人际语用学研究的社会认知路径
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摘要
从传统范式到现阶段范式,不同礼貌研究路径在两大争论焦点上持有不同立场:其一,礼貌研究的视角;其二,礼貌现象的解释层面。作为前沿研究成果之一,Long(2016)面向关系工作提出的社会认知路径尝试解决上述争论。该路径侧重交际中人际关系的探讨,对于礼貌研究两大争议的解决具有借鉴意义,但受自身研究背景的局限,未能对人际交往与社会认知过程提出完整的解释。因此,更为完善的人际交往社会认知路径还有待进一步探讨。
FROM traditional paradigm to current paradigm,different approaches to linguistic politeness take different stances in the following two debates: first,the perspectives of politeness research; second,the explanatory dimensions for politeness phenomena. A social cognitive approach to interpersonal pragmatics that attempted to address the above two debates has emerged in recent years,notably Long's( 2016) social cognitive approach to relational work. It is to be argued that the approach sheds light on the resolution of the debates concerning politeness research. Yet,due to the limitedness of its research background,it may fail to provide a complete explanatory framework for interpersonal interaction and social cognition. Thus,an improved social cognitive approach to interpersonal communication is yet to be developed.
FROM traditional paradigm to current paradigm,different approaches to linguistic politeness take different stances in the following two debates: first,the perspectives of politeness research; second,the explanatory dimensions for politeness phenomena. A social cognitive approach to interpersonal pragmatics that attempted to address the above two debates has emerged in recent years,notably Long's( 2016) social cognitive approach to relational work. It is to be argued that the approach sheds light on the resolution of the debates concerning politeness research. Yet,due to the limitedness of its research background,it may fail to provide a complete explanatory framework for interpersonal interaction and social cognition. Thus,an improved social cognitive approach to interpersonal communication is yet to be developed.
引文
Arundale,R.1999.“An alternative model and ideology of communication for an alternative to politeness theory”.Pragmatics 9/1.pp119-154.
Arundale,R.2006.“Face as relational and interactional:Acommunication framework for research on face,facework,and politeness”.Journal of Politeness Research 2/2.pp193-216.
Arundale,R.2010.“Constituting face in conversation:Face,facework,and interactional achievement”.Journal of Pragmatics 42/8.pp2078-2105.
Austin,J.L.1962.How to Do Things With Words.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
Brown,P.&S.Levinson.1978/1987.Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper,J.1996.“Towards an anatomy of impoliteness.”Journal of Pragmatics 25/3.pp349-367.
Culpeper,J.2011.Impoliteness:Using Language to Cause Offence.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Culpeper,J.&M.Haugh.2014.Pragmatics and the English Language.Palgrave Macmillan.
Eagly,A.H.&S.Chaiken.1993.The Psychology of Attitudes.Belmont,California:Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Eelen,G.2001.A Critique of Politeness Theories.Manchester,UK:St.Jerome.
Goffman,E.1967.Interaction Ritual.Chicago:Aldine.
Goffman,E.1997.“Frame analysis of talk”.In C.Lemert&A.Branaman(eds.).The Goffman Reader.Oxford:Blackwell.
Grainger,K.2011.“‘First order’and‘second order’politeness:Institutional and intercultural contexts”.In Linguistic Politeness Research Group(ed.),Discursive Approaches to Politeness.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
Haugh,M.2007.“The discursive challenge to politeness research:An interactional alternative”.Journal of Politeness Research 3/2.pp295-317.
Ide,S.1989.“Formal forms and discernment:Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness.”MultilinguaJournal of Cross-cultural and Interlanguage Communication8/2-3.pp223-248.
Kádár,D.2013.Relational Rituals and Communication:Ritual Interaction in Groups.Springer.
Lakoff,R.1973.“The logic of politeness;or,minding your p's and q's”.In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society,292-305.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.
Locher,M.2004.Power and Politeness in Action:Disagreements in Oral Communication.New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher,M.2006.“Polite behaviour within relational work:The discursive approach to politeness”.Multilingua 25/3.pp249-267.
Locher,M.&R.Watts.2005.“Politeness theory and relational work”.Journal of Politeness Research 1/1.pp9-33.
Long,C.2016.“A social cognitive account of relational work”.Journal of Politeness Research 12/1.pp1-26.
Mills,S.2011.“Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness”.In Linguistic Politeness Research Group(ed.).Discursive Approaches to Politeness.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
O'Driscoll,J.2007.“Brown and Levinson's face:How it can-and can't-help us to understand interaction across cultures”.Intercultural Pragmatics 4/4.pp463-492.
Pizziconi,B.2011.“Honorifics:The cultural specificity of a universal mechanism in Japanese”.In D.Kádár&S.Mills(eds.).Politeness in East Asia.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
Sacks,H.,E.Schegloff&G.Jefferson.1978.“A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation”.In J.Schenkein(ed.).Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction.New York:Academic Press.
Schegloff,E.A.1988.“Goffman and the analysis of conversation”.In P.Drew and A.Wootton(eds.).Erving Goffman:Exploring the Interaction Order.Boston:Northeastern Unversity Press,89-135.
Schegloff,E.,I.Koshik,S.Jacoby,&D.Olsher.2002.“Conversation analysis and applied linguistics”.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 22.pp3-31.
Sifianou,M.2010.“Linguistic politeness:Lying the foundations”.In M.Locher&S.Lambert Graham(eds.).Interpersonal Pragmatics.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
Terkourafi,M.2001.Politeness in Cypriot Greek:A Framebased Approach.Doctoral dissertation,University of Cambridge.
Terkourafi,M.2005.“Beyond the micro-level in politeness research”.Journal of Politeness Research 1/2.pp237-262.
Watts,R.2003.Politeness.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Watts,R.2005.“Linguistic politeness research:Quo Vadis?”In R.J.Watts,S.Ide&K.Ehlich(eds.).Politeness in Language Studies in its History,Theory and Practice.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
陈新仁,2016,《交际中的人际关系仪式---群内仪式互动研究》导读,In D.Kádár.Relational Rituals and Communication:Ritual Interaction in Groups.北京:北京大学出版社。
(1)由于但不限于这些因素,交互路径的研究者们(如Terkourafi,2001,2005;Grainger,2011;Arundale,2006;Haugh,2007;O'Driscoll,2007)也大多认为自身的研究是礼貌的后现代转向的一部分(Grainger,2011)。
(2)同样借用(认知)框架概念来解释礼貌现象的还有Watts(2003),Locher(2004),Locher and Watts(2005)等,但Terkourafi(2001,2005)是目前而言最为详尽的基于框架的礼貌路径(Culpeper&Haugh,2014)。
(1)Brown&Levinson(1978/1987)对于积极面子和消极面子的解读被学界广泛定义为一种需求观,但Brown本人却声明将积极面子和消极面子解读为个体需求是将其误解为一种具体化、心理化的概念(见Arundale,2006)。
(2)Long指出,这样的“凸显”定义方式与Kecskes(2011)跨文化语用学社会认知模式中对“集体”(“collective”)凸显与“浮现”(“emergent”)凸显的区分相似。
(3)尽管“图1”是以表格的形式呈现的,但其本质上是一个类似流程图形式的工作过程图示,因此本文沿用Long(2016)的做法,称其为“图”而非“表”。
Arundale,R.2006.“Face as relational and interactional:Acommunication framework for research on face,facework,and politeness”.Journal of Politeness Research 2/2.pp193-216.
Arundale,R.2010.“Constituting face in conversation:Face,facework,and interactional achievement”.Journal of Pragmatics 42/8.pp2078-2105.
Austin,J.L.1962.How to Do Things With Words.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
Brown,P.&S.Levinson.1978/1987.Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper,J.1996.“Towards an anatomy of impoliteness.”Journal of Pragmatics 25/3.pp349-367.
Culpeper,J.2011.Impoliteness:Using Language to Cause Offence.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Culpeper,J.&M.Haugh.2014.Pragmatics and the English Language.Palgrave Macmillan.
Eagly,A.H.&S.Chaiken.1993.The Psychology of Attitudes.Belmont,California:Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Eelen,G.2001.A Critique of Politeness Theories.Manchester,UK:St.Jerome.
Goffman,E.1967.Interaction Ritual.Chicago:Aldine.
Goffman,E.1997.“Frame analysis of talk”.In C.Lemert&A.Branaman(eds.).The Goffman Reader.Oxford:Blackwell.
Grainger,K.2011.“‘First order’and‘second order’politeness:Institutional and intercultural contexts”.In Linguistic Politeness Research Group(ed.),Discursive Approaches to Politeness.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
Haugh,M.2007.“The discursive challenge to politeness research:An interactional alternative”.Journal of Politeness Research 3/2.pp295-317.
Ide,S.1989.“Formal forms and discernment:Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness.”MultilinguaJournal of Cross-cultural and Interlanguage Communication8/2-3.pp223-248.
Kádár,D.2013.Relational Rituals and Communication:Ritual Interaction in Groups.Springer.
Lakoff,R.1973.“The logic of politeness;or,minding your p's and q's”.In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society,292-305.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.
Locher,M.2004.Power and Politeness in Action:Disagreements in Oral Communication.New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher,M.2006.“Polite behaviour within relational work:The discursive approach to politeness”.Multilingua 25/3.pp249-267.
Locher,M.&R.Watts.2005.“Politeness theory and relational work”.Journal of Politeness Research 1/1.pp9-33.
Long,C.2016.“A social cognitive account of relational work”.Journal of Politeness Research 12/1.pp1-26.
Mills,S.2011.“Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness”.In Linguistic Politeness Research Group(ed.).Discursive Approaches to Politeness.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
O'Driscoll,J.2007.“Brown and Levinson's face:How it can-and can't-help us to understand interaction across cultures”.Intercultural Pragmatics 4/4.pp463-492.
Pizziconi,B.2011.“Honorifics:The cultural specificity of a universal mechanism in Japanese”.In D.Kádár&S.Mills(eds.).Politeness in East Asia.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
Sacks,H.,E.Schegloff&G.Jefferson.1978.“A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation”.In J.Schenkein(ed.).Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction.New York:Academic Press.
Schegloff,E.A.1988.“Goffman and the analysis of conversation”.In P.Drew and A.Wootton(eds.).Erving Goffman:Exploring the Interaction Order.Boston:Northeastern Unversity Press,89-135.
Schegloff,E.,I.Koshik,S.Jacoby,&D.Olsher.2002.“Conversation analysis and applied linguistics”.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 22.pp3-31.
Sifianou,M.2010.“Linguistic politeness:Lying the foundations”.In M.Locher&S.Lambert Graham(eds.).Interpersonal Pragmatics.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
Terkourafi,M.2001.Politeness in Cypriot Greek:A Framebased Approach.Doctoral dissertation,University of Cambridge.
Terkourafi,M.2005.“Beyond the micro-level in politeness research”.Journal of Politeness Research 1/2.pp237-262.
Watts,R.2003.Politeness.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Watts,R.2005.“Linguistic politeness research:Quo Vadis?”In R.J.Watts,S.Ide&K.Ehlich(eds.).Politeness in Language Studies in its History,Theory and Practice.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
陈新仁,2016,《交际中的人际关系仪式---群内仪式互动研究》导读,In D.Kádár.Relational Rituals and Communication:Ritual Interaction in Groups.北京:北京大学出版社。
(1)由于但不限于这些因素,交互路径的研究者们(如Terkourafi,2001,2005;Grainger,2011;Arundale,2006;Haugh,2007;O'Driscoll,2007)也大多认为自身的研究是礼貌的后现代转向的一部分(Grainger,2011)。
(2)同样借用(认知)框架概念来解释礼貌现象的还有Watts(2003),Locher(2004),Locher and Watts(2005)等,但Terkourafi(2001,2005)是目前而言最为详尽的基于框架的礼貌路径(Culpeper&Haugh,2014)。
(1)Brown&Levinson(1978/1987)对于积极面子和消极面子的解读被学界广泛定义为一种需求观,但Brown本人却声明将积极面子和消极面子解读为个体需求是将其误解为一种具体化、心理化的概念(见Arundale,2006)。
(2)Long指出,这样的“凸显”定义方式与Kecskes(2011)跨文化语用学社会认知模式中对“集体”(“collective”)凸显与“浮现”(“emergent”)凸显的区分相似。
(3)尽管“图1”是以表格的形式呈现的,但其本质上是一个类似流程图形式的工作过程图示,因此本文沿用Long(2016)的做法,称其为“图”而非“表”。