EC in fine particles was much higher than that in coarse particles,and it accounted for 14. 8% in the 0. 382-0. 613 μm particle size. Heavy metal elements such as Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb were mainly concentrated in the fine particles.
There are few analyses on the components of particulate matter emitted from waste incineration plants. In past studies,analyses of particle size distribution characteristics of the components were mainly targeted at particles with larger particle sizes. An electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI) was used in this study to collect the particulate matter emitted from a waste incineration plant,and the elements and carbonaceous components of these samples were analyzed. The particle size characteristics of organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC),and heavy metal elements in 14 particle size segments were analyzed and composition profiles of elements and carbonaceous components of PM_1,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10) from the waste incineration plant were established to provide a reference for refined source apportionment research. The results showed that the main components of the waste incineration plant included Al,Si,S,Ca,Cr,Fe,OC,EC,etc. OC and Ca were dominating components,and mass fractions of these components in the PM_(2.5) profile were 10. 15% and 12. 37%,respectively. The contents of heavy metals were ranked as Cr > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd> Ni,and the mass fractions of Cr and Pb in PM_(2.5) amounted to 1. 83% and 0. 74%,respectively. OC in the range of 2. 39-3. 99 and 6. 68-9. 91 μm accounted for 15. 02% and 20. 45% of the total OC content,respectively,and the content of OC in fine particles was higher than that in coarse particles. The content of EC in fine particles was much higher than that in coarse particles,and it accounted for 14. 8% in the 0. 382-0. 613 μm particle size. Heavy metal elements such as Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb were mainly concentrated in the fine particles.
引文
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[29]王文霞,胡红云,朱娟娟,等.垃圾焚烧底灰中铬的分布及浸出特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2014,35(1):196-199.Wang W X,Hu H Y,Zhu J J,et al. Chromium distribution and leaching behavior in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2014,35(1):196-199.
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[32]王春峰,陈冠飞,朱艳臣,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出及生物可给性[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4891-4898.Wang C F,Chen G F,Zhu Y C,et al. Leaching toxicity and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash with various particle sizes[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4891-4898.
[33]金晶,王琪,李航,等.垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的分布规律及浸出特性[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(4):1-3.Jin J, Wang Q, Li H, et al. Distribution and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,30(4):1-3.
[34]冯军会,何品晶,曹群科,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属分布和浸出性质[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(4):63-66,70.Feng J H,He P J,Cao Q K,et al. Heavy metals distribution and leaching characteristics in MSWI APC residues with various particle sizes[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(4):63-66,70.
[35]叶秀雅,周少奇,徐斌,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰金属形态分布比较研究[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(11):4235-4239.Ye X Y,Zhou S Q,Xu B,et al. Comparative study on metal speciation distributions in MSWI fly ash with various particle sizes[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(11):4235-4239.
[2] Hu C W,Chao M R,Wu K Y,et al. Characterization of multiple airborne particulate metals in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator in Taiwan[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(20):2845-2852.
[3] Sakai S I,Yoshida H,Hirai Y,et al. International comparative study of 3R and waste management policy developments[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2011,13(2):86-102.
[4]张倩,徐海云.生活垃圾焚烧处理技术现状及发展建议[J].环境工程,2012,30(2):79-81,89.Zhang Q, Xu H Y. Status and development suggestion of incineration technology of domestic garbages[J]. Environmental Engineering,2012,30(2):79-81,89.
[5]武桐,曹阳,许崇涛,等.垃圾焚烧大气污染物排放控制综述[J].工业锅炉,2014,(5):28-32.Wu T,Cao Y,Xu C T,et al. Review of air pollutants control in waste incineration[J]. Industrial Boiler,2014,(5):28-32.
[6] Jacobson M Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols[J]. Nature,2001,409(6821):695-697.
[7] Watson J G,Chow J C,Lowenthal D H,et al. Simulating changes in source profiles from coal-fired power stations:use in chemical mass balance of PM2. 5in the mount zirkel wilderness[J]. Energy&Fuels,2002,16(2):311-324.
[8] Limbeck A,Wagner C,Lendl B,et al. Determination of water soluble trace metals in airborne particulate matter using a dynamic extraction procedure with on-line inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2012,750:111-119.
[9] Sato K,Tamura T,Furuta N. Partitioning between soluble and insoluble fractions of major and trace elements in size-classified airborne particulate matter collected in Tokyo[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2008,10(2):211-218.
[10] Leung A O W,Duzgoren-Aydin N S,Cheung K C,et al. Heavy metals concentrations of surface dust from e-waste recycling and its human health implications in southeast China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(7):2674-2680.
[11] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/R-98/137,Methodology for assessing health risks associated with multiple pathways of exposure to combustor emissions[S].
[12]施敏芳,邵开忠.垃圾焚烧烟气净化和二英污染物的控制技术[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(9):78-79.Shi M F,Shao K Z. Dioxins pollution control for municipal refuse incinerators[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,29(9):78-79.
[13]梁俊宁,李文慧,葛毅,等.铅锌冶炼厂不同工艺铅元素粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):2883-2889.Liang J N,Li W H,Ge Y,et al. Characterization of lead size distributions with different process in lead-zinc smelter[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(8):2883-2889.
[14] Zhang K,Chai F H,Zheng Z L,et al. Size distribution and source of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,71:188-196.
[15]张海龙,李祥平,齐剑英,等.广东某垃圾焚烧炉周边空气颗粒物中金属浓度特征及源解析研究[J].环境化学,2015,34(6):1109-1115.Zhang H L,Li X P,Qi J Y,et al. Characterization of airborne particulate metals in the surroundings of a municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)in Guangdong[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(6):1109-1115.
[16]李娜,郝庆菊,江长胜,等.重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰粒径分布及重金属形态分析[J].环境化学,2010,29(4):659-664.Li N,Hao Q J,Jiang C S,et al. Particle size distribution and speciation analysis of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in Chongqing,China[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2010,29(4):659-664.
[17]唐影.垃圾焚烧发电过程污染物排放控制研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2015. 11-14.Tang Y. Study on the control of pollutants emissions of waste incineration power generation process[D]. Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2015. 11-14.
[18] Liu B S,Song N,Dai Q L,et al. Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient PM2. 5during the non-heating period in Taian,China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2016,170:23-33.
[19]吴琳,冯银厂,叶文媛,等.大气颗粒物中碳组分测定结果比较:元素分析和热光反射方法[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(12):1481-1487.Wu L,Feng Y C,Ye W Y,et al. Comparison of carbon species measurement results in atmospheric particulate matter:elemental analysis and TOR methods[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(12):1481-1487.
[20] Chow J C,Watson J G,Crow D,et al. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2001,34(1):23-34.
[21] Chow J C,Watson J G,Pritchett L C,et al. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system:description,evaluation and applications in U. S. air quality studies[J].Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics,1993,27(8):1185-1201.
[22] Currie L A,Benner B A Jr,Kessler J D,et al. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total,elemental,and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a[J]. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology,2002,107(3):279-298.
[23] Chow J C,Watson J G,Chen L W A,et al. Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(16):4414-4422.
[24]张进生,吴建会,马咸,等.钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳组分的特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3102-3109.Zhang J S,Wu J H,Ma X,et al. Characteristics research on carbonaceous component of particulate matter emitted from iron and steel industry[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(8):3102-3109.
[25] Yang H H,Luo S W,Lee K T,et al. Fine particulate speciation profile and emission factor of municipal solid waste incinerator established by dilution sampling method[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2016,66(8):807-814.
[26]王艳,郝炜伟,程轲,等.城市生活垃圾露天焚烧PM2. 5及其组分排放特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(8):3518-3523.Wang Y,Hao W W,Cheng K,et al. Emission characteristics and chemical components of PM2. 5from open burning of municipal solid waste[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(8):3518-3523.
[27]胡艳军,孙铁.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属富集特性表征[J].环境化学,2012,31(11):1717-1723.Hu Y J,Sun T. Heavy metal enrichment in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with various size ranges[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(11):1717-1723.
[28]朱伟,郝庆菊,江长胜,等.重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及重金属浸出行为的研究[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(6):1391-1396.Zhu W,Hao Q J,Jiang C S,et al. Study on characteristics and leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash in Chongqing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(6):1391-1396.
[29]王文霞,胡红云,朱娟娟,等.垃圾焚烧底灰中铬的分布及浸出特性研究[J].工程热物理学报,2014,35(1):196-199.Wang W X,Hu H Y,Zhu J J,et al. Chromium distribution and leaching behavior in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2014,35(1):196-199.
[30] Chang M B,Tseng F Y,Ku S R. Effects of ash physical properties on leaching behavior of heavy metals from MSW incineration[J]. Toxicological&Environmental Chemistry,1997,60(1-4):13-25.
[31]邝薇,钟山,陈孟林,等.垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的污染特性[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(8):143-148.Kuang W,Zhong S,Chen M L,et al. Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(8):143-148.
[32]王春峰,陈冠飞,朱艳臣,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出及生物可给性[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4891-4898.Wang C F,Chen G F,Zhu Y C,et al. Leaching toxicity and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash with various particle sizes[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4891-4898.
[33]金晶,王琪,李航,等.垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的分布规律及浸出特性[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(4):1-3.Jin J, Wang Q, Li H, et al. Distribution and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,30(4):1-3.
[34]冯军会,何品晶,曹群科,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属分布和浸出性质[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(4):63-66,70.Feng J H,He P J,Cao Q K,et al. Heavy metals distribution and leaching characteristics in MSWI APC residues with various particle sizes[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(4):63-66,70.
[35]叶秀雅,周少奇,徐斌,等.不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰金属形态分布比较研究[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(11):4235-4239.Ye X Y,Zhou S Q,Xu B,et al. Comparative study on metal speciation distributions in MSWI fly ash with various particle sizes[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(11):4235-4239.