深圳地区季节风特征研究
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摘要
本研究利用深圳地区8个沿海、陆地自动气象站2007年6月1日至2017年6月1日11年的小时风速观测数据,按不同季节对各站历史阵风观测进行特征分析研究,并计算比较各站的阵风系数。结果表明,沿海气象自动站四季风力观测普遍高于陆地自动站的风力;8个气象台站在夏、秋季受台风影响的最大阵风大于冬春之际受冷空气影响的最大阵风。各台站中,距离海岸最近的港口码头气象站,盐田港、妈湾港、蛇口码头具有最小的阵风系数;随着离海岸距离的增加,气象站的阵风系数变大,即距海岸线远的气象站的大风更具阵性特点。各台站中背仔角与盐田港是大风记录最为频繁的气象站,历史上受台风影响下的最大阵风达到了12级以上,最大平均风分别达到了9级和10级。进一步的大风个例分析结果表明,相比较台风、冷空气条件下的大风,深圳地区强对流天气引发大风更具有阵性的特征,大风发生地点更随机。本研究可以为不同季节条件下深圳地区的风力预测和风险评估提供指导。
Based on the historical hourly wind observation data of eight coastal and inland automatic weather stations in Shenzhen from 1 June 2007 to 1 June 2017, this study explores the seasonal gust characteristics and the feature of the gust factors for the eight stations. The results show that winds at coastal stations are generally stronger than the winds at inland stations. The maximum gust at the eight stations due to typhoons in summer and autumn is generally stronger than the maximum gust at these stations due to cold front in winter and spring. Among these stations, Yantian International Container Terminal Station(YTG), Mawan Port Station(MWG), Shekou Ferry Terminal Station(SKMT), which are located close to seawater, have relatively smaller gust factor, compared to the factors at other stations. With the increase of the distance to the coastline, the gust factor at the stations becomes bigger. Therefore, the gale tends to be more instantaneous at the stations with farther distance to coastline than the gale at coastal stations. Among the eight stations, Beizaijiao Station(BZJ) and YTG have the most frequent gust gale records. The historical maximum gusts at the two stations are above 12-level scale(Beaufort scale),and the historical maximum 10 min average wind is above 9-level scale at BZJ and 10-level scale at YTG. Further case studies show that the gust gale in Shenzhen Area induced by severe convective weather is more instantaneous than those induced by typhoon or cold front. The location of the gust gale induced by severe convective weather is more stochastic. This study could provide references for the seasonal wind forecast and risk assessment in Shenzhen Area.
Based on the historical hourly wind observation data of eight coastal and inland automatic weather stations in Shenzhen from 1 June 2007 to 1 June 2017, this study explores the seasonal gust characteristics and the feature of the gust factors for the eight stations. The results show that winds at coastal stations are generally stronger than the winds at inland stations. The maximum gust at the eight stations due to typhoons in summer and autumn is generally stronger than the maximum gust at these stations due to cold front in winter and spring. Among these stations, Yantian International Container Terminal Station(YTG), Mawan Port Station(MWG), Shekou Ferry Terminal Station(SKMT), which are located close to seawater, have relatively smaller gust factor, compared to the factors at other stations. With the increase of the distance to the coastline, the gust factor at the stations becomes bigger. Therefore, the gale tends to be more instantaneous at the stations with farther distance to coastline than the gale at coastal stations. Among the eight stations, Beizaijiao Station(BZJ) and YTG have the most frequent gust gale records. The historical maximum gusts at the two stations are above 12-level scale(Beaufort scale),and the historical maximum 10 min average wind is above 9-level scale at BZJ and 10-level scale at YTG. Further case studies show that the gust gale in Shenzhen Area induced by severe convective weather is more instantaneous than those induced by typhoon or cold front. The location of the gust gale induced by severe convective weather is more stochastic. This study could provide references for the seasonal wind forecast and risk assessment in Shenzhen Area.
引文
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李佰平,戴建华,张欣,等,2016.三类强对流天气临近预报的模糊检验试验与对比[J].气象,42(2):129-143.Li B P,Dai J H,ZhangX,et al,2016. Fuzzy verification test and comparison of three types of severe convective weather nowcasting[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):129-143(in Chinese).
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汪品先,2009.全球季风的地质演变[J].科学通报,54(5):535-556.Wang P X,2009. Global monsoon in a geological perspective[J].Chinese Sci Bull,54(5):535-556(in Chinese)
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王延青,李晴岚,兰红平,等,2017.热带气旋影响下的深圳港湾码头最大阵风预报方法研究[J].气象科技进展,7(1):128-133,148.Wang Y Q,Li Q L,Lan H P,et al,2017. Forecast of maximum wind gust in tropical cyclones for port terminals in Shenzhen[J]. Adv Meteor Sci Technol,7(1):128-133,148(in Chinese).
魏晓琳,王德立,贺佳佳,等,2016.深圳沿海地区阵风系数的特征[J].广东气象,38(5):33-36,41. Wei X L,Wang D L,He J J,et al,2016. Characteristics analysis on gust factors over coastal areas in Shenzhen[J]. Guangdong Meteor, 38(5):33-36,41(in Chinese).
杨新林,孙建华,鲁蓉,等,2017.华南雷暴大风天气的环境条件分布特征[J].气象,43(7):769-780. Yang X L,Sun J H,Lu R,et al,2017. Environmental characteristics of severe convective wind over South China[J]. Meteor Mon,43(7):769-780(in Chinese).
郁云,2010.风玫瑰图在气象服务信息系统中的实现与应用[J].电脑知识与技术,6(35):10035-10036. Yu Y,2010. Implementation and application of wind rose diagram on climate information system[J]. Comp Knowl Technol, 6(35):10035-10036(in Chinese).
郑永光,田付友,孟智勇,等,2016a.“东方之星”客轮翻沉事件周边区域风灾现场调查与多尺度特征分析[J].气象,42(1):1-13.Zheng Y G,Tian F Y,Meng Z Y,et al,2016a. Survey and multiscale characteristics of wind damage caused by convective storms in the surrounding area of the capsizing accident of cruise ship"Dongfangzhixing"[J]. Meteor Mon,42(1):1-13(in Chinese).
郑永光,朱文剑,姚聃,等,2016b.风速等级标准与2016年6月23日阜宁龙卷强度估计[J].气象,42(11):1289-1303. Zheng Y G,Zhu W J,Yao D,et al. 2016b. Wind speed scales and rating of the intensity of the 23 June 2016 Tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(11):1289-1303(in Chinese).
郑永光,陶祖钰,俞小鼎,2017.强对流天气预报的一些基本问题[J].气象,43(6):641-652. Zheng Y G,Tao Z Y, Yu X D,2017. Some essential issues of severe convective weather forecasting[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):641-652(in Chinese).
周福,蒋璐璐,涂小萍,等,2017.浙江省几种灾害性大风近地面阵风系数特征[J].应用气象学报,28(1):119-128. Zhou F,Jiang L L,Tu X P,et al,2017. Near-surface gust factor characteristics in several disastrous winds over Zhejiang Province[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):119-128(in Chinese).
Bos W V D,2017. Wind influence on container handling, equipment and stacking[R]. London:Port Technology:89-95.
Bureau of Meteorology,2016. Tropical cyclone intensity and impacts[EB/OL]. http://www. bom. gov. au/cyclone/about/intensity.shtml.[2016-03-15].
Curry C L,Tencer B,Whan K,et al,2016. Searching for added value in simulating climate extremes with a high-resolution regional climate model over Western Canada. II:basin-scale results[J].Atmos Ocean,54(4):385-402.
Huler S,2004. Defining the Wind:The Beaufort Scale, and How A19th-Century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry[M]. United States:Crown.
Král J,2007. Ten-minute wind speeds and gusts in the Czech Republic[J]. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn,95(9/10/11):1216-1228.
Li Q L, Xu P C,Wang X B, et al,2016. An operational statistical scheme for tropical cyclone induced wind gust forecasts[J]. Wea Forecasting,31(6):1817-1832.
Oktal H,Yildirim N,2016. Optimisation of runway orientations for three-runway configurations[J]. Aeronaut J, 120(1233):1693-1709.
Ramage C S, 1971. Monsoon Meteor[M]. New York:Academic Press:296.
Roshan G R, Ghanghermeh A A. Attia S,2017. Determining new threshold temperatures for cooling and heating degree day index of different climatic zones of Iran[J]. Ren Energy, 101:156-167.
Shu Z R,Li Q S, He Y C,et al,2015. Gust Factors for tropical cyclone, monsoon and thunderstorm winds[J]. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 142:1-14.
Tyner B,Aiyyer A,Blaes J,et al,2015. An examination of wind decay, sustained wind speed forecasts,and gust factors for recent tropical cyclones in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States[J]. Wea Forecasting,30(1):153-176.
高加嵘,1977.风与工业企业总图设计[J].气象,3(9):18-19.Gao J R.1977. Gust and the industrial enterprise general layout design[J]. Meteor Mon,3(9):18-19(in Chinese).
顾国贤,2007.大型起重设备应对突发性强阵风的措施[J].港口装卸,174(4):12-14. Gu G X,2007. The measure to prevent largesize of hoisting equipment from suddenly intensive wind[J]. Port Operation, 174(4):12-14(in Chinese).
李佰平,戴建华,张欣,等,2016.三类强对流天气临近预报的模糊检验试验与对比[J].气象,42(2):129-143.Li B P,Dai J H,ZhangX,et al,2016. Fuzzy verification test and comparison of three types of severe convective weather nowcasting[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):129-143(in Chinese).
林良勋,冯业荣,黄忠,等,2006.广东省天气预报技术手册[M].北京:气象出版社.Lin L X,Feng Y R,Huang Z,et al,2006.Weather Forecast Technique Manual of Guangdong Province[M]. Beijing,China Meteorological Press(in Chinese).
钱幼琼,吴康敏,崔季云,等,1988.正常婴儿及低出生体重婴儿血清锌调查[J].华西医讯,3(3):275-276. Qian Y Q,Wu K M,Cui J Y,et al,1988. A study of serum zinc level of normal infants and low-birth-weight infants. West China Medical Comunication[J].3(3):275-276(in Chinese).
唐文苑,周庆亮.刘鑫华,等,2017.国家级强对流天气分类预报检验分析[J].气象,43(1):67-76.Tang W Y,Zhou Q L,Liu X H,et al,2017. Analysis on verification of national severe convective weather categorical forecasts[J]. Meteor Mon,43(1):67-76(in Chinese).
汪品先,2009.全球季风的地质演变[J].科学通报,54(5):535-556.Wang P X,2009. Global monsoon in a geological perspective[J].Chinese Sci Bull,54(5):535-556(in Chinese)
王巍竹,2014.中国沿海大风阵风系数特征分析[J].广东科技,23(16):138-139. Wang W Z,2014. Analysis on characteristics of gust factor in coastal China[J]. Guangdong Sci Technol, 23(16):138-139(in Chinese).
王延青,李晴岚,兰红平,等,2017.热带气旋影响下的深圳港湾码头最大阵风预报方法研究[J].气象科技进展,7(1):128-133,148.Wang Y Q,Li Q L,Lan H P,et al,2017. Forecast of maximum wind gust in tropical cyclones for port terminals in Shenzhen[J]. Adv Meteor Sci Technol,7(1):128-133,148(in Chinese).
魏晓琳,王德立,贺佳佳,等,2016.深圳沿海地区阵风系数的特征[J].广东气象,38(5):33-36,41. Wei X L,Wang D L,He J J,et al,2016. Characteristics analysis on gust factors over coastal areas in Shenzhen[J]. Guangdong Meteor, 38(5):33-36,41(in Chinese).
杨新林,孙建华,鲁蓉,等,2017.华南雷暴大风天气的环境条件分布特征[J].气象,43(7):769-780. Yang X L,Sun J H,Lu R,et al,2017. Environmental characteristics of severe convective wind over South China[J]. Meteor Mon,43(7):769-780(in Chinese).
郁云,2010.风玫瑰图在气象服务信息系统中的实现与应用[J].电脑知识与技术,6(35):10035-10036. Yu Y,2010. Implementation and application of wind rose diagram on climate information system[J]. Comp Knowl Technol, 6(35):10035-10036(in Chinese).
郑永光,田付友,孟智勇,等,2016a.“东方之星”客轮翻沉事件周边区域风灾现场调查与多尺度特征分析[J].气象,42(1):1-13.Zheng Y G,Tian F Y,Meng Z Y,et al,2016a. Survey and multiscale characteristics of wind damage caused by convective storms in the surrounding area of the capsizing accident of cruise ship"Dongfangzhixing"[J]. Meteor Mon,42(1):1-13(in Chinese).
郑永光,朱文剑,姚聃,等,2016b.风速等级标准与2016年6月23日阜宁龙卷强度估计[J].气象,42(11):1289-1303. Zheng Y G,Zhu W J,Yao D,et al. 2016b. Wind speed scales and rating of the intensity of the 23 June 2016 Tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(11):1289-1303(in Chinese).
郑永光,陶祖钰,俞小鼎,2017.强对流天气预报的一些基本问题[J].气象,43(6):641-652. Zheng Y G,Tao Z Y, Yu X D,2017. Some essential issues of severe convective weather forecasting[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):641-652(in Chinese).
周福,蒋璐璐,涂小萍,等,2017.浙江省几种灾害性大风近地面阵风系数特征[J].应用气象学报,28(1):119-128. Zhou F,Jiang L L,Tu X P,et al,2017. Near-surface gust factor characteristics in several disastrous winds over Zhejiang Province[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):119-128(in Chinese).
Bos W V D,2017. Wind influence on container handling, equipment and stacking[R]. London:Port Technology:89-95.
Bureau of Meteorology,2016. Tropical cyclone intensity and impacts[EB/OL]. http://www. bom. gov. au/cyclone/about/intensity.shtml.[2016-03-15].
Curry C L,Tencer B,Whan K,et al,2016. Searching for added value in simulating climate extremes with a high-resolution regional climate model over Western Canada. II:basin-scale results[J].Atmos Ocean,54(4):385-402.
Huler S,2004. Defining the Wind:The Beaufort Scale, and How A19th-Century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry[M]. United States:Crown.
Král J,2007. Ten-minute wind speeds and gusts in the Czech Republic[J]. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn,95(9/10/11):1216-1228.
Li Q L, Xu P C,Wang X B, et al,2016. An operational statistical scheme for tropical cyclone induced wind gust forecasts[J]. Wea Forecasting,31(6):1817-1832.
Oktal H,Yildirim N,2016. Optimisation of runway orientations for three-runway configurations[J]. Aeronaut J, 120(1233):1693-1709.
Ramage C S, 1971. Monsoon Meteor[M]. New York:Academic Press:296.
Roshan G R, Ghanghermeh A A. Attia S,2017. Determining new threshold temperatures for cooling and heating degree day index of different climatic zones of Iran[J]. Ren Energy, 101:156-167.
Shu Z R,Li Q S, He Y C,et al,2015. Gust Factors for tropical cyclone, monsoon and thunderstorm winds[J]. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 142:1-14.
Tyner B,Aiyyer A,Blaes J,et al,2015. An examination of wind decay, sustained wind speed forecasts,and gust factors for recent tropical cyclones in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States[J]. Wea Forecasting,30(1):153-176.