新南威尔士州游牧路线与游牧保留地的遗产价值初探
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摘要
澳大利亚的游牧路线与游牧保留地(travelling stock routes and reserves,TSR)是澳洲游牧文化的重要遗产。19世纪至今,这张巨大的游牧网络运输了不计其数的牲畜。新南威尔士州(后文简称新州)的TSR是保留十分完好的一部分,并有完善的管理系统。目前新州所有TSR共占地约200万hm2,其中绝大部分的TSR并没有经过专业、全面的遗产价值评估。虽然新州政府在其《新州游牧保留地的规划框架2016—2021》的文件中提出了对TSR遗产价值保护的规划,但是地方政府由于没有途径了解其辖区内TSR的遗产价值,无法正常实施州政府对于TSR遗产价值的规划。所以,为了更好地了解、评估与保护TSR的遗产价值,吸引更多文化遗产研究人员参与TSR的遗产价值研究十分必要。文章基于对新州TSR历史文献的整理与田野调查,介绍了TSR的历史与现状,并简要评估了新州TSR的突出普遍价值(OUV)。研究结果显示,新州TSR拥有被列入世界文化与自然混合遗产名录的潜力,应该引起世界各国遗产研究人员的关注。
The Australia's Travelling Stock Routes and Reserves(collectively called TSR)are significant heritage of Australian pastoral culture. Since 19 centuries, thousands of livestock flocks were transported on this enormous pastoral network. TSR in New South Wales(NSW)was well conserved with the reasonable legislation and management system. At present, nearly 2 million hectares of TSR are located in NSW, but most of them were never professionally and comprehensively assessed. Although NSW state government has put the conservation of heritage values into the NSW Travelling Stock Reserves State Planning Framework 2016-21, still the implementations of the plan are difficult for local governments since there are no enough approaches to understand the heritage values of TSR. Thus,in order to better understand, assess and protect the heritage values of TSR, it is necessary to attract more heritage researchers to study the TSR's heritage values. Based on the historical documentary research and fieldwork, this paper introduced some historical background and current situation about TSR in NSW, and briefly assessed the Outstanding Universal Values(OUVs)of them. The conclusion suggests that the TSR in NSW are potential to be registered as Mixed Heritage on the World Heritage List, and more heritage researchers from all over the world should pay close attention to the TSR's heritage values.
The Australia's Travelling Stock Routes and Reserves(collectively called TSR)are significant heritage of Australian pastoral culture. Since 19 centuries, thousands of livestock flocks were transported on this enormous pastoral network. TSR in New South Wales(NSW)was well conserved with the reasonable legislation and management system. At present, nearly 2 million hectares of TSR are located in NSW, but most of them were never professionally and comprehensively assessed. Although NSW state government has put the conservation of heritage values into the NSW Travelling Stock Reserves State Planning Framework 2016-21, still the implementations of the plan are difficult for local governments since there are no enough approaches to understand the heritage values of TSR. Thus,in order to better understand, assess and protect the heritage values of TSR, it is necessary to attract more heritage researchers to study the TSR's heritage values. Based on the historical documentary research and fieldwork, this paper introduced some historical background and current situation about TSR in NSW, and briefly assessed the Outstanding Universal Values(OUVs)of them. The conclusion suggests that the TSR in NSW are potential to be registered as Mixed Heritage on the World Heritage List, and more heritage researchers from all over the world should pay close attention to the TSR's heritage values.
引文
[1] SPOONER P,FIRMAN M,YALMAMBIRRA.Origins of travelling stock routes:1.connections to indigenous traditional pathways[J].The Rangeland Journal,2010(32):329-339.
[2] FULLER R, TRUDGETT M,NORRIS R P.et al.Star maps and travelling to ceremonies:the Euahlayi people and their use of the night sky[J].Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage,2014(17):149-160.
[3] MCKNIGHT T.The long paddock:Australia's travelling stock routes[M].Armidale:University of New England Press,1977.
[4] LENTINI P.Australia's stock route network:1.a review of its values and implications for future management[J].Ecology Management&Restoration,2011(12):119-127.
[5] Office of Environment and Heritage. Aboriginal objects[EB/OL].[201 8-07-06].http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au.
[6] RCAMERON J M,SPOONER P G.Origins of travelling stock routes:2.early development,management and the growing embrace of the law(1830-70s)[J].The Rangel and Journal,2010(32):341-351.
[7] PEARSON M,LENNON J.Pastoral Australia:fortunes,failures and hard:yakka,a historical overview 1788-1967[M].Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing,2010.
[8] O'CONNOR M,Mapping Australia's transhumance:snow lease and stock route maps of NSW mapping Australia's transhumance[J].Globe,2004(56):13-24.
[9] NSW Office of Environment&Heritage and Local Land Service. Compiling conservation value data for travelling stock reserves:report for the linear reserves-managing travelling stock reserves for sustainable conservation outcomes p roject[EB/OL].[2018-04-08].http://data sets.seed.nsw.gov.au.
[10] SPOONER P.On squatters,settlers and early surveyors:historical development of country and reserves in southern New South Wales[J].Australian Geographer,2005(36):55-73.
[11] Rural Lands Protection Boards and NSW Agriculture.The long Paddock:a directory of travelling stock routes and reserves in New South Wales[M].New South Wales:RLPB,2001.
[12] National Parks Association of NSW.The NSW travelling stock routes and reserves network:her itage-h a bitat-li veilhood[EB/OL].[2018-04-07].http://www.nature.org.au.
[13] NSW Local Land Services.NSW travelling stock reserves state planning framework 2016-21[EB/OL].[2018-04-07].http://www.lls.nsw.gov.au.
[14] Australian Antarctic Division.Windmills in the Australian Land scape[EB/OL].[201 8-06-14].https://vu3a.org/images/Australian-windmills.pdf.
[15] The Institution of Engineers.Southern cross windmill toowoomba,queensland[EB/OL].[2018-07-07].http://www.engineersautralia.org.au.
[16] Lennon,Jane.The Long Paddock:Australia's travelling stock routes network-a distinctive cultural heritage[J].Historic Environment,2014(26):47-60.
[17]王建波,阮仪三.作为遗产类型的文化线路:《文化线路宪章》解读[J].城市规划学刊,2009(4):86-92.
(1)原文:20 chains,1 chain≈20.1168 m。
(2)羊痂病:寄生疥癣虫羊痒螨(Psoroptes communis var. ovis)在绵羊皮肤表面产卵,导致绵羊产生强烈的皮肤刺激。患有羊痂病的绵羊便会到处乱蹭,导致羊毛脱落。并且羊痂病具有传染性,通常一只羊患病便可传染给跟它接触过的所有羊。
(3)据Conin Keat说,他的祖父、祖母是在TSR上以放牧为生的牧人。
(4)原文为30英尺。
(5)新南威尔士州中部城市。
(6)新南威尔士州南部城市。
(7)未能在《中国植物志》查找到相应译名。
(8)exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
(9)bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared.
(10)be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.(The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria).
(11)contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation.
(12)It must arise from and reflect interactive movements of people as well as multi-dimensional, continuous, and reciprocal exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge and values between peoples, countries, regions or continents over significant periods of time.
(13)It must have thereby promoted a cross-fertilization of the affected cultures in space and time, as reflected both in their tangible and intangible heritage.
(14)It must have integrated into a dynamic system the historic relations and cultural properties associated with its existence.
[2] FULLER R, TRUDGETT M,NORRIS R P.et al.Star maps and travelling to ceremonies:the Euahlayi people and their use of the night sky[J].Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage,2014(17):149-160.
[3] MCKNIGHT T.The long paddock:Australia's travelling stock routes[M].Armidale:University of New England Press,1977.
[4] LENTINI P.Australia's stock route network:1.a review of its values and implications for future management[J].Ecology Management&Restoration,2011(12):119-127.
[5] Office of Environment and Heritage. Aboriginal objects[EB/OL].[201 8-07-06].http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au.
[6] RCAMERON J M,SPOONER P G.Origins of travelling stock routes:2.early development,management and the growing embrace of the law(1830-70s)[J].The Rangel and Journal,2010(32):341-351.
[7] PEARSON M,LENNON J.Pastoral Australia:fortunes,failures and hard:yakka,a historical overview 1788-1967[M].Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing,2010.
[8] O'CONNOR M,Mapping Australia's transhumance:snow lease and stock route maps of NSW mapping Australia's transhumance[J].Globe,2004(56):13-24.
[9] NSW Office of Environment&Heritage and Local Land Service. Compiling conservation value data for travelling stock reserves:report for the linear reserves-managing travelling stock reserves for sustainable conservation outcomes p roject[EB/OL].[2018-04-08].http://data sets.seed.nsw.gov.au.
[10] SPOONER P.On squatters,settlers and early surveyors:historical development of country and reserves in southern New South Wales[J].Australian Geographer,2005(36):55-73.
[11] Rural Lands Protection Boards and NSW Agriculture.The long Paddock:a directory of travelling stock routes and reserves in New South Wales[M].New South Wales:RLPB,2001.
[12] National Parks Association of NSW.The NSW travelling stock routes and reserves network:her itage-h a bitat-li veilhood[EB/OL].[2018-04-07].http://www.nature.org.au.
[13] NSW Local Land Services.NSW travelling stock reserves state planning framework 2016-21[EB/OL].[2018-04-07].http://www.lls.nsw.gov.au.
[14] Australian Antarctic Division.Windmills in the Australian Land scape[EB/OL].[201 8-06-14].https://vu3a.org/images/Australian-windmills.pdf.
[15] The Institution of Engineers.Southern cross windmill toowoomba,queensland[EB/OL].[2018-07-07].http://www.engineersautralia.org.au.
[16] Lennon,Jane.The Long Paddock:Australia's travelling stock routes network-a distinctive cultural heritage[J].Historic Environment,2014(26):47-60.
[17]王建波,阮仪三.作为遗产类型的文化线路:《文化线路宪章》解读[J].城市规划学刊,2009(4):86-92.
(1)原文:20 chains,1 chain≈20.1168 m。
(2)羊痂病:寄生疥癣虫羊痒螨(Psoroptes communis var. ovis)在绵羊皮肤表面产卵,导致绵羊产生强烈的皮肤刺激。患有羊痂病的绵羊便会到处乱蹭,导致羊毛脱落。并且羊痂病具有传染性,通常一只羊患病便可传染给跟它接触过的所有羊。
(3)据Conin Keat说,他的祖父、祖母是在TSR上以放牧为生的牧人。
(4)原文为30英尺。
(5)新南威尔士州中部城市。
(6)新南威尔士州南部城市。
(7)未能在《中国植物志》查找到相应译名。
(8)exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
(9)bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared.
(10)be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.(The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria).
(11)contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation.
(12)It must arise from and reflect interactive movements of people as well as multi-dimensional, continuous, and reciprocal exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge and values between peoples, countries, regions or continents over significant periods of time.
(13)It must have thereby promoted a cross-fertilization of the affected cultures in space and time, as reflected both in their tangible and intangible heritage.
(14)It must have integrated into a dynamic system the historic relations and cultural properties associated with its existence.