云母:花岗岩-伟晶岩稀有金属成矿作用的重要标志矿物
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摘要
云母是花岗岩、伟晶岩中的重要造岩矿物,不仅是整个岩浆阶段的结晶产物,而且也是热液过程的参与者。作为层状硅酸盐矿物,层间或八面体位置上可容纳锂、铷铯、锡、铌钽等稀有金属。本文结合前人研究积累和作者近年来的研究成果,阐述了云母作为一个重要的稀有金属成矿标志矿物的矿物学特征。铁锂云母-锂云母是稀有金属成矿作用中重要的锂矿物,同时云母中锂含量可以反映花岗岩的分异程度。铷、铯可以置换云母层间钾,在高演化花岗岩、伟晶岩中可以形成铷、铯为主的云母(既可以是锂云母系列,也可以是黑云母系列)。黑云母是稀有金属花岗岩中一个特殊的矿物。准铝质含锡花岗岩中黑云母锡含量可达100×10~(-6),其锡含量可以指示其锡成矿能力。稀有金属花岗岩中,常见的是铌钽氧化物矿物。但是最近研究发现,黑云母中铌可以超常富集(超过1000×10~(-6)),成为稀有金属花岗岩中最重要、甚至唯一的铌矿物,形成一种以富铌黑云母为特色的新类型稀有金属花岗岩,并可能代表了一种新型的潜在铌资源。基于云母在花岗岩中的重要性和结构的特殊性,今后要利用微区成分和结构分析技术,加强对云母中稀有金属晶体化学的研究,以及进一步揭示云母对稀有金属成矿的特殊重要意义。
Micas are a type of most essential rock-forming minerals in granites and pegmatites. They not only appear as products of crystallization of the granitic magmatism throughout its whole evolutionary process,but also are partly involved in the hydrothermal processes. As a type of layer silicates,the interlayer or octahedral structural sites of micas can accommodate rare-elements such as Li,Rb,Cs,Sn,Nb,and Ta to variable extents. In this paper,we will describe the mineralogical characteristics of the micas as a type of important indicative minerals for rare-metal mineralizations, based on both literature data and our proper recent results. The zinnwaldite-lepidolite is apparently an important lithium mineral of rare-metal mineralization,and lithium contents in micas may be regarded as an index of fractional degree of granitic magma. Rubidium and cesium can substitute interlayer potassium,and interestingly dominate over potassium to form specific micas( both lepidolite and biotite) in highly evolved granites and pegmatites. Biotite is a type of particular mica in rare-metal granites. It may contain 100 × 10~(-6) level of tin in metaluminous tin granites,which may thus reflect ore potential of host granites. In rare-metal granites,Nb and Ta are generally hosted by Nb-Ta oxides. However,it is a new finding that biotite with extreme Nb enrichment( > 1000 × 10~(-6)) may be the most important,and even the unique,Nb carrier in certain type of granites which may be considered as a new type of rare-metal granites,and possibly represent a new style of potential Nb resource.According to their special structural properties and high abundances in granites and pegmatites,micas deserve drawing more attention on their crystal-chemical significances in granite-related rare-metal mineralization and studying with extensive application of microstructural and compositional techniques.
Micas are a type of most essential rock-forming minerals in granites and pegmatites. They not only appear as products of crystallization of the granitic magmatism throughout its whole evolutionary process,but also are partly involved in the hydrothermal processes. As a type of layer silicates,the interlayer or octahedral structural sites of micas can accommodate rare-elements such as Li,Rb,Cs,Sn,Nb,and Ta to variable extents. In this paper,we will describe the mineralogical characteristics of the micas as a type of important indicative minerals for rare-metal mineralizations, based on both literature data and our proper recent results. The zinnwaldite-lepidolite is apparently an important lithium mineral of rare-metal mineralization,and lithium contents in micas may be regarded as an index of fractional degree of granitic magma. Rubidium and cesium can substitute interlayer potassium,and interestingly dominate over potassium to form specific micas( both lepidolite and biotite) in highly evolved granites and pegmatites. Biotite is a type of particular mica in rare-metal granites. It may contain 100 × 10~(-6) level of tin in metaluminous tin granites,which may thus reflect ore potential of host granites. In rare-metal granites,Nb and Ta are generally hosted by Nb-Ta oxides. However,it is a new finding that biotite with extreme Nb enrichment( > 1000 × 10~(-6)) may be the most important,and even the unique,Nb carrier in certain type of granites which may be considered as a new type of rare-metal granites,and possibly represent a new style of potential Nb resource.According to their special structural properties and high abundances in granites and pegmatites,micas deserve drawing more attention on their crystal-chemical significances in granite-related rare-metal mineralization and studying with extensive application of microstructural and compositional techniques.
引文
Acosta-Vigil A,Buick I,Hermann J,Cesare B,Rubatto D,London Dand Morgan GB VI.2010.Mechanisms of crustal anatexis:Ageochemical study of partially melted metapelitic enclaves and host dacite,SE Spain.Journal of Petrology,51(4):785-821
Breiter K,DurisováJ,Hrstka T,KorbelováZ,Hlo6kováVaňkováM,Va2inováGaliováM,Kanicky V,Rambousek P,Knésl I,Dobe2 Pand Dosbaba M.2017.Assessment of magmatic vs.metasomatic processes in rare-metal granites:A case study of the Cínovec/Zinnwald Sn-W-Li deposit,Central Europe.Lithos,292-293:198-217
Cerny P,Chapman R,Teertstra DK and Novák M.2003.Rubidium-and cesium-dominant micas in granitic pegmatites.American Mineralogist,88(11-12):1832-1835
Cerny P,Teertstra DK,Chapman R,Selway JB,Hawthorne FC,Ferreira K,Chackowsky LE,Wang XJ and Meintzer RE.2012.Extreme fractionation and deformation of the leucogranite-pegmatite suite at Red Cross Lake,Manitoba,Canada.IV.Mineralogy.The Canadian Mineralogist,50(6):1839-1875
Charoy B and Noronha F.1996.Multistage growth of a rare-element,volatile-rich microgranite at Argemela(Portugal).Journal of Petrology,37(1):73-94
Cuney M,Marignac C and Weisbrod A.1992.The Beauvoir topazlepidolite albite granite(Massif Central,France):The disseminated magmatic Sn-Li-Ta-Nb-Be mineralization.Economic Geology,87(7):1766-1794
Foster MD.1960.Interpretation of the composition of Li-micas.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,354E:113-147
Hien-Dinh TT,Dao DA,Tran T,Wahl M,Stein E and GieréR.2017.Lithium-rich albite-topaz-lepidolite granite from Central Vietnam:Amineralogical and geochemical characterization.European Journal of Mineralogy,29(1):35-52
Huang XL,Wang RC,Chen XM,Hu H and Liu CS.2002.Vertical variations in the mineralogy of the Yichun topaz-lepidolite granite,Jiangxi Province,southern China.The Canadian Mineralogist,40(4):1047-1068
Johan Z,Strnad L and Johan V.2012.Evolution of the Cínovec(Zinnwald)granite cupola,Czech republic:Composition of feldspars and micas,a clue to the origin of W,Sn mineralization.The Canadian Mineralogist,50(4):1131-1148
Li J and Huang XL.2013.Mechanism of Ta-Nb enrichment and magmatic evolution in the Yashan granites,Jiangxi Province,South China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(12):4311-4322(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li J,Huang XL,He PL,Li WX,Yu Y and Chen LL.2015.In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China:Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta-Nb bearing granites.Ore Geology Reviews,65:793-810
Linnen RL and Cuney M.2005.Granite-related rare-element deposits and experimental constraints on Ta-Nb-W-Sn-Zr-Hf mineralization.In:Linnen RL and Samson IM(eds.).Rare-Element Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits.Geological Association of Canada,17:45-67
Nash WP and Crecraft HR.1985.Partition coefficients for trace elements in silicic magmas.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,49(11):2309-2322
Pekov IV,Kononkova NN,Agakhano AA,Belakovsky DI,Kazantsev SSand Zubkova NV.2010.Voloshinite,a new rubidium mica from granitic pegmatite of Voron’i Tundras,Kola Peninsula,Russia.Geology of Ore Deposits,52(7):591-598
Potter EG,Taylor RP,Jones PC,Lalonde AE,Pearse GHK and Rowe R.2009.Sokolovaite and evolved lithian micas from the eastern Moblan granitic pegmatite,opatica subprovince,Quebec,Canada.The Canadian Mineralogist,47(2):337-349
Rieder M,Cavazzini G,D’yakonov YS,Frank-Kamenetskij VA,Gottardi G,Guggenheim S,Koval PV,Müller G,Neiva AMR,Radoslovich EW,Robert JL,Sassi FP,Takeda H,Weiss Z and Wones DR.1998.Nomenclature of the micas.American Mineralogist,83(11-12):1366
Stepanov AS and Hermann J.2013.Fractionation of Nb and Ta by biotite and phengite:Implications for the“missing Nb paradox”.Geology,41(3):303-306
Stepanov AS,Mavrogenes JA,Meffre S and Davidson P.2014.The key role of mica during igneous concentration of tantalum.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(6):1009
Tindle AG and Webb PC.1990.Estimation of lithium contents in trioctahedral micas using microprobe data:Application to micas from granitic rocks.European Journal of Mineralogy,2(5):595-610
Tischendorf G,Gottesmann B,F9rster HJ and Trumbull RB.1997.On Li-bearing micas:Estimating Li from electron microprobe analyses and an improved diagram for graphical representation.Mineralogical Magazine,61(409):809-834
Tischendorf G,F9rster HJ and Gottesmann B.2001.Minor-and traceelement composition of trioctahedral micas:A review.Mineralogical Magazine,65(2):249-276
Van Lichtervelde M,Grégoire M,Linnen RL,Béziat D and Salvi S.2008.Trace element geochemistry by laser ablation ICP-MS of micas associated with Ta mineralization in the Tanco pegmatite,Manitoba,Canada.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,155(6):791-806
Wang RC,Hu H,Zhang AC,Huang XL and Ni P.2004.Pollucite and the cesium-dominant analogue of polylithionite as expressions of extreme Cs enrichment in the Yichun topaz-lepidolite granite,southern China.The Canadian Mineralogist,42(3):883-896
Wang RC,Hu H,Zhang AC,Fontan F,de Parseval P and Jiang SY.2007.Cs-dominant polylithionite in the Koktokay#3 pegmatite,Altai,NW China:In situ micro-characterization and implication for the storage of radioactive cesium.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,153(3):355-367
Wang RC,Xie L,Chen J,Yu AP,Wang LB,Lu JJ and Zhu JC.2013.Tin-carrier minerals in metaluminous granites of the western Nanling Range(southern China):Constraints on processes of tin mineralization in oxidized granites.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,74:361-372
Wang RC,Xie L,Lu JJ,Zhu JC and Chen J.2017.Diversity of Mesozoic tin-bearing granites in the Nanling and adjacent regions,South China:Distinctive mineralogical patterns.Science China(Earth Sciences),60(11):1909-1919
Wu FY,Liu XC,Ji WQ,Wang JM and Yang L.2017.Highly fractionated granites:Recognition and research.Science China(Earth Sciences),60(7):1201-1219
Xie L,Wang RC,Groat LA,Zhu JC,Huang FF and Cempírek J.2015.A combined EMPA and LA-ICP-MS study of Li-bearing mica and SnTi oxide minerals from the Qiguling topaz rhyolite(Qitianling District,China):The role of fluorine in origin of tin mineralization.Ore Geology Reviews,65:779-792
Xie L,Wang ZJ,Wang RC,Zhu JC,Che XD,Gao JF and Zhao X.2018.Mineralogical constraints on the genesis of W-Nb-Ta mineralization in the Laiziling granite(Xianghualing district,South China).Ore Geology Reviews,95:695-712
Yang YQ,Ni YX,Wang LB,Wang WY,Zhang YP and Chen CH.1988.Nanpingite:A new cesium mineral.Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,7(1):49-58(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu ZY,Wang RC,Che XD,Zhu JC,Wei XL and Huang XE.2015.Magmatic-hydrothermal rare-element mineralization in the Songshugang granite(northeastern Jiangxi,China):Insights from an electron-microprobe study of Nb-Ta-Zr minerals.Ore Geology Reviews,65:749-760
Zhu ZY,Wang RC,Marignac C,Cuney M,Mercadier J,Che XD and Lespinasse MY.2018.A new style of rare metal granite with Nb-rich mica:The Early Cretaceous Huangshan rare-metal granite suite,northeast Jiangxi Province,southeast China.American Mineralogist,103:1530-1544
李洁,黄小龙.2013.江西雅山花岗岩岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集机制.岩石学报,29(12):4311-4322
王汝成,谢磊,陆建军,朱金初,陈骏.2017.南岭及邻区中生代含锡花岗岩的多样性:显著的矿物特征差异.中国科学(地球科学),47(11):1257-1268
吴福元,刘小驰,纪伟强,王佳敏,杨雷.2017.高分异花岗岩的识别与研究.中国科学(地球科学),47(7):745-765
杨岳清,倪云祥,王立本,王文瑛,张亚萍,陈成湖.1988.南平石(Nanpingite)---一种新的铯矿物.岩石矿物学杂志,7(1):49-58
(1)该文的中文译文见:李胜荣摘译. 2001.云母的命名.矿物学报,21(2):119-128
Breiter K,DurisováJ,Hrstka T,KorbelováZ,Hlo6kováVaňkováM,Va2inováGaliováM,Kanicky V,Rambousek P,Knésl I,Dobe2 Pand Dosbaba M.2017.Assessment of magmatic vs.metasomatic processes in rare-metal granites:A case study of the Cínovec/Zinnwald Sn-W-Li deposit,Central Europe.Lithos,292-293:198-217
Cerny P,Chapman R,Teertstra DK and Novák M.2003.Rubidium-and cesium-dominant micas in granitic pegmatites.American Mineralogist,88(11-12):1832-1835
Cerny P,Teertstra DK,Chapman R,Selway JB,Hawthorne FC,Ferreira K,Chackowsky LE,Wang XJ and Meintzer RE.2012.Extreme fractionation and deformation of the leucogranite-pegmatite suite at Red Cross Lake,Manitoba,Canada.IV.Mineralogy.The Canadian Mineralogist,50(6):1839-1875
Charoy B and Noronha F.1996.Multistage growth of a rare-element,volatile-rich microgranite at Argemela(Portugal).Journal of Petrology,37(1):73-94
Cuney M,Marignac C and Weisbrod A.1992.The Beauvoir topazlepidolite albite granite(Massif Central,France):The disseminated magmatic Sn-Li-Ta-Nb-Be mineralization.Economic Geology,87(7):1766-1794
Foster MD.1960.Interpretation of the composition of Li-micas.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,354E:113-147
Hien-Dinh TT,Dao DA,Tran T,Wahl M,Stein E and GieréR.2017.Lithium-rich albite-topaz-lepidolite granite from Central Vietnam:Amineralogical and geochemical characterization.European Journal of Mineralogy,29(1):35-52
Huang XL,Wang RC,Chen XM,Hu H and Liu CS.2002.Vertical variations in the mineralogy of the Yichun topaz-lepidolite granite,Jiangxi Province,southern China.The Canadian Mineralogist,40(4):1047-1068
Johan Z,Strnad L and Johan V.2012.Evolution of the Cínovec(Zinnwald)granite cupola,Czech republic:Composition of feldspars and micas,a clue to the origin of W,Sn mineralization.The Canadian Mineralogist,50(4):1131-1148
Li J and Huang XL.2013.Mechanism of Ta-Nb enrichment and magmatic evolution in the Yashan granites,Jiangxi Province,South China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(12):4311-4322(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li J,Huang XL,He PL,Li WX,Yu Y and Chen LL.2015.In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China:Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta-Nb bearing granites.Ore Geology Reviews,65:793-810
Linnen RL and Cuney M.2005.Granite-related rare-element deposits and experimental constraints on Ta-Nb-W-Sn-Zr-Hf mineralization.In:Linnen RL and Samson IM(eds.).Rare-Element Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits.Geological Association of Canada,17:45-67
Nash WP and Crecraft HR.1985.Partition coefficients for trace elements in silicic magmas.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,49(11):2309-2322
Pekov IV,Kononkova NN,Agakhano AA,Belakovsky DI,Kazantsev SSand Zubkova NV.2010.Voloshinite,a new rubidium mica from granitic pegmatite of Voron’i Tundras,Kola Peninsula,Russia.Geology of Ore Deposits,52(7):591-598
Potter EG,Taylor RP,Jones PC,Lalonde AE,Pearse GHK and Rowe R.2009.Sokolovaite and evolved lithian micas from the eastern Moblan granitic pegmatite,opatica subprovince,Quebec,Canada.The Canadian Mineralogist,47(2):337-349
Rieder M,Cavazzini G,D’yakonov YS,Frank-Kamenetskij VA,Gottardi G,Guggenheim S,Koval PV,Müller G,Neiva AMR,Radoslovich EW,Robert JL,Sassi FP,Takeda H,Weiss Z and Wones DR.1998.Nomenclature of the micas.American Mineralogist,83(11-12):1366
Stepanov AS and Hermann J.2013.Fractionation of Nb and Ta by biotite and phengite:Implications for the“missing Nb paradox”.Geology,41(3):303-306
Stepanov AS,Mavrogenes JA,Meffre S and Davidson P.2014.The key role of mica during igneous concentration of tantalum.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(6):1009
Tindle AG and Webb PC.1990.Estimation of lithium contents in trioctahedral micas using microprobe data:Application to micas from granitic rocks.European Journal of Mineralogy,2(5):595-610
Tischendorf G,Gottesmann B,F9rster HJ and Trumbull RB.1997.On Li-bearing micas:Estimating Li from electron microprobe analyses and an improved diagram for graphical representation.Mineralogical Magazine,61(409):809-834
Tischendorf G,F9rster HJ and Gottesmann B.2001.Minor-and traceelement composition of trioctahedral micas:A review.Mineralogical Magazine,65(2):249-276
Van Lichtervelde M,Grégoire M,Linnen RL,Béziat D and Salvi S.2008.Trace element geochemistry by laser ablation ICP-MS of micas associated with Ta mineralization in the Tanco pegmatite,Manitoba,Canada.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,155(6):791-806
Wang RC,Hu H,Zhang AC,Huang XL and Ni P.2004.Pollucite and the cesium-dominant analogue of polylithionite as expressions of extreme Cs enrichment in the Yichun topaz-lepidolite granite,southern China.The Canadian Mineralogist,42(3):883-896
Wang RC,Hu H,Zhang AC,Fontan F,de Parseval P and Jiang SY.2007.Cs-dominant polylithionite in the Koktokay#3 pegmatite,Altai,NW China:In situ micro-characterization and implication for the storage of radioactive cesium.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,153(3):355-367
Wang RC,Xie L,Chen J,Yu AP,Wang LB,Lu JJ and Zhu JC.2013.Tin-carrier minerals in metaluminous granites of the western Nanling Range(southern China):Constraints on processes of tin mineralization in oxidized granites.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,74:361-372
Wang RC,Xie L,Lu JJ,Zhu JC and Chen J.2017.Diversity of Mesozoic tin-bearing granites in the Nanling and adjacent regions,South China:Distinctive mineralogical patterns.Science China(Earth Sciences),60(11):1909-1919
Wu FY,Liu XC,Ji WQ,Wang JM and Yang L.2017.Highly fractionated granites:Recognition and research.Science China(Earth Sciences),60(7):1201-1219
Xie L,Wang RC,Groat LA,Zhu JC,Huang FF and Cempírek J.2015.A combined EMPA and LA-ICP-MS study of Li-bearing mica and SnTi oxide minerals from the Qiguling topaz rhyolite(Qitianling District,China):The role of fluorine in origin of tin mineralization.Ore Geology Reviews,65:779-792
Xie L,Wang ZJ,Wang RC,Zhu JC,Che XD,Gao JF and Zhao X.2018.Mineralogical constraints on the genesis of W-Nb-Ta mineralization in the Laiziling granite(Xianghualing district,South China).Ore Geology Reviews,95:695-712
Yang YQ,Ni YX,Wang LB,Wang WY,Zhang YP and Chen CH.1988.Nanpingite:A new cesium mineral.Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,7(1):49-58(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu ZY,Wang RC,Che XD,Zhu JC,Wei XL and Huang XE.2015.Magmatic-hydrothermal rare-element mineralization in the Songshugang granite(northeastern Jiangxi,China):Insights from an electron-microprobe study of Nb-Ta-Zr minerals.Ore Geology Reviews,65:749-760
Zhu ZY,Wang RC,Marignac C,Cuney M,Mercadier J,Che XD and Lespinasse MY.2018.A new style of rare metal granite with Nb-rich mica:The Early Cretaceous Huangshan rare-metal granite suite,northeast Jiangxi Province,southeast China.American Mineralogist,103:1530-1544
李洁,黄小龙.2013.江西雅山花岗岩岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集机制.岩石学报,29(12):4311-4322
王汝成,谢磊,陆建军,朱金初,陈骏.2017.南岭及邻区中生代含锡花岗岩的多样性:显著的矿物特征差异.中国科学(地球科学),47(11):1257-1268
吴福元,刘小驰,纪伟强,王佳敏,杨雷.2017.高分异花岗岩的识别与研究.中国科学(地球科学),47(7):745-765
杨岳清,倪云祥,王立本,王文瑛,张亚萍,陈成湖.1988.南平石(Nanpingite)---一种新的铯矿物.岩石矿物学杂志,7(1):49-58
(1)该文的中文译文见:李胜荣摘译. 2001.云母的命名.矿物学报,21(2):119-128