城市生态环境需水量计算方法与应用
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摘要
通过分析总结城市生态环境需水量的内涵、特征和类型,提出了城市生态环境需水量包括城市河流、湖泊、绿地、湿地需水量同时结合水质水量模型实现水量水质相统一.以常熟市城区为例,进行了生态环境需量计算和水质水量模型的建立,结果表明:常熟市城区用于消耗或置换的河湖蒸发需水量、湖泊换水需水量和绿地蒸散发生态环境需水量总计657.5万m~3;常熟市水质水量模型模拟研究表明,城区全面截污后,城区河道COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N改善幅度分别为66.7%和64.5%;在20m~3/s、30m~3/s、40m~3/s外来引水流量下,COD_(Mn)改善程度分别为30.3%、35.1%、42%,NH_3-N改善程度分别为19.7%、28%、36.7%.
This paper firstly summarizes and analyzes the connotation and characteristics and type of urban water demand of eco-environment;on this basis,proposing urban eco-environment water demand including urban rivers and lakes and green spaces and wetlands and then combined with the water quality and water quantity model to achieve quality and quantity of water unity.Taking Changshu city for example,the eco-environment water demand and water quantity and water quality model is calculated and established.The results show that the eco-environment water demand which takes for consumption or replacement for rivers and lakes evaporation,lakes water exchanging,green space evapotranspiration in Changshu city is totally about 6.575 million m~3;Water quantity and water quality model of Changshu city shows that the improvement rate of COD_(Mn) and NH_3-N in urban river are 66.7%and 64.5%respectively after the city comprehensive cutting pollution;at 20 m~3/s,30 m~3/s,40 m~3/s of external water flow,the improvement degrees of COD_(Mn) are 30.3%,35.1% and 42% respectively;the improvement degrees of NH3-N are 19.7%,28%,36.7%respectively.
This paper firstly summarizes and analyzes the connotation and characteristics and type of urban water demand of eco-environment;on this basis,proposing urban eco-environment water demand including urban rivers and lakes and green spaces and wetlands and then combined with the water quality and water quantity model to achieve quality and quantity of water unity.Taking Changshu city for example,the eco-environment water demand and water quantity and water quality model is calculated and established.The results show that the eco-environment water demand which takes for consumption or replacement for rivers and lakes evaporation,lakes water exchanging,green space evapotranspiration in Changshu city is totally about 6.575 million m~3;Water quantity and water quality model of Changshu city shows that the improvement rate of COD_(Mn) and NH_3-N in urban river are 66.7%and 64.5%respectively after the city comprehensive cutting pollution;at 20 m~3/s,30 m~3/s,40 m~3/s of external water flow,the improvement degrees of COD_(Mn) are 30.3%,35.1% and 42% respectively;the improvement degrees of NH3-N are 19.7%,28%,36.7%respectively.
引文
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[2]Frederiksen H D.Water crisis in developing world:misconceptions about solutions[J].J.Water Resource.Planning Managemte,1996,122(2):79-87.
[3]Robert R G,Jayne B B,Jurgen S,et al.Effects of urbanization on the aquatic fauna of the Line Creek watershed Atlanta-a satellite perspective[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,86(3):411-422.
[4]田英,杨志峰,刘静玲,等.城市生态环境需水量研究[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(1):100-106.
[5]姜翠玲,范晓秋.城市生态环境需水量的计算方法[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(1):14-17.
[6]马世骏.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
[7]曾维华,宋其龙,陈荣昌.城市河道生态环境需水研究——以湖南省常德市穿紫河为例[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):528-531.
[8]司全印,冉新权,周孝德,等.区域水污染控制与生态环境保护研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000:60-63.
[9]倪深海,崔广柏.河道生态环境需水计算[J].人民黄河,2002,24(9):37-38.
[10]于龙娟,夏自强,杜晓舜.最小生态径流的内涵及计算方法研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(1):18-22.
[11]Lamb B L.Quantifying instream flows:matching policy and technology[M].Instream Flow Protection in the West.Covelo,CA,Island Press,1989:23-39.
[12]吉利娜,刘苏峡,王新春.湿周法估算河道内最小生态需水量——以滦河水系为例[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(3):287-291.
[13]肖芳,刘静玲,杨志峰.城市湖泊生态环境需水量计算——以北京市六海为例[J].水科学进展,2004,15(6):781-786.
[14]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲,等.生态环境需水量理论、方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,12(2):103.