从“的”字的引入与使用谈近代汉日的语言接触
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摘要
文章以近代"的"字进入文言并逐渐取代"之"这一语言变化为例,分析以汉字为媒介的近代语言接触给汉语带来的诸种变化,并追问产生这些变化的方式和缘由。研究发现主要有三:(1)"的"字进入文言起源于汉日近代的语言接触;(2)文言中首先出现了"～的～之～、～之～的～、～的～的"等与日语相近的新结构,体现了语言接触给汉语带来的变化;(3)新结构中的"的"字具有与日语后缀「的」近似的语义。
The evolution of the usage of "-de" is often thought of as a result of the development of the vernacular, and gradually evolved into modern Chinese usage. It is important to clarify whether the modern "-de" has changed, and if it has changed, what is the reason for this evolution. This paper uses the method of language contact theory to investigate and prove the evolution of the usage "-de" in modern times. It shows that such usages and structures in the Chinese language is relatively new and could have been the result of the influence of modern Japanese. This new language phenomenon shows that Chinese and Japanese language contact not only stays in the "loanword" level, it also involves word formation and grammar level.
The evolution of the usage of "-de" is often thought of as a result of the development of the vernacular, and gradually evolved into modern Chinese usage. It is important to clarify whether the modern "-de" has changed, and if it has changed, what is the reason for this evolution. This paper uses the method of language contact theory to investigate and prove the evolution of the usage "-de" in modern times. It shows that such usages and structures in the Chinese language is relatively new and could have been the result of the influence of modern Japanese. This new language phenomenon shows that Chinese and Japanese language contact not only stays in the "loanword" level, it also involves word formation and grammar level.
引文
[1] 王力. 汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1958.
[2] 王力达. 现代汉语中从日语借来的词汇[J].中国语文,1958,(2):92-98.
[3] 贺阳. 现代汉语欧化语法现象研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[4] Thomason, S. G. Contact as a source of language change [A]. In Joseph, B. & Janda, R. (eds.). The Handbook of Historical Linguistics [C]. Benjamin:Blackwell Publishing,2003: 687-712.
[5] Lucas, C. Contact-induced grammatical change: towards an explicit account [J]. Diachronica, 2012, 29(3): 275-300.
[6] 郭鸿杰, 韩红. 语料库驱动的英汉语言接触研究: 以“被”字句为例[J]. 外语教学与研究,2012, (5): 359-370,479.
[7] [日]实藤惠秀. 中国人日本留学史稿[M].东京:黑潮出版社,1970.
[8] 清议报[N]. 1898-1902(全100册), 北京:中华书局,中国近代期刊汇刊1991-9.
[9] [日]反省会杂志[N]. 1888-1893(1号-7年3号) ,国立国会图书馆.
[10] 刘敏芝. 汉语结构助词“的”的历史演变研究[M].北京:语文出版社,2008.
[11] 王远新,刘玉屏. 论语言接触与语言的变化.[A].薛才德主编.语言接触与语言比较[C].上海:学林出版社,2007: 34-38.
① P表示短语或短句。
② 这一类用例中,接在“的”字之前的部分暂定为前词。
③ 同上注。
① P表示短语或短句。
② 日语中经常把由后缀构成的词中的词根部分称为前接词,笔者为了便于比较也采用了这个术语,本文指汉语中“的”字前的一个完整的语义
(1)此处“受语”指近代汉语。
(2)此处“源语言”指近代日语。
(3)本文所有例句均出自《清议报》,用例出处中不再一一标出。
[2] 王力达. 现代汉语中从日语借来的词汇[J].中国语文,1958,(2):92-98.
[3] 贺阳. 现代汉语欧化语法现象研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[4] Thomason, S. G. Contact as a source of language change [A]. In Joseph, B. & Janda, R. (eds.). The Handbook of Historical Linguistics [C]. Benjamin:Blackwell Publishing,2003: 687-712.
[5] Lucas, C. Contact-induced grammatical change: towards an explicit account [J]. Diachronica, 2012, 29(3): 275-300.
[6] 郭鸿杰, 韩红. 语料库驱动的英汉语言接触研究: 以“被”字句为例[J]. 外语教学与研究,2012, (5): 359-370,479.
[7] [日]实藤惠秀. 中国人日本留学史稿[M].东京:黑潮出版社,1970.
[8] 清议报[N]. 1898-1902(全100册), 北京:中华书局,中国近代期刊汇刊1991-9.
[9] [日]反省会杂志[N]. 1888-1893(1号-7年3号) ,国立国会图书馆.
[10] 刘敏芝. 汉语结构助词“的”的历史演变研究[M].北京:语文出版社,2008.
[11] 王远新,刘玉屏. 论语言接触与语言的变化.[A].薛才德主编.语言接触与语言比较[C].上海:学林出版社,2007: 34-38.
① P表示短语或短句。
② 这一类用例中,接在“的”字之前的部分暂定为前词。
③ 同上注。
① P表示短语或短句。
② 日语中经常把由后缀构成的词中的词根部分称为前接词,笔者为了便于比较也采用了这个术语,本文指汉语中“的”字前的一个完整的语义
(1)此处“受语”指近代汉语。
(2)此处“源语言”指近代日语。
(3)本文所有例句均出自《清议报》,用例出处中不再一一标出。