我国北方半干旱牧区天然打草场退化分级（英文）
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摘要
半干旱牧区天然打草场是北方牧区产量最高的草场,但由于长期连续打草,没有休闲机会,目前天然打草场普遍存在严重的退化,极大限制了天然打草场牧草的产量和质量,同时,我国天然打草场退化的空间分布及其退化程度的本底数据一直不清,主要原因之一与没有形成全国统一的、规范的评价标准有关。基于上述问题,本文采用层次分析法针对北方(温性草甸草原、温性草原、山地草甸、低地草甸为主)的草原区开展天然打草场退化评价指标的筛选与精度验证,研究明确了能够快速反映天然打草场退化的7项指标(平均高度、地上生物量、盖度、中型禾草比例、凋落物量、退化指示植物比例及裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例),采用5级级差法划定了各项指标的阈值范围,即平均高度25–80 cm,地上生物量480–2500 kg ha~(-1),盖度26%–98%,中型禾草比例10%–50%,凋落物量100–400kg ha~(-1),退化指示植物比例0–11%,裸斑、盐碱斑占地面比例0–14%。研究结果有效解决了天然打草场退化分级评价的技术瓶颈,为天然打草场退化的科学评价提供理论依据,也对天然打草场可持续利用及畜牧业生产提供了重要技术支撑。
Natural hay pastures in semi-arid pastoral areas produce the highest yields of hay in northern China.However, long-term continuous hay harvesting with no rest interval has resulted in severe degradation across widespread areas of these natural hay pastures. In addition, no clear data exist on the spatial distribution or degree of degradation occurring in natural hay pastures primarily because a nationally unified and normative evaluation standard is lacking. In view of the above problems, we employed an analytic hierarchy process to carry out screening and accuracy validation of evaluation indicators for natural hay pastures in north China grasslands(temperate meadow steppes, temperate steppes, mountain meadows, and lowland meadows). Our study identified seven easily measured indicators that reflect the state of natural hay pastures(average height, aboveground biomass, coverage, proportion of medium grasses, litter biomass, proportion of degradation-indicative plants, and proportion of bare spots and saline-alkali spots). A five-level scoring method was employed to delineate the threshold range for these indicators, The results of this study show that this method effectively solved the technical bottleneck for graded evaluation of degradation in natural hay pastures. This provides a theoretical basis for the scientific assessment of natural hay pasture degradation as well as important technical support for sustainable use of natural hay pastures and livestock production.
Natural hay pastures in semi-arid pastoral areas produce the highest yields of hay in northern China.However, long-term continuous hay harvesting with no rest interval has resulted in severe degradation across widespread areas of these natural hay pastures. In addition, no clear data exist on the spatial distribution or degree of degradation occurring in natural hay pastures primarily because a nationally unified and normative evaluation standard is lacking. In view of the above problems, we employed an analytic hierarchy process to carry out screening and accuracy validation of evaluation indicators for natural hay pastures in north China grasslands(temperate meadow steppes, temperate steppes, mountain meadows, and lowland meadows). Our study identified seven easily measured indicators that reflect the state of natural hay pastures(average height, aboveground biomass, coverage, proportion of medium grasses, litter biomass, proportion of degradation-indicative plants, and proportion of bare spots and saline-alkali spots). A five-level scoring method was employed to delineate the threshold range for these indicators, The results of this study show that this method effectively solved the technical bottleneck for graded evaluation of degradation in natural hay pastures. This provides a theoretical basis for the scientific assessment of natural hay pasture degradation as well as important technical support for sustainable use of natural hay pastures and livestock production.
引文
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Chen W Q.2015.The mechanisms of different grazing managements on Leymus Chinensis grassland ecosystem carbon sequestration.Beijing:China Agricultural University.(in Chinese)
Cui Q H,Jiang Z G,Liu J K,et al.2007.A review of the cause of rangeland degradation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Prataculure Science,(5):20-26.(in Chinese)
Dang P X,Hou X W,Hui G Y,et al.2008.Evaluation indicator and evaluation method of regional forest resource quality.Forest Research,21(1):84-90.(in Chinese)
Department Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Ministry of Agriculture.1995.National Animal Husbandry Station,Grassland resources of China.Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press.
Dong Ujimqin Banner.2015.Notice on the time and management measures for storing grass in Eastern Mu Zhu Qin Banner.http://www.nytuan.com/reed/51172.html.
Du J Z,Wang G X,Li Y S.2015.Rate and causes of degradation of alpine grassland in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers during the last 45 years.Acta Prataculure Sinice,24(6):5-15.(in Chinese)
Guo J X,Zhu T C.1992.Contrast study about litter dynamics of main communities in Aneurolepidium chinense grassland region in northeast of china.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,(7):529-534.(in Chinese)
Guo Z G,Cheng G D,Wu B L,et al.2003.Evaluation on sustainability of forest resources in Bailom River forest region,Gansu Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,14(9):1433-1437.(in Chinese)
Inner Mongolia Ningxia Comprehensive Inspection Team Organized by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.1980.Natural grassland in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and its adjacent areas.Beijing:Science Press.
Ji M S,Xing Q,Gao W,et al.2011.Technical regulation for rotation mowing on natural grassland(GB/T 27515-2011).(in Chinese)
Li B.The rangeland degradation in north China and its preventive strategy.1997.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,30(6):1-9.(in Chinese)
Li C H,Xu J J,Yu B T.2002.Comprehensive appraising methodology for sustainable development of China forest resources.Journal of North East Forestry University,30(2):74-76.
Li J T,Li B,Liu R,et al.1957-1980.Vegetation of schell tara stock farm in Hulun Buir,Inner Mongolia.Compilation of Scientific Achievements in Plant Ecology,178-183.(in Chinese)
Li X L,Wan L Q,He F,et al.2008.Assessment for the status of rangeland health(GB/T 21439-2008).(in Chinese)
Liang Y,Han G D,Zhou H,et al.2011.Study on rational utilization of grassland in Leymus Grassland in Keshiketeng Banner,Inner Mongolia.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,3(23):34-36.(in Chinese)
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Ministry of Agriculture.2014.2014 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2015.2015 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2016.2016 national grassland monitoring report http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Pellant M,Shaver P,Pyke D.2005.Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health.Version 4 Colorado:Division of Science Integration Branch of Publishing Services.
Qi B L,Wang D J,Wang Z F.2015.Investigation and research on the current situation of hitting grassland in western semi-arid region of Jilin province.Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,(23):282-287.(in Chinese)
Shan G L.2009.Study on restoration succession and health evaluation of typical steppe in Xilingol,Inner Mongolia.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.(in Chinese)
Su D X,Meng Y D,Wu B G.2015.Calculation of proper carrying capacity of rangelands(NY/T 635-2015).(in Chinese)
Su D X,Zhang Z H,Chen Z Z,et al.2003.Parameters for degradation and salification of rangelands(GB 19377-2003).(in Chinese)
Tang H,Gao W,Xu L J,et al.2015.Monitoring forage harvesting area in semi-arid pasture based on Landsat TM images.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,23(31):160-165.(in Chinese)
Tang Z S.2018.Vegetation degradation on mechanism of the desert steppe in semi-arid region.Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University.(in Chinese)
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region East flag government.2002.Interim Measures for management of grassland in Eastern the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region banner.https://law.lawtime.cn/d612909618003.html.
The Sate Council.2003.Some opinions on strengthening grassland protection and construction.http://pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=qikan&Gid=2c59e460a472522e39b1c91bc9b2f385bdfb.
Wang B F,Liu X C,Wang J H.2004.Study on monitoring and assessment indicator systems of sandy desertif ication in China.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,18(4):23-28.(in Chinese)
Wang L L.2016.Dynamic of ecological environment of fenced grassland and its management in Yanchi County.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Wang S P.2003.Vegetation degradation and protection strategy in the“Three rivers fountainhead”area in the Qinghai Province.Acta Prataculure Sinice,(6):1-9.(in Chinese)
Wei X H,Yang P,Li S,et al.2005.Effects of over-grazing on vegetation degradation of the Kobresia pygmaea meadow and determination of degenerative index in the Naqu Prefecture of Tibet.Acta Prataculure Sinice,(3):41-49.(in Chinese)
Wu X,Wang L X,Liu H M,et al.2011.Vigor and resilience of plant communities of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia Plateau.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,(5):47-51.(in Chinese)
Xu J J,Yu B T.2002.Comprehensive appraising methodology for sustainable development of china forest resources.Journal of North East Forestry University,30(2):74-76.(in Chinese)
Yun X J,Xing Q,Yong S P,et al.2006.Technical Rules For Monitoring of Rangeland Resources and Ecology(NY/T 1233-2006).(in Chinese)
Zhang W H,Yang Y.2011.The Feature analysis for grassland degradation and the restoration of natural vegetation in degraded grassland.Northern Environmental,23(8):40-44.
Zhang X S.2009.Vegetation and its geographical pattern in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House.(in Chinese)
Zhou L Y,Wang M J,Han G D.2005.Effects of different grazing intensities on community and soil physical and chemical characteristics in Stipa baicalensis steppe.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,(S1):182-187.(in Chinese)
Zhu T C.1958.Introduction to the main grassland in Northeast China.Science Quarterly of Northeast Normal University,(1):98-116.(in Chinese)
Chen W Q.2015.The mechanisms of different grazing managements on Leymus Chinensis grassland ecosystem carbon sequestration.Beijing:China Agricultural University.(in Chinese)
Cui Q H,Jiang Z G,Liu J K,et al.2007.A review of the cause of rangeland degradation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Prataculure Science,(5):20-26.(in Chinese)
Dang P X,Hou X W,Hui G Y,et al.2008.Evaluation indicator and evaluation method of regional forest resource quality.Forest Research,21(1):84-90.(in Chinese)
Department Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Ministry of Agriculture.1995.National Animal Husbandry Station,Grassland resources of China.Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press.
Dong Ujimqin Banner.2015.Notice on the time and management measures for storing grass in Eastern Mu Zhu Qin Banner.http://www.nytuan.com/reed/51172.html.
Du J Z,Wang G X,Li Y S.2015.Rate and causes of degradation of alpine grassland in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers during the last 45 years.Acta Prataculure Sinice,24(6):5-15.(in Chinese)
Guo J X,Zhu T C.1992.Contrast study about litter dynamics of main communities in Aneurolepidium chinense grassland region in northeast of china.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,(7):529-534.(in Chinese)
Guo Z G,Cheng G D,Wu B L,et al.2003.Evaluation on sustainability of forest resources in Bailom River forest region,Gansu Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,14(9):1433-1437.(in Chinese)
Inner Mongolia Ningxia Comprehensive Inspection Team Organized by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.1980.Natural grassland in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and its adjacent areas.Beijing:Science Press.
Ji M S,Xing Q,Gao W,et al.2011.Technical regulation for rotation mowing on natural grassland(GB/T 27515-2011).(in Chinese)
Li B.The rangeland degradation in north China and its preventive strategy.1997.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,30(6):1-9.(in Chinese)
Li C H,Xu J J,Yu B T.2002.Comprehensive appraising methodology for sustainable development of China forest resources.Journal of North East Forestry University,30(2):74-76.
Li J T,Li B,Liu R,et al.1957-1980.Vegetation of schell tara stock farm in Hulun Buir,Inner Mongolia.Compilation of Scientific Achievements in Plant Ecology,178-183.(in Chinese)
Li X L,Wan L Q,He F,et al.2008.Assessment for the status of rangeland health(GB/T 21439-2008).(in Chinese)
Liang Y,Han G D,Zhou H,et al.2011.Study on rational utilization of grassland in Leymus Grassland in Keshiketeng Banner,Inner Mongolia.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,3(23):34-36.(in Chinese)
Ministry of Agriculture.2011.2011 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2012.2012 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2013.2013 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2014.2014 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2015.2015 national grassland monitoring report.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Ministry of Agriculture.2016.2016 national grassland monitoring report http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/Detail.aspx?dbname=CJFDLAST2016&filename=MYTX201606012&v=&filetitle=2015%e5%b9%b4%e5%85%a8%e5%9b%bd%e8%8d%89%e5%8e%9f%e7%9b%91%e6%b5%8b%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a.
Pellant M,Shaver P,Pyke D.2005.Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health.Version 4 Colorado:Division of Science Integration Branch of Publishing Services.
Qi B L,Wang D J,Wang Z F.2015.Investigation and research on the current situation of hitting grassland in western semi-arid region of Jilin province.Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,(23):282-287.(in Chinese)
Shan G L.2009.Study on restoration succession and health evaluation of typical steppe in Xilingol,Inner Mongolia.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.(in Chinese)
Su D X,Meng Y D,Wu B G.2015.Calculation of proper carrying capacity of rangelands(NY/T 635-2015).(in Chinese)
Su D X,Zhang Z H,Chen Z Z,et al.2003.Parameters for degradation and salification of rangelands(GB 19377-2003).(in Chinese)
Tang H,Gao W,Xu L J,et al.2015.Monitoring forage harvesting area in semi-arid pasture based on Landsat TM images.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,23(31):160-165.(in Chinese)
Tang Z S.2018.Vegetation degradation on mechanism of the desert steppe in semi-arid region.Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University.(in Chinese)
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region East flag government.2002.Interim Measures for management of grassland in Eastern the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region banner.https://law.lawtime.cn/d612909618003.html.
The Sate Council.2003.Some opinions on strengthening grassland protection and construction.http://pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=qikan&Gid=2c59e460a472522e39b1c91bc9b2f385bdfb.
Wang B F,Liu X C,Wang J H.2004.Study on monitoring and assessment indicator systems of sandy desertif ication in China.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,18(4):23-28.(in Chinese)
Wang L L.2016.Dynamic of ecological environment of fenced grassland and its management in Yanchi County.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Wang S P.2003.Vegetation degradation and protection strategy in the“Three rivers fountainhead”area in the Qinghai Province.Acta Prataculure Sinice,(6):1-9.(in Chinese)
Wei X H,Yang P,Li S,et al.2005.Effects of over-grazing on vegetation degradation of the Kobresia pygmaea meadow and determination of degenerative index in the Naqu Prefecture of Tibet.Acta Prataculure Sinice,(3):41-49.(in Chinese)
Wu X,Wang L X,Liu H M,et al.2011.Vigor and resilience of plant communities of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia Plateau.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,(5):47-51.(in Chinese)
Xu J J,Yu B T.2002.Comprehensive appraising methodology for sustainable development of china forest resources.Journal of North East Forestry University,30(2):74-76.(in Chinese)
Yun X J,Xing Q,Yong S P,et al.2006.Technical Rules For Monitoring of Rangeland Resources and Ecology(NY/T 1233-2006).(in Chinese)
Zhang W H,Yang Y.2011.The Feature analysis for grassland degradation and the restoration of natural vegetation in degraded grassland.Northern Environmental,23(8):40-44.
Zhang X S.2009.Vegetation and its geographical pattern in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House.(in Chinese)
Zhou L Y,Wang M J,Han G D.2005.Effects of different grazing intensities on community and soil physical and chemical characteristics in Stipa baicalensis steppe.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,(S1):182-187.(in Chinese)
Zhu T C.1958.Introduction to the main grassland in Northeast China.Science Quarterly of Northeast Normal University,(1):98-116.(in Chinese)