我国制浆造纸行业二■英来源及排放情况
|
摘要
利用联合国发布的"二■英和呋喃排放识别和量化标准工具包(2013版)"进行估算,2014年我国制浆造纸行业二■英排放总量约为406.68 g TEQ,其中向水体排放20.08 g TEQ,向残余物排放20.99 g TEQ,较2005年分别下降了44.4%和42.2%,较2009年分别下降了11.2%和8.4%。元素氯漂白工艺为向水体和残余物排放二■英的主要源头。目前,我国木浆生产全部采用无元素氯(ECF)和全无氯(TCF)漂白工艺,但仍有72%的非木浆生产采用元素氯漂白工艺,因此,开展非木浆清洁生产技术研究十分必要。此外,提高我国废纸回收率,改善废纸质量,改进废纸再生清洁生产工艺,也将对减少制浆造纸产品中二■英的循环量有重要意义。
Based on the "Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs,UNEP"(2013 edition), dioxins emissions in China's pulp and paper industry in 2014 were estimated as 406.68 g TEQ, in which water discharge was 20.08 g TEQ, and residues discharge was 20.99 g TEQ. The amount of dioxins released to water and residues decreased by 44.4% and 42.2% compared with 2005,and decreased by 11.2% and 8.4% compared with 2009. Chlorine bleaching process is the main source of dioxins discharge into water and residues in pulp and paper industry. At present, China's all wood pulp productions use ECF or TCF process in bleaching, but 72% non-wood pulp productions still use chlorine bleaching. The development of non-wood pulp cleaner production technology instead of chlorine bleaching will be necessary. At the same time, improving domestic waste paper recycling rate, upgrading the quality of raw materials and the production process in waste paper recycling are important to reduce dioxin emission in China's pulp and paper industry in the future.
Based on the "Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs,UNEP"(2013 edition), dioxins emissions in China's pulp and paper industry in 2014 were estimated as 406.68 g TEQ, in which water discharge was 20.08 g TEQ, and residues discharge was 20.99 g TEQ. The amount of dioxins released to water and residues decreased by 44.4% and 42.2% compared with 2005,and decreased by 11.2% and 8.4% compared with 2009. Chlorine bleaching process is the main source of dioxins discharge into water and residues in pulp and paper industry. At present, China's all wood pulp productions use ECF or TCF process in bleaching, but 72% non-wood pulp productions still use chlorine bleaching. The development of non-wood pulp cleaner production technology instead of chlorine bleaching will be necessary. At the same time, improving domestic waste paper recycling rate, upgrading the quality of raw materials and the production process in waste paper recycling are important to reduce dioxin emission in China's pulp and paper industry in the future.
引文
[1] International Agency for Research on Cancer.IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans:Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and poly chlorinated dibenzofurans[R].1997.
[2] Endo T,Okuyama A,Matsubara Y,et al.Fluorescence-based assay with enzyme amplification on a micro-flow immunosensor chip for monitoring coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,531(1):7.
[3] Rada E C,Ragazzi M,Panaitescu V,et al.The role of bio-mechanical treatments of waste in the dioxin emission inventories[J].Chemosphere,2006,62(3):404.
[4] Sun Xuecheng.China's Paper Industry and Dioxins of Persistent Organic Pollutants[J].China Pulp & Paper,2010,29(9):56.孙学成.我国造纸工业二■英类持久性有机污染物的研究进展[J].中国造纸,2010,29(9):56.
[5] Zhuo Zhiguo,Zhang Anlong.Study on the Control and Emission Reduction of Dioxins of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Pulp and Paper Industry[J].Hu′nan Papermaking,2008(3):33.卓志国,张安龙.制浆造纸工业二■英类持久性有机污染物控制和减排研究[J].湖南造纸,2008(3):33.
[6] Long Yan,Ding Yuan.Formation of PCDD/Fs and Its Control Measures[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering & Research,2009,30(6):1.龙燕,丁园.二■英(PCDD/Fs)的形成途径与控制措施[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2009,30(6):1.
[7] Guo Caiyun.Market Situation of Waste Paper at Home and Abroad in 2014[J].China Paper Newsletters,2015(10):57.郭彩云.2014年国内外废纸市场概况[J].造纸信息,2015(10):57.
[8] United Nations Environment Programme.Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins,Furans and Other Unintentional POPs[R].2013.
[9] Li Youming,Chen Zhonghao,Hu Jian.The Chromophoric Behavior of the Undissoved Lignin in Na2SO3 Treatment and H2O2 Bleaching[J].Transaction of China Pulp and Paper,2000,15(Supplement):86.李友明,陈中豪,胡健.纸浆氯化过程有机氯化物的形成特点[J].中国造纸学报,2000,15(S1):86.
[10] United Nations Environment Programme.Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases[S].2005.
[11] Wang Zhifang,Ding Qiong,Wang Kaixiang,et al.Study on Dioxin Emission for Typical Non-wood Pulp Making in China[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):574.王志芳,丁琼,王开祥,等.我国典型非木浆造纸二■英排放研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):574.
[12] China Paper Association.China Paper Industry Annual Report 2014[R].2014.中国造纸协会.中国造纸工业2014年度报告[R].2014.
[13] Kuang Shijun.ECF and TCF[J].China Pulp & Paper,2005,24(10):51.邝仕均.无元素氯漂白与全无氯漂白[J].中国造纸,2005,24(10):51.
[14] Allen L H,Berry R M,Fleming B I,et al.Evidence that oil-based additives are an indirect source of the TCDD and TCDF produced in kraft bleach plants[J].Chemosphere,1989,19(1/6):741.
[15] Wang Yanni.A brief analysis of defoaming agent in pulp and paper industry[J].Heilongjiang Pulp & Paper,2015(3):25.王延妮.浅析造纸行业消泡剂[J].黑龙江造纸,2015(3):25.
[16] Deng Xiaojuan,Zhang Shengyou.Effect of Pulp Delignification Degree on Fiber Line Performance and Bleaching Effluent Load[J].World Pulp and Paper,2008,27(1):29.邓小娟,张升友.脱木质素程度对制浆和漂白废水负荷的影响[J].国际造纸,2008,27(1):29.
[2] Endo T,Okuyama A,Matsubara Y,et al.Fluorescence-based assay with enzyme amplification on a micro-flow immunosensor chip for monitoring coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,531(1):7.
[3] Rada E C,Ragazzi M,Panaitescu V,et al.The role of bio-mechanical treatments of waste in the dioxin emission inventories[J].Chemosphere,2006,62(3):404.
[4] Sun Xuecheng.China's Paper Industry and Dioxins of Persistent Organic Pollutants[J].China Pulp & Paper,2010,29(9):56.孙学成.我国造纸工业二■英类持久性有机污染物的研究进展[J].中国造纸,2010,29(9):56.
[5] Zhuo Zhiguo,Zhang Anlong.Study on the Control and Emission Reduction of Dioxins of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Pulp and Paper Industry[J].Hu′nan Papermaking,2008(3):33.卓志国,张安龙.制浆造纸工业二■英类持久性有机污染物控制和减排研究[J].湖南造纸,2008(3):33.
[6] Long Yan,Ding Yuan.Formation of PCDD/Fs and Its Control Measures[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering & Research,2009,30(6):1.龙燕,丁园.二■英(PCDD/Fs)的形成途径与控制措施[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2009,30(6):1.
[7] Guo Caiyun.Market Situation of Waste Paper at Home and Abroad in 2014[J].China Paper Newsletters,2015(10):57.郭彩云.2014年国内外废纸市场概况[J].造纸信息,2015(10):57.
[8] United Nations Environment Programme.Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins,Furans and Other Unintentional POPs[R].2013.
[9] Li Youming,Chen Zhonghao,Hu Jian.The Chromophoric Behavior of the Undissoved Lignin in Na2SO3 Treatment and H2O2 Bleaching[J].Transaction of China Pulp and Paper,2000,15(Supplement):86.李友明,陈中豪,胡健.纸浆氯化过程有机氯化物的形成特点[J].中国造纸学报,2000,15(S1):86.
[10] United Nations Environment Programme.Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases[S].2005.
[11] Wang Zhifang,Ding Qiong,Wang Kaixiang,et al.Study on Dioxin Emission for Typical Non-wood Pulp Making in China[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):574.王志芳,丁琼,王开祥,等.我国典型非木浆造纸二■英排放研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):574.
[12] China Paper Association.China Paper Industry Annual Report 2014[R].2014.中国造纸协会.中国造纸工业2014年度报告[R].2014.
[13] Kuang Shijun.ECF and TCF[J].China Pulp & Paper,2005,24(10):51.邝仕均.无元素氯漂白与全无氯漂白[J].中国造纸,2005,24(10):51.
[14] Allen L H,Berry R M,Fleming B I,et al.Evidence that oil-based additives are an indirect source of the TCDD and TCDF produced in kraft bleach plants[J].Chemosphere,1989,19(1/6):741.
[15] Wang Yanni.A brief analysis of defoaming agent in pulp and paper industry[J].Heilongjiang Pulp & Paper,2015(3):25.王延妮.浅析造纸行业消泡剂[J].黑龙江造纸,2015(3):25.
[16] Deng Xiaojuan,Zhang Shengyou.Effect of Pulp Delignification Degree on Fiber Line Performance and Bleaching Effluent Load[J].World Pulp and Paper,2008,27(1):29.邓小娟,张升友.脱木质素程度对制浆和漂白废水负荷的影响[J].国际造纸,2008,27(1):29.