顺、逆流串联电路逆电渗析电堆发电系统能量转换效率研究
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摘要
通过建立逆电渗析(RED)电堆能量转换模型,对稀和浓溶液顺、逆流时多个RED电堆(多电极)串联电路的发电系统进行理论研究.比较了顺、逆流两种流动方式下RED电堆流道总长、溶液流速以及RED电堆数量对系统能量转换效率及输出特性的影响.模拟计算结果表明:在设定参数下,降低溶液流速,增加流道总长和电堆数量均能提升系统能量转换效率.溶液逆流时的系统能量转换效率、输出电压和功率密度均高于溶液顺流时的情况.与溶液顺流时相比,逆流时溶液流速和流道总长的变化对系统能量转换效率的影响要大些,而电堆数量影响要小些.电堆数量增加会提高发电系统输出电压和功率密度,但总内阻也随之增加,导致系统推荐的工作范围变窄.
By developing the model for reverse electrodialysis(RED)stack energy conversion,the RED power generation system with series multiple stacks(or multiple electrodes)in which weak and strong solutions are in co-flow or counter-flow was researched.The influences of total flow passageway length,solution flow velocity and number of RED stacks on energy conversion efficiency and output characteristics of the system were discussed by comparing two flow ways,co-flow or counter-flow.Simulation results show that under the given operation parameters,reducing solution flow velocity and increasing total flow passageway length and RED stack number can improve energy conversion efficiency of the system.The energy conversion efficiency,output voltage and power density of system with solution counter-flow are higher than those with solution co-flow.Compared with the system with solution co-flow,the variations of solution flow velocity and total flow passageway length with solution counter-flow have more influence on energy conversion efficiency of the system,but the variation of RED stack number has less influence.The increase of RED stack number will make not only the growth of the output voltage and power density of the system,but also the growth of the internal resistance of system,which leads to the recommended operation scope of system narrow.
By developing the model for reverse electrodialysis(RED)stack energy conversion,the RED power generation system with series multiple stacks(or multiple electrodes)in which weak and strong solutions are in co-flow or counter-flow was researched.The influences of total flow passageway length,solution flow velocity and number of RED stacks on energy conversion efficiency and output characteristics of the system were discussed by comparing two flow ways,co-flow or counter-flow.Simulation results show that under the given operation parameters,reducing solution flow velocity and increasing total flow passageway length and RED stack number can improve energy conversion efficiency of the system.The energy conversion efficiency,output voltage and power density of system with solution counter-flow are higher than those with solution co-flow.Compared with the system with solution co-flow,the variations of solution flow velocity and total flow passageway length with solution counter-flow have more influence on energy conversion efficiency of the system,but the variation of RED stack number has less influence.The increase of RED stack number will make not only the growth of the output voltage and power density of the system,but also the growth of the internal resistance of system,which leads to the recommended operation scope of system narrow.
引文
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[2] PATTLE R E.Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile[J].Nature,1954,174(4431):660.
[3]徐士鸣,吴曦,冷强.一种利用低品位热降解高浓有机废水方法:201711384061.2[P].2017-12-20.XU Shiming,WU Xi,LENG Qiang.A method of degrading high concentration organic waste water by using low-grade heat:201711384061.2[P].2017-12-20.(in Chinese)
[4] SCIALDONE O, D′ANGELO A, GALIA A.Energy generation and abatement of Acid Orange 7in reverse electrodialysis cells using salinity gradients[J]. JournalofElectroanalytical Chemistry,2015,738:61-68.
[5]徐士鸣,徐志杰,吴曦,等.溶液浓差能驱动的逆电渗析有机废水氧化降解机理研究[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(12):4642-4651.XU Shiming,XU Zhijie,WU Xi,et al.Study on the mechanism of organic wastewater oxidation degradation with reverse electrodialysis powered by concentrationdifferenceenergybetween solutions[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,38(12):4642-4651.(in Chinese)
[6] VEERMAN J,SAAKES M,METZ S J,et al.Reverse electrodialysis:A validated process model for design and optimization[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,166:256-268.
[7] VEERMAN J,SAAKES M,METZ S J,et al.Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis:A first step from the laboratory to a real power plant[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44:9207-9212.
[8] VERMAAS D A,VEERMAN J,YI N Y,et al.High efficiency in energy generation from salinity gradients with reverse electrodialysis[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2013,1:1295-1302.
[9]徐士鸣,吴德兵,吴曦,等.氯化锂溶液为工质的溶液浓差发电实验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2017,57(4):337-344.XU Shiming, WU Debing, WU Xi,et al.Experimental studyofsolutionconcentration difference power generation with lithium chloride solution as working fluid[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2017,57(4):337-344.(in Chinese)
[10]TEDECSO M,CIPOLLINA A,TAMBURINI A,et al.A simulation tool for analysis and design of reverseelectrodialysisusingconcentrated brines[J].Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2015,93:441-456.
[11]VEERMAN J,JONG R M,SAAKES M,et al.Reverseelectrodialysis:Comparisonofsix commercial membrane pairs on the thermodynamic efficiency and power density[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2009,343:7-15.
[12]VERMAAS D A,SAAKES M,NIJMEIJER K.Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45:7089-7095.
[13]VERMAAS D A,GLER E,SAAKES M,et al.Theoretical power density from salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis[J].Energy Procedia,2012,20:170-184.
[14]YIP N Y,ELIMELECH M.Thermodynamic and energy efficiency analysis of power generation from natural salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46:5230-5239.
[15]VEERMAN J,SAAKES M,METZ S J,et al.Reverse electrodialysis:Performance of a stack with50cells on the mixing of sea and river water[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2009,327:136-144.
[16]徐士鸣,张凯,吴曦,等.电流与浓差对逆电渗析电堆内质量传递的影响[J].化工学报,2018,69(10):4206-4215.XU Shiming, ZHANG Kai, WU Xi,et al.Experimental research on the influence of current densityandconcentrationdifferencebetween solutions on mass transfer in a reverse electrodialysis stack[J].CIESC Journal,2018,69(10):4206-4215.(in Chinese)