中国服务业集聚的形成机制研究——基于经济地理和制度视角
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摘要
厘清服务业集聚的形成机制,是推动中国服务业集聚发展的重要前提。本文从经济地理因素、制度因素两个维度提出理论框架,系统地解释中国服务业集聚现象。在此基础上,利用2007年省级投入产出表、2008年全国经济普查资料以及2010年全国人口普查分县资料,构造"省域—行业"截面数据集,实证检验中国服务业集聚的形成机制。结果表明:(1)四类经济地理因素的作用存在差异,专业劳动力市场、知识溢出能显著促进服务业集聚,而中间投入、市场规模的影响不显著;(2)两大制度因素中,地方保护主义阻碍了服务业集聚,对外开放对服务业集聚则无显著影响。以上结论,在多项稳健性检验后仍然成立。本文的政策含义是,提升服务业的专业化程度、强化服务业的知识溢出、消除地方保护主义,是推动中国服务业集聚发展的有效举措。
Clarifying the formation mechanism of service industry agglomeration is an important prerequisite to promote the agglomeration of China's service industry. From the two dimensions of economic geographicfactors and institutional factors, we put forward a theoretical framework to systematically explain the phenomenon of China's service industry agglomeration. On this basis, using the input-output table of all provinces in 2007, the economic census data of provinces in 2008 and the county-level data of the national census in 2010, the sectional data set of provincial-industry is constructed to verify the formation mechanism of the agglomeration of China's service industry. The results show that:(1) There are differences in the role of the four kinds of economic-geographical factors. The professional labor market and knowledge spillover can significantly promote the service industry agglomeration, while the influence of the middle investment and the market size is not significant.(2) In the two institutional factors, local protectionism hinders the agglomeration of service industry, and globalization has no significant impact on service industry agglomeration. The above conclusions are still valid after a number of robustness tests. The policy implication of this article is that the promotion of the specialization of the service industry, the enhancing of knowledge spillovers in the service industry and the elimination of local protectionism are the effective measures to promote service industry agglomeration in China.
Clarifying the formation mechanism of service industry agglomeration is an important prerequisite to promote the agglomeration of China's service industry. From the two dimensions of economic geographicfactors and institutional factors, we put forward a theoretical framework to systematically explain the phenomenon of China's service industry agglomeration. On this basis, using the input-output table of all provinces in 2007, the economic census data of provinces in 2008 and the county-level data of the national census in 2010, the sectional data set of provincial-industry is constructed to verify the formation mechanism of the agglomeration of China's service industry. The results show that:(1) There are differences in the role of the four kinds of economic-geographical factors. The professional labor market and knowledge spillover can significantly promote the service industry agglomeration, while the influence of the middle investment and the market size is not significant.(2) In the two institutional factors, local protectionism hinders the agglomeration of service industry, and globalization has no significant impact on service industry agglomeration. The above conclusions are still valid after a number of robustness tests. The policy implication of this article is that the promotion of the specialization of the service industry, the enhancing of knowledge spillovers in the service industry and the elimination of local protectionism are the effective measures to promote service industry agglomeration in China.
引文
[1]Marshall A..Principles of Economics,London:MacMillan,1920.
[2]Krugman P..“Increasing Returns and Economic Geography”,Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3):483-499.
[3]Fujita M.,Mori T..“Frontiers of the New Economic Geography”,Regional Science,2005,84(3):377–405.
[4]Scott A J..“Flexible production systems and regional development”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1988,12(2):125-136.
[5]Grimes D.,Prime P B.,Walker M B..“Change in the Concentration of Employment in Computer Services:Spatial Estimation at the U.S.Metro County Level”,Growth and Change,2007,38(1):39-55.
[6]Pinch S.,Henry N..“Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics,Industrial Clustering and the British Motor Sport Industry”,Regional Studies,1999,33(9):815-827.
[7]Keeble D.,Nachum L..“Why Do Business Service Firms Cluster?Small Consultancies,Clustering and Decentralization in London and Southern England”,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2002,27(1):67-90.
[8]Pandit N R.,Cook G..“The Benefits of Industrial Clustering:Insights from the British Financial Services Industry at Three Locations”,Journal of Financial Services Marketing,2003,7(3):230-245.
[9]Shearmur R.,Doloreux D..“Urban Hierarchy or Local Buzz?High-Order Producer Service and (or) Knowledge-Intensive Business Service Location in Canada,1991–2001”,Professional Geographer,2008,60(3):333 -355.
[10]Kolko J..“Urbanization,Agglomeration,and Coagglomeration of Service Industries”,in Glaeser E L.,Agglomeration Economics,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2010.
[11]Zhao S X B.,Zhang L.,Wang D T..“Determining Factors of the Development of a National Financial Center:The Case of China”,Geoforum,2004,35(5):577-592.
[12]陈建军、陈国亮、黄洁:《新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——来自中国222个城市的经验证据》,载《管理世界》2009年第4期。
[13]宣烨:《本地市场规模、交易成本与生产性服务业集聚》,载《财贸经济》2013年第8期。
[14]盛龙、陆根尧:《中国生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——基于行业和地区层面的分析》,载《南开经济研究》2013年第5期。
[15]孔令池、李致平、徐璇莹:《中国服务业空间集聚:市场决定还是政府主导?》,载《上海经济研究》2016年第9期。
[16]刘杨、蔡宏波:《契约环境与服务业集聚——基于中国服务业企业数据的分析》,载《经济学动态》2017年第6期。
[17]邓涛涛、王丹丹、程少勇:《高速铁路对城市服务业集聚的影响》,载《财经研究》2017年第7期。
[18]O’Sullivan A..Urban Economics,New York:McGraw-Hill Education,2011.
[19]Li H.,Zhou L..“Political Turnover and Economic Performance:The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China”,Journal of Public Economics,2005,89:1743-1762.
[20] Bai C.,Du Y.,Tao Z..“Local Protectionism and Regional Specialization:Evidence from China’s Industries”,Journal of International Economics,2004 (63):397-417.
[21]杨亚琴:《经济开放与中国制度变迁——对外开放效应的若干思考》,载《社会科学》2002年第4期。
[22]张萃、赵伟:《对外开放与中国制造业区域集聚:机理分析与实证检验》,载《国际贸易问题》2009年第9期。
[23] Rosenthal S S.,Strange W C..“The Determinants of Agglomeration”,Journal of Urban Economics,2001,50(7):191-229.
[24]贺灿飞、谢秀珍:《中国制造业地理集中与省区专业化》,载《地理学报》2006年第2期。
[25]罗勇、曹丽莉:《中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究》,载《经济研究》2005年第8期。
[26]白重恩、杜颖娟、陶志刚、仝月婷:《地方保护主义及产业地区集中度的决定因素》,载《经济研究》 2004年第4期。
[27]杨汝岱、朱诗娥:《市场潜力、地方保护与企业成长》,载《经济学动态》2015年第11期。
[28]黄玖立、李坤望:《对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局》,载《经济学(季刊)》2006年第5期。
[29]Yang R.,He C..“The Productivity Puzzle of Chinese Exporters”,Papers in Regional Science,2014(93):367-384.
(1)县级单元,包括地级市的市辖区、县级市、县、旗等各类县级行政区。
(2)因无法获得天津、湖南、青海、西藏的经济普查数据,本文将这4省剔除。按《国民经济行业分类》(GBT-4754-2011),服务业门类(也称字母行业)有15个,其中“国际组织”门类性质特殊且规模很小,本文不予考虑。
[2]Krugman P..“Increasing Returns and Economic Geography”,Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3):483-499.
[3]Fujita M.,Mori T..“Frontiers of the New Economic Geography”,Regional Science,2005,84(3):377–405.
[4]Scott A J..“Flexible production systems and regional development”,International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1988,12(2):125-136.
[5]Grimes D.,Prime P B.,Walker M B..“Change in the Concentration of Employment in Computer Services:Spatial Estimation at the U.S.Metro County Level”,Growth and Change,2007,38(1):39-55.
[6]Pinch S.,Henry N..“Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics,Industrial Clustering and the British Motor Sport Industry”,Regional Studies,1999,33(9):815-827.
[7]Keeble D.,Nachum L..“Why Do Business Service Firms Cluster?Small Consultancies,Clustering and Decentralization in London and Southern England”,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2002,27(1):67-90.
[8]Pandit N R.,Cook G..“The Benefits of Industrial Clustering:Insights from the British Financial Services Industry at Three Locations”,Journal of Financial Services Marketing,2003,7(3):230-245.
[9]Shearmur R.,Doloreux D..“Urban Hierarchy or Local Buzz?High-Order Producer Service and (or) Knowledge-Intensive Business Service Location in Canada,1991–2001”,Professional Geographer,2008,60(3):333 -355.
[10]Kolko J..“Urbanization,Agglomeration,and Coagglomeration of Service Industries”,in Glaeser E L.,Agglomeration Economics,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2010.
[11]Zhao S X B.,Zhang L.,Wang D T..“Determining Factors of the Development of a National Financial Center:The Case of China”,Geoforum,2004,35(5):577-592.
[12]陈建军、陈国亮、黄洁:《新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——来自中国222个城市的经验证据》,载《管理世界》2009年第4期。
[13]宣烨:《本地市场规模、交易成本与生产性服务业集聚》,载《财贸经济》2013年第8期。
[14]盛龙、陆根尧:《中国生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究——基于行业和地区层面的分析》,载《南开经济研究》2013年第5期。
[15]孔令池、李致平、徐璇莹:《中国服务业空间集聚:市场决定还是政府主导?》,载《上海经济研究》2016年第9期。
[16]刘杨、蔡宏波:《契约环境与服务业集聚——基于中国服务业企业数据的分析》,载《经济学动态》2017年第6期。
[17]邓涛涛、王丹丹、程少勇:《高速铁路对城市服务业集聚的影响》,载《财经研究》2017年第7期。
[18]O’Sullivan A..Urban Economics,New York:McGraw-Hill Education,2011.
[19]Li H.,Zhou L..“Political Turnover and Economic Performance:The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China”,Journal of Public Economics,2005,89:1743-1762.
[20] Bai C.,Du Y.,Tao Z..“Local Protectionism and Regional Specialization:Evidence from China’s Industries”,Journal of International Economics,2004 (63):397-417.
[21]杨亚琴:《经济开放与中国制度变迁——对外开放效应的若干思考》,载《社会科学》2002年第4期。
[22]张萃、赵伟:《对外开放与中国制造业区域集聚:机理分析与实证检验》,载《国际贸易问题》2009年第9期。
[23] Rosenthal S S.,Strange W C..“The Determinants of Agglomeration”,Journal of Urban Economics,2001,50(7):191-229.
[24]贺灿飞、谢秀珍:《中国制造业地理集中与省区专业化》,载《地理学报》2006年第2期。
[25]罗勇、曹丽莉:《中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究》,载《经济研究》2005年第8期。
[26]白重恩、杜颖娟、陶志刚、仝月婷:《地方保护主义及产业地区集中度的决定因素》,载《经济研究》 2004年第4期。
[27]杨汝岱、朱诗娥:《市场潜力、地方保护与企业成长》,载《经济学动态》2015年第11期。
[28]黄玖立、李坤望:《对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局》,载《经济学(季刊)》2006年第5期。
[29]Yang R.,He C..“The Productivity Puzzle of Chinese Exporters”,Papers in Regional Science,2014(93):367-384.
(1)县级单元,包括地级市的市辖区、县级市、县、旗等各类县级行政区。
(2)因无法获得天津、湖南、青海、西藏的经济普查数据,本文将这4省剔除。按《国民经济行业分类》(GBT-4754-2011),服务业门类(也称字母行业)有15个,其中“国际组织”门类性质特殊且规模很小,本文不予考虑。