性态度和爱的水平在识别性和爱相关刺激上的效应:来自眼动研究的证据
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摘要
采用眼动技术,记录了15名男性和19名女性在观看与爱相关刺激和与性相关刺激(包括图片和句子)时的眼动过程,并测量了个体的激情爱水平和性态度对这些刺激感知的影响。结果表明:(1)相对于性相关图片,男性对爱相关图片更感兴趣,但在女性中并未发现偏好;(2)相对于爱相关图片,保守型性态度的个体对性相关图片的注意次数更多,但在开放型性态度的个体中未见显著差异;(3)相较于爱相关句子,激情爱水平为疯狂、不顾一切的爱和偶尔爆发激情的个体更关注性相关句子。研究表明,爱相关刺激与性相关刺激的视觉注意模式有所不同,且这种差异受个体性态度与激情爱水平的影响。
In the current study, we measured the eye movements of 15 males and 19 females when they were viewing love-related and sexrelated stimuli(including pictures and sentences), and investigated the effects of individual's passionate love level and sexual attitude on the perception of these stimuli. The results showed that 1) males showed more interest in love-related pictures than sex-related pictures, but females attend similarly to these pictures; 2) individuals with conservative sexual attitude looked at sex-related pictures more times than at love-related pictures, but no such difference was found in individuals with liberal sexual attitude;(3) individuals who were wildly in love and had occasional bursts of passion paid more attention to sex-related sentences than love-related sentence.It indicated that viewing patterns of love-related stimuli differ from that of sex-related stimuli, and this difference was modulated by one's sexual attitude and passionate love.
In the current study, we measured the eye movements of 15 males and 19 females when they were viewing love-related and sexrelated stimuli(including pictures and sentences), and investigated the effects of individual's passionate love level and sexual attitude on the perception of these stimuli. The results showed that 1) males showed more interest in love-related pictures than sex-related pictures, but females attend similarly to these pictures; 2) individuals with conservative sexual attitude looked at sex-related pictures more times than at love-related pictures, but no such difference was found in individuals with liberal sexual attitude;(3) individuals who were wildly in love and had occasional bursts of passion paid more attention to sex-related sentences than love-related sentence.It indicated that viewing patterns of love-related stimuli differ from that of sex-related stimuli, and this difference was modulated by one's sexual attitude and passionate love.
引文
刘志伟.(2011).男性内外向人格与性态度对性图片加工的影响:来自ERP的证据(博士学位论文).江西师范大学.
Arnow,B.A.,Desmond,J.E.,Banner,L.L.,Glover,G.H.,Solomon,A.,Polan,M.L.,…Atlas,S.W.(2002).Brain activation and sexual arousal in healthy,heterosexual males.Brain,125(5),1014-1023,doi:10.1093/brain/awf108.
Balcetis,E.,&Dunning,D.(2006).See what you want to see:Motivational influences on visual perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(4),612-625,doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.612.
Bartels,A.,&Zeki,S.(2000).The neural basis of romantic love.Neuroreport,11(17),3829-3834,doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046.
Bartels,A.,&Zeki,S.(2004).The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love.NeuroImage,21(3),1155-1166,doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Bratslavsky,E.(1999).Passion,intimacy,and time:Passionate love as a function of change in intimacy.Personality and Social Psychology Review:An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology,Inc,3(1),49-67,doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_3.
Bolmont,M.,Cacioppo,J.T.,&Cacioppo,S.(2014).Love is in the gaze:An eye-tracking study of love and sexual desire.Psychological Science,25(9),1748-1756,doi:10.1177/0956797614539706.
Bradley,M.M.,Miccoli,L.,Escrig,M.A.,&Lang,P.J.(2008).The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation.Psychophysiology,45(4),602-607,doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x.
Diamond,L.M.(2004).Emerging perspectives on distinctions between romantic love and sexual desire.Current Directions in Psychological Science,13(3),116-119,doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00287.x.
Duchowski,A.T.(2002).A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,34(4),455-470.
Ferretti,A.,Caulo,M.,Del Gratta,C.,Di Matteo,R.,Merla,A.,Montorsi,F.,…Romani,G.L.(2005).Dynamics of male sexual arousal:Distinct components of brain activation revealed by fMRI.NeuroImage,26(4),1086-1096,doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.025.
Fisher,H.(2000).Lust,attraction,attachment:Biology and evolution of the three primary emotion systems for mating,reproduction,and parenting.Journal of Sex Education and Therapy,25(1),96-104,doi:10.1080/01614576.2000.11074334.
Fisher,H.,Aron,A.,&Brown,L.L.(2005).Romantic love:An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice.The Journal of Comparative Neurology,493(1),58-62,doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861.
Fisher,H.E.(1998).Lust,attraction,and attachment in mammalian reproduction.Human Nature,9(1),23-52,doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5.
Fisher,H.E.,Aron,A.,Mashek,D.,Li,H.,&Brown,L.L.(2002).Defining the brain systems of lust,romantic attraction,and attachment.Archives of Sexual Behavior,31(5),413-419,doi:10.1023/A:1019888024255.
F?rster,J.,?zelsel,A.,&Kai,E.(2010).How love and lust change people’s perception of relationship partners.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(2),237-246,doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.009.
Fromberger,P.,Jordan,K.,von Herder,J.,Steinkrauss,H.,Nemetschek,R.,Stolpmann,G.,&Müller,J.L.(2012).Initial orienting towards sexually relevant stimuli:Preliminary evidence from eye movement measures.Archives of Sexual Behavior,41(4),919-928,doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9816-3.
Grammer,K.,Fink,B.,M?ller,A.P.,&Thornhill,R.(2010).Darwinian aesthetics:sexual selection and the biology of beauty.Biological Reviews,78(3),385-407.
Hamann,S.,Herman,R.A.,Nolan,C.L.,&Wallen,K.(2004).Men and women differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli.Nature Neuroscience,7(4),411-416,doi:10.1038/nn1208.
Hatfield,E.,&Sprecher,S.(1986).Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships.Journal of Adolescence,9(4),383-410,doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(86)80043-4.
Hendrick,C.,Hendrick,S.S.,&Reich,D.A.(2006).The brief sexual attitudes scale.The Journal of Sex Research,43(1),76-86,doi:10.1080/00224490609552301.
Isaacowitz,D.M.(2006).Motivated gaze:The view from the gazer.Current Directions in Psychological Science,15(2),68-72,doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00409.x.
Josephson,S.,&Holmes,M.E.(2002).Attention to repeated images on the World-Wide Web:Another look at scanpath theory.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,34(4),539-548.
Kim,S.W.,Sohn,D.W.,Cho,Y.H.,Yang,W.S.,Lee,K.U.,Juh,R.,…Chae,J.H.(2006).Brain activation by visual erotic stimuli in healthy middle-aged males.International Journal of Impotence Research,18(5),452-457,doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901449.
Kuperman,V.,&van Dyke,J.A.(2011).Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye-movement patterns during sentence reading.Journal of Memory and Language,65(1),42-73,doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.03.002.
Laeng,B.,&Falkenberg,L.(2007).Women’s pupillary responses to sexually significant others during the hormonal cycle.Hormones and Behavior,52(4),520-530,doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.07.013.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,Jansma,B.M.,Franken,I.H.A.,&van Strien,J.W.(2007).Event-related potential responses to love-related facial stimuli.Biological Psychology,76(1-2),109-115.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,Olivier,J.R.,K?hlen,M.E.,Nijs,I.M.,&van Strien,J.W.(2014).Increased attention and memory for beloved-related information during infatuation:Behavioral and electrophysiological data.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(1),136-144.
Loftus,G.R.,&Mackworth,N.H.(1978).Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,4(4),565-572,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.565.
Lykins,A.D.,Meana,M.,&Kambe,G.(2006).Detection of differential viewing patterns to erotic and non-erotic stimuli using eye-tracking methodology.Archives of Sexual Behavior,35(5),569-575,doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9065-z.
Lykins,A.D.,Meana,M.,&Strauss,G.P.(2008).Sex differences in visual attention to erotic and non-erotic stimuli.Archives of Sexual Behavior,37(2),219-228,doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9208-x.
Ortigue,S.,Bianchi-Demicheli,F.,Hamilton,A.F.D.C.,&Grafton,S.T.(2007).The neural basis of love as a subliminal prime:An eventrelated functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,19(7),1218-1230,doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1218.
Partala,T.,&Surakka,V.(2003).Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,59(1-2),185-198.
Rayner,K.(1998).Eye movements in reading and information processing:20 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,124(3),372-422,doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372.
Reichle,E.D.,Reineberg,A.E.,&Schooler,J.W.(2010).Eye movements during mindless reading.Psychological Science,21(9),1300-1310,doi:10.1177/0956797610378686.
Rieger,G.,Cash,B.M.,Merrill,S.M.,Jones-Rounds,J.,Dharmavaram,S.M.,&Savin-Williams,R.C.(2015).Sexual arousal:The correspondence of eyes and genitals.Biological Psychology,104,56-64,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.009.
Rieger,G.,&Savin-Williams,R.C.(2012).The eyes have it:Sex and sexual orientation differences in pupil dilation patterns.PLoS One,7(8),e40256,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040256.
Sabatinelli,D.,Flaisch,T.,Bradley,M.M.,Fitzsimmons,J.R.,&Lang,P.J.(2004).Affective picture perception:Gender differences in visual cortex?Neuroreport,15(7),1109-1112,doi:10.1097/00001756-200405190-00005.
Stark,R.,Schienle,A.,Girod,C.,Walter,B.,Kirsch,P.,Blecker,C.,…Vaitl,D.(2005).Erotic and disgust-inducing Pictures-Differences in the hemodynamic responses of the brain.Biological Psychology,70(1),19-29,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.014.
Tiedt,H.O.,Beier,K.M.,Lueschow,A.,Pauls,A.,&Weber,J.E.(2014).A different pattern of lateralised brain activity during processing of loved faces in men and women:A MEG study.Biological Psychology,103,255-261,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.09.014.
Uttal,W.R.,&Smith,P.(1968).Recognition of alphabetic characters during voluntary eye movements.Perception&Psychophysics,3(4),257-264.
Vico,C.,Guerra,P.H.,Robles,H.,Vila,J.,&Anllo-Vento,L.(2010).Affective processing of loved faces:Contributions from peripheral and central electrophysiology.Neuropsychologia,48(10),2894-2902,doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.031.
Wagenmakers,E.J.,Love,J.,Marsman,M.,Jamil,T.,Ly,A.,Verhagen,J.,…Morey,R.D.(2016).Bayesian inference for psychology.Part II:Example applications with JASP.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,25(1),58-76.
Arnow,B.A.,Desmond,J.E.,Banner,L.L.,Glover,G.H.,Solomon,A.,Polan,M.L.,…Atlas,S.W.(2002).Brain activation and sexual arousal in healthy,heterosexual males.Brain,125(5),1014-1023,doi:10.1093/brain/awf108.
Balcetis,E.,&Dunning,D.(2006).See what you want to see:Motivational influences on visual perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(4),612-625,doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.612.
Bartels,A.,&Zeki,S.(2000).The neural basis of romantic love.Neuroreport,11(17),3829-3834,doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046.
Bartels,A.,&Zeki,S.(2004).The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love.NeuroImage,21(3),1155-1166,doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Bratslavsky,E.(1999).Passion,intimacy,and time:Passionate love as a function of change in intimacy.Personality and Social Psychology Review:An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology,Inc,3(1),49-67,doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_3.
Bolmont,M.,Cacioppo,J.T.,&Cacioppo,S.(2014).Love is in the gaze:An eye-tracking study of love and sexual desire.Psychological Science,25(9),1748-1756,doi:10.1177/0956797614539706.
Bradley,M.M.,Miccoli,L.,Escrig,M.A.,&Lang,P.J.(2008).The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation.Psychophysiology,45(4),602-607,doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x.
Diamond,L.M.(2004).Emerging perspectives on distinctions between romantic love and sexual desire.Current Directions in Psychological Science,13(3),116-119,doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00287.x.
Duchowski,A.T.(2002).A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,34(4),455-470.
Ferretti,A.,Caulo,M.,Del Gratta,C.,Di Matteo,R.,Merla,A.,Montorsi,F.,…Romani,G.L.(2005).Dynamics of male sexual arousal:Distinct components of brain activation revealed by fMRI.NeuroImage,26(4),1086-1096,doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.025.
Fisher,H.(2000).Lust,attraction,attachment:Biology and evolution of the three primary emotion systems for mating,reproduction,and parenting.Journal of Sex Education and Therapy,25(1),96-104,doi:10.1080/01614576.2000.11074334.
Fisher,H.,Aron,A.,&Brown,L.L.(2005).Romantic love:An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice.The Journal of Comparative Neurology,493(1),58-62,doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861.
Fisher,H.E.(1998).Lust,attraction,and attachment in mammalian reproduction.Human Nature,9(1),23-52,doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5.
Fisher,H.E.,Aron,A.,Mashek,D.,Li,H.,&Brown,L.L.(2002).Defining the brain systems of lust,romantic attraction,and attachment.Archives of Sexual Behavior,31(5),413-419,doi:10.1023/A:1019888024255.
F?rster,J.,?zelsel,A.,&Kai,E.(2010).How love and lust change people’s perception of relationship partners.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(2),237-246,doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.009.
Fromberger,P.,Jordan,K.,von Herder,J.,Steinkrauss,H.,Nemetschek,R.,Stolpmann,G.,&Müller,J.L.(2012).Initial orienting towards sexually relevant stimuli:Preliminary evidence from eye movement measures.Archives of Sexual Behavior,41(4),919-928,doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9816-3.
Grammer,K.,Fink,B.,M?ller,A.P.,&Thornhill,R.(2010).Darwinian aesthetics:sexual selection and the biology of beauty.Biological Reviews,78(3),385-407.
Hamann,S.,Herman,R.A.,Nolan,C.L.,&Wallen,K.(2004).Men and women differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli.Nature Neuroscience,7(4),411-416,doi:10.1038/nn1208.
Hatfield,E.,&Sprecher,S.(1986).Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships.Journal of Adolescence,9(4),383-410,doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(86)80043-4.
Hendrick,C.,Hendrick,S.S.,&Reich,D.A.(2006).The brief sexual attitudes scale.The Journal of Sex Research,43(1),76-86,doi:10.1080/00224490609552301.
Isaacowitz,D.M.(2006).Motivated gaze:The view from the gazer.Current Directions in Psychological Science,15(2),68-72,doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00409.x.
Josephson,S.,&Holmes,M.E.(2002).Attention to repeated images on the World-Wide Web:Another look at scanpath theory.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,34(4),539-548.
Kim,S.W.,Sohn,D.W.,Cho,Y.H.,Yang,W.S.,Lee,K.U.,Juh,R.,…Chae,J.H.(2006).Brain activation by visual erotic stimuli in healthy middle-aged males.International Journal of Impotence Research,18(5),452-457,doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901449.
Kuperman,V.,&van Dyke,J.A.(2011).Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye-movement patterns during sentence reading.Journal of Memory and Language,65(1),42-73,doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.03.002.
Laeng,B.,&Falkenberg,L.(2007).Women’s pupillary responses to sexually significant others during the hormonal cycle.Hormones and Behavior,52(4),520-530,doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.07.013.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,Jansma,B.M.,Franken,I.H.A.,&van Strien,J.W.(2007).Event-related potential responses to love-related facial stimuli.Biological Psychology,76(1-2),109-115.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,Olivier,J.R.,K?hlen,M.E.,Nijs,I.M.,&van Strien,J.W.(2014).Increased attention and memory for beloved-related information during infatuation:Behavioral and electrophysiological data.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(1),136-144.
Loftus,G.R.,&Mackworth,N.H.(1978).Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,4(4),565-572,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.565.
Lykins,A.D.,Meana,M.,&Kambe,G.(2006).Detection of differential viewing patterns to erotic and non-erotic stimuli using eye-tracking methodology.Archives of Sexual Behavior,35(5),569-575,doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9065-z.
Lykins,A.D.,Meana,M.,&Strauss,G.P.(2008).Sex differences in visual attention to erotic and non-erotic stimuli.Archives of Sexual Behavior,37(2),219-228,doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9208-x.
Ortigue,S.,Bianchi-Demicheli,F.,Hamilton,A.F.D.C.,&Grafton,S.T.(2007).The neural basis of love as a subliminal prime:An eventrelated functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,19(7),1218-1230,doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1218.
Partala,T.,&Surakka,V.(2003).Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,59(1-2),185-198.
Rayner,K.(1998).Eye movements in reading and information processing:20 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,124(3),372-422,doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372.
Reichle,E.D.,Reineberg,A.E.,&Schooler,J.W.(2010).Eye movements during mindless reading.Psychological Science,21(9),1300-1310,doi:10.1177/0956797610378686.
Rieger,G.,Cash,B.M.,Merrill,S.M.,Jones-Rounds,J.,Dharmavaram,S.M.,&Savin-Williams,R.C.(2015).Sexual arousal:The correspondence of eyes and genitals.Biological Psychology,104,56-64,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.009.
Rieger,G.,&Savin-Williams,R.C.(2012).The eyes have it:Sex and sexual orientation differences in pupil dilation patterns.PLoS One,7(8),e40256,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040256.
Sabatinelli,D.,Flaisch,T.,Bradley,M.M.,Fitzsimmons,J.R.,&Lang,P.J.(2004).Affective picture perception:Gender differences in visual cortex?Neuroreport,15(7),1109-1112,doi:10.1097/00001756-200405190-00005.
Stark,R.,Schienle,A.,Girod,C.,Walter,B.,Kirsch,P.,Blecker,C.,…Vaitl,D.(2005).Erotic and disgust-inducing Pictures-Differences in the hemodynamic responses of the brain.Biological Psychology,70(1),19-29,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.014.
Tiedt,H.O.,Beier,K.M.,Lueschow,A.,Pauls,A.,&Weber,J.E.(2014).A different pattern of lateralised brain activity during processing of loved faces in men and women:A MEG study.Biological Psychology,103,255-261,doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.09.014.
Uttal,W.R.,&Smith,P.(1968).Recognition of alphabetic characters during voluntary eye movements.Perception&Psychophysics,3(4),257-264.
Vico,C.,Guerra,P.H.,Robles,H.,Vila,J.,&Anllo-Vento,L.(2010).Affective processing of loved faces:Contributions from peripheral and central electrophysiology.Neuropsychologia,48(10),2894-2902,doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.031.
Wagenmakers,E.J.,Love,J.,Marsman,M.,Jamil,T.,Ly,A.,Verhagen,J.,…Morey,R.D.(2016).Bayesian inference for psychology.Part II:Example applications with JASP.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,25(1),58-76.