黄淮海夏玉米籽粒机收适宜光温指标研究
|
摘要
机械粒收技术是现代玉米生产的关键技术,籽粒机收率低已成为黄淮海夏玉米全程机械化生产的主要限制因素。籽粒含水量是决定能否机械粒收的关键指标,但直接测定籽粒含水量工作量繁重,取样误差因素多,破坏性大。利用生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率与光温条件的拟合关系,通过建立不同品种达到机收标准所需光温指标来反推籽粒含水量,间接实现对籽粒含水量的动态监测,指导适时机收,可克服上述缺点,为促进夏玉米机械粒收技术发展,指导农业生产发挥重要作用。本研究选择24个鹤壁主要种植玉米品种为供试材料,采取统一授粉,每隔3 d连续测定籽粒含水量变化。利用播种至收获期积温和乳熟至收获期日照时数与不同时期籽粒含水量进行回归分析,建立各品种拟合方程,以籽粒含水量达到28%为适宜机收的阈值,推算相应的光温指标。研究结果表明,除‘新单38’外,籽粒含水量均表现为果穗上部<果穗中部<果穗下部,‘先玉335’、‘登海701’、‘德单5号’和‘新单61’果穗上中下各部分的籽粒含水量差别较大。各品种达到适宜机收标准时所需播种到收获期积温在2 941~3 147℃·d范围内变化,所需乳熟至收获期日照时数为179~235 h。将各品种光温指标分别排序,光照和积温确定的品种位次较一致。经检验各品种达到机收标准的光温指标与收获期籽粒含水量呈极显著正相关,表明研究建立的光温指标能准确反映各品种籽粒含水量的变化,可用来指导机收。根据各品种光温指标大小,‘新单65’、‘新单68’、‘登海618’、‘新单38’、‘隆平206’、‘登海3号’、‘先玉335’和‘新单80’等品种达到机收标准所需的光温条件较少,更适宜籽粒机收;‘豫禾988’、‘郑单958’、‘登海662’、‘登海518’、‘新单66’、‘登海605’、‘德单5号’和‘益丰29’,成熟后脱水较慢,相对而言较不适宜籽粒机收。
Mechanical grain harvest is a key technology in modern maize production. Low percent of mechanical harvest is the factor limiting fully mechanized production of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Grain moisture content is the key index of mechanical grain harvest, but measurement of grain moisture content is tedious and complicated, prone to error and destruction while sampling. Grain moisture content is closely related to weather conditions. Based on the relationship among dehydration rate after physiological maturity, sunshine duration and accumulated temperature, grain moisture can indirectly be calculated. Thus building sunshine and temperature indexes for the suitability of mechanical grain reaping of different varieties can overcome the above shortcomings. It also can guide timely mechanical harvest and promote the development of mechanical grain harvest technology. In 2015 and 2016, 24 main cultivated cultivars in the Agro-meteorological Experiment Station of Chinese Meteorological Administration in Hebi City, Henan Province were investigated. Controlled pollination was used in every cultivar. Grain weight and moisture content were measured every third day after milk line reached half kernels of middle ear grains. The accumulated temperature from sowing to sampling and sunshine duration from milking stage to sampling were set as the independent variables, and grain water content in different times as dependent variables for regression analysis. And the regression equations were validated by test of significance. The sunshine and temperature indexes suitable for mechanical grain harvest of different varieties were calculated based on the threshold value of 28% grain moisture content by fitting the equations. The results showed that the order of grain moisture content in the same ear was upper part < middle part < lower part for all the tested varieties, except ‘Xindan 38'. The grain moisture content in different parts of ear differed greatly in ‘Xianyu 335', ‘Denghai 701', ‘Dedan 5' and ‘Xindan 61'. The suitable accumulated temperature from sowing to harvest was 2 941–3 147 ℃·d and the suitable sunshine duration during milking stage to harvest stage was 179–235 h for mechanical grain harvesting of different varieties of summer maize. Sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were sorted from small to big, which showed a good consistency of variety order between temperature index and sunshine index. T-test showed that sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were significantly positively correlated with grain moisture content at harvest(P < 0.01). This indicated that sunshine and temperature indexes established in the study accurately reflected the changes in grain moisture content in each variety, and could be used to guide mechanical grain harvest. Base on sunshine and temperature indexes, ‘Xindan 65', ‘Xindan 68', ‘Denghai 618', ‘Xindan 38', ‘Longping 206', ‘Denghai 3', ‘Xianyu 335' and ‘Xindan 80' varieties needed less accumulated temperature and sunshine duration to meet mechanization standards and therefore more appropriate for mechanical grain harvest. However, ‘Yuhe 998', ‘Zhengdan 958', ‘Denghai 662', ‘Denghai 518', ‘Xindan 66', ‘Denghai 605', ‘Dedan 5' and ‘Yifeng 29' varieties had slower dehydration rates after maturity and therefore relatively less suitable for mechanical grain harvest.
Mechanical grain harvest is a key technology in modern maize production. Low percent of mechanical harvest is the factor limiting fully mechanized production of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Grain moisture content is the key index of mechanical grain harvest, but measurement of grain moisture content is tedious and complicated, prone to error and destruction while sampling. Grain moisture content is closely related to weather conditions. Based on the relationship among dehydration rate after physiological maturity, sunshine duration and accumulated temperature, grain moisture can indirectly be calculated. Thus building sunshine and temperature indexes for the suitability of mechanical grain reaping of different varieties can overcome the above shortcomings. It also can guide timely mechanical harvest and promote the development of mechanical grain harvest technology. In 2015 and 2016, 24 main cultivated cultivars in the Agro-meteorological Experiment Station of Chinese Meteorological Administration in Hebi City, Henan Province were investigated. Controlled pollination was used in every cultivar. Grain weight and moisture content were measured every third day after milk line reached half kernels of middle ear grains. The accumulated temperature from sowing to sampling and sunshine duration from milking stage to sampling were set as the independent variables, and grain water content in different times as dependent variables for regression analysis. And the regression equations were validated by test of significance. The sunshine and temperature indexes suitable for mechanical grain harvest of different varieties were calculated based on the threshold value of 28% grain moisture content by fitting the equations. The results showed that the order of grain moisture content in the same ear was upper part < middle part < lower part for all the tested varieties, except ‘Xindan 38'. The grain moisture content in different parts of ear differed greatly in ‘Xianyu 335', ‘Denghai 701', ‘Dedan 5' and ‘Xindan 61'. The suitable accumulated temperature from sowing to harvest was 2 941–3 147 ℃·d and the suitable sunshine duration during milking stage to harvest stage was 179–235 h for mechanical grain harvesting of different varieties of summer maize. Sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were sorted from small to big, which showed a good consistency of variety order between temperature index and sunshine index. T-test showed that sunshine duration and accumulated temperature were significantly positively correlated with grain moisture content at harvest(P < 0.01). This indicated that sunshine and temperature indexes established in the study accurately reflected the changes in grain moisture content in each variety, and could be used to guide mechanical grain harvest. Base on sunshine and temperature indexes, ‘Xindan 65', ‘Xindan 68', ‘Denghai 618', ‘Xindan 38', ‘Longping 206', ‘Denghai 3', ‘Xianyu 335' and ‘Xindan 80' varieties needed less accumulated temperature and sunshine duration to meet mechanization standards and therefore more appropriate for mechanical grain harvest. However, ‘Yuhe 998', ‘Zhengdan 958', ‘Denghai 662', ‘Denghai 518', ‘Xindan 66', ‘Denghai 605', ‘Dedan 5' and ‘Yifeng 29' varieties had slower dehydration rates after maturity and therefore relatively less suitable for mechanical grain harvest.
引文
[1]李少昆.我国玉米机械粒收质量影响因素及粒收技术的发展方向[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2017,35(3):265–272LI S K.Factors affecting the quality of maize grain mechanical harvest and the development trend of grain harvest technology[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2017,35(3):265–272
[2]中国产业信息网.2017年中国玉米行业市场前景及价格走势分析[EB/OL].[2016-11-29].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201611/47-2375.html China Industry Information Net.Analysis of market outlook and price trend of China’s corn industry in 2017[EB/OL].[2016-11-29].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201611/472375.html
[3]大河网.河南农业机械化水平达76.3%高于全国平均水平[EB/OL].[2015-02-12].http://news.dahe.cn/2015/02-12/104332573.html Dahe Website.The agricultural mechanization level reaches76.3%in Henan,higher than the national average level[EB/OL].(2015-02-12).http://news.dahe.cn/2015/02-12/104332573.html
[4]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013,(4):116–119LIU F H,WANG K R,LI J,et al.Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality[J].Crops,2013,(4):116–119
[5]谢瑞芝,雷晓鹏,王克如,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报[J],作物杂志,2014,(2):76–79XIE R Z,LEI X P,WANG K R,et al.Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai Plain[J].Crops,2014,(2):76–79
[6]相茂国,张道林,李春宁,等.影响玉米脱粒性能的因素分析与研究[J].农机化研究,2015,(1):188–191XIANG M G,ZHANG D L,LI C N,et al.Analysis of influence factor on corn threshing performance[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015,(1):188–191
[7]李淑芳,张春宵,路明,等.玉米籽粒自然脱水速率研究进展[J].分子植物育种,2014,12(4):825–829LI S F,ZHANG C X,LU M,et al.Research development of kernel dehydration rate in maize[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2014,12(4):825–829
[8]柴宗文,王克如,郭银巧,等.玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2036–2043CHAI Z W,WANG K R,GUO Y Q,et al.Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2036–2043
[9]王振华,张忠臣,常华章,等.黑龙江省38个玉米自交系生理成熟期及子粒自然脱水速率的分析[J].玉米科学,2001,9(2):53–55WANG Z H,ZHANG Z C,CHANG H Z,et al.Analysis of physiological mature stage and kernel naturally dry-down rate in 38 corn inbred lines in Heilongjiang[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2001,9(2):53–55
[10]李璐璐,雷晓鹏,谢瑞芝,等.夏玉米机械粒收质量影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2044–2051LI L L,LEI X P,XIE R Z,et al.Analysis of influential factors on mechanical grain harvest quality of summer maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2044–2051
[11]朱培,段雅洁,梁玉超,等.黄淮海地区玉米机收子粒的探讨[J].中国种业,2015,(5):13–14ZHU P,DUAN Y J,LIANG Y C,et al.The study of the seed granule of maize in Huanghuaihai area[J].China Seed Industry,2015,(5):13–14
[12]郭庆辰,康浩冉,王丽娥,等.黄淮区籽粒机收玉米标准及育种模式探讨[J].农业科技通讯,2016,(1):159–162GUO Q C,KANG H R,WANG L E,et al.Discussion on the mechanical harvest index and breeding mode of maize in Huanghuai area[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(1):159–162
[13]王克如,李少昆.玉米籽粒脱水速率影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2027–2035WANG K R,LI S K.Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2027–2035
[14]张立国,张林,管春云,等.玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率与品质性状的相关分析[J].东北农业大学学报,2007,38(5):582–585ZHANG L G,ZHANG L,GUAN C Y,et al.Correlation analysis on dry-down rate and quality traits in corn after physiological maturity[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2007,38(5):582–585
[15]闫淑琴,苏俊,李春霞,等.玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水速率的相关与通径分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007,(4):1–4YAN S Q,SU J,LI C X,et al.Correlation analysis of dry-down and grain filling rate in maize[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,(4):1–4
[16]李德新.玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水速率品种差异和相关分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009LI D X.Difference and correlation analysis of grain milking rate and grain dehydrating rate on maize[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy Agriculture Sciences,2009
[17]王振华,姜艳喜,鄂文弟,等.降低玉米收获期籽粒含水量的育种策略[C]//全国作物遗传育种学术研讨会论文集.合肥:中国作物学会,2003:251–254WANG Z H,JIANG Y X,E W D,et al.A breeding strategy for reducing the moisture content of maize harvest[C]//Proceedings of the National Crop Genetics and Breeding Seminar.Hefei:China Crop Society,2003:251–254
[18]张亚军,张林,周艳春,等.玉米杂交种生理成熟后子粒田间自然脱水速率差异分析[J].作物杂志,2010,(2):58–61ZHANG Y J,ZHANG L,ZHOU Y C,et al.Analysis of dehydration rate after physiological maturity in maize hybrids[J].Crops,2010,(2):58–61
[19]姜艳喜,王振华,金益,等.玉米收获期子粒含水量相关性状的遗传及育种策略[J].玉米科学,2004,12(1):21–25JIANG Y X,WANG Z H,JIN Y,et al.Genetics on water content at harvesting and correlative traits and breeding strategy[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2004,12(1):21–25
[20]鲍继友,孙月轩,姜先梅,等.夏玉米灌浆与温度、籽粒含水率的关系[J].耕作与栽培,1994,(5):22–26BAO J Y,SUN Y X,JIANG X M,et al.The relationship between the grain milking of summer maize and temperature,grain moisture content[J].Tillage and Cultivation,1994,(5):22–26
[21]霍仕平.玉米灌浆期籽粒脱水速率的研究进展(综述)[J].玉米科学,1993,1(4):39–44HUO S P.Research progress on the grain dehydration rate of maize during grain filling stage[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,1993,1(4):39–44
[22]BROOKING I R.Effect of temperature on kernel growth rate of maize grown in a temperate maritime environment[J].Field Crops Research,1993,35(2):135–145
[23]MUCHOW R C.Effect of high temperature on grain-growth in field-grown maize[J].Field Crops Research,1990,23(2):145–158
[24]HUNTER R B,TOLLENAAR M,BREUER C M.Effects of photoperiod and temperature on vegetative and reproductive growth of a maize(Zea mays)Hybrid[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1977,57(4):1127–1133
[25]郭庆辰,白光红,刘洪泉,等.黄淮海地区籽粒机收玉米育种探讨[J].农业科技通讯,2015,(9):7–11GUO Q C,BAI G H,LIU H Q,et al.Study on maize breeding of seed corn in Huanghuaihai area[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,(9):7–11
[26]MAGARI R,KANG M S,ZHANG Y.Sample size for evaluating field ear moisture loss rate in maize[J].Maydica,1996,41(1):19–24
[27]向葵.玉米籽粒脱水速率测定方法优化及遗传研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2011XIANG K.Genetic analysis and measuring method development of kernel fast dry down rate in maize[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2011
[28]李璐璐,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米生理成熟后田间脱水期间的籽粒重量与含水率变化[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2052–2060LI L L,WANG K R,XIE R Z,et al.Corn kernel weight and moisture content after physiological maturity in field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2052–2060
[2]中国产业信息网.2017年中国玉米行业市场前景及价格走势分析[EB/OL].[2016-11-29].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201611/47-2375.html China Industry Information Net.Analysis of market outlook and price trend of China’s corn industry in 2017[EB/OL].[2016-11-29].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201611/472375.html
[3]大河网.河南农业机械化水平达76.3%高于全国平均水平[EB/OL].[2015-02-12].http://news.dahe.cn/2015/02-12/104332573.html Dahe Website.The agricultural mechanization level reaches76.3%in Henan,higher than the national average level[EB/OL].(2015-02-12).http://news.dahe.cn/2015/02-12/104332573.html
[4]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013,(4):116–119LIU F H,WANG K R,LI J,et al.Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality[J].Crops,2013,(4):116–119
[5]谢瑞芝,雷晓鹏,王克如,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报[J],作物杂志,2014,(2):76–79XIE R Z,LEI X P,WANG K R,et al.Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai Plain[J].Crops,2014,(2):76–79
[6]相茂国,张道林,李春宁,等.影响玉米脱粒性能的因素分析与研究[J].农机化研究,2015,(1):188–191XIANG M G,ZHANG D L,LI C N,et al.Analysis of influence factor on corn threshing performance[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015,(1):188–191
[7]李淑芳,张春宵,路明,等.玉米籽粒自然脱水速率研究进展[J].分子植物育种,2014,12(4):825–829LI S F,ZHANG C X,LU M,et al.Research development of kernel dehydration rate in maize[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2014,12(4):825–829
[8]柴宗文,王克如,郭银巧,等.玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2036–2043CHAI Z W,WANG K R,GUO Y Q,et al.Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2036–2043
[9]王振华,张忠臣,常华章,等.黑龙江省38个玉米自交系生理成熟期及子粒自然脱水速率的分析[J].玉米科学,2001,9(2):53–55WANG Z H,ZHANG Z C,CHANG H Z,et al.Analysis of physiological mature stage and kernel naturally dry-down rate in 38 corn inbred lines in Heilongjiang[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2001,9(2):53–55
[10]李璐璐,雷晓鹏,谢瑞芝,等.夏玉米机械粒收质量影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2044–2051LI L L,LEI X P,XIE R Z,et al.Analysis of influential factors on mechanical grain harvest quality of summer maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2044–2051
[11]朱培,段雅洁,梁玉超,等.黄淮海地区玉米机收子粒的探讨[J].中国种业,2015,(5):13–14ZHU P,DUAN Y J,LIANG Y C,et al.The study of the seed granule of maize in Huanghuaihai area[J].China Seed Industry,2015,(5):13–14
[12]郭庆辰,康浩冉,王丽娥,等.黄淮区籽粒机收玉米标准及育种模式探讨[J].农业科技通讯,2016,(1):159–162GUO Q C,KANG H R,WANG L E,et al.Discussion on the mechanical harvest index and breeding mode of maize in Huanghuai area[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(1):159–162
[13]王克如,李少昆.玉米籽粒脱水速率影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2027–2035WANG K R,LI S K.Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2027–2035
[14]张立国,张林,管春云,等.玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率与品质性状的相关分析[J].东北农业大学学报,2007,38(5):582–585ZHANG L G,ZHANG L,GUAN C Y,et al.Correlation analysis on dry-down rate and quality traits in corn after physiological maturity[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2007,38(5):582–585
[15]闫淑琴,苏俊,李春霞,等.玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水速率的相关与通径分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007,(4):1–4YAN S Q,SU J,LI C X,et al.Correlation analysis of dry-down and grain filling rate in maize[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,(4):1–4
[16]李德新.玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水速率品种差异和相关分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009LI D X.Difference and correlation analysis of grain milking rate and grain dehydrating rate on maize[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy Agriculture Sciences,2009
[17]王振华,姜艳喜,鄂文弟,等.降低玉米收获期籽粒含水量的育种策略[C]//全国作物遗传育种学术研讨会论文集.合肥:中国作物学会,2003:251–254WANG Z H,JIANG Y X,E W D,et al.A breeding strategy for reducing the moisture content of maize harvest[C]//Proceedings of the National Crop Genetics and Breeding Seminar.Hefei:China Crop Society,2003:251–254
[18]张亚军,张林,周艳春,等.玉米杂交种生理成熟后子粒田间自然脱水速率差异分析[J].作物杂志,2010,(2):58–61ZHANG Y J,ZHANG L,ZHOU Y C,et al.Analysis of dehydration rate after physiological maturity in maize hybrids[J].Crops,2010,(2):58–61
[19]姜艳喜,王振华,金益,等.玉米收获期子粒含水量相关性状的遗传及育种策略[J].玉米科学,2004,12(1):21–25JIANG Y X,WANG Z H,JIN Y,et al.Genetics on water content at harvesting and correlative traits and breeding strategy[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2004,12(1):21–25
[20]鲍继友,孙月轩,姜先梅,等.夏玉米灌浆与温度、籽粒含水率的关系[J].耕作与栽培,1994,(5):22–26BAO J Y,SUN Y X,JIANG X M,et al.The relationship between the grain milking of summer maize and temperature,grain moisture content[J].Tillage and Cultivation,1994,(5):22–26
[21]霍仕平.玉米灌浆期籽粒脱水速率的研究进展(综述)[J].玉米科学,1993,1(4):39–44HUO S P.Research progress on the grain dehydration rate of maize during grain filling stage[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,1993,1(4):39–44
[22]BROOKING I R.Effect of temperature on kernel growth rate of maize grown in a temperate maritime environment[J].Field Crops Research,1993,35(2):135–145
[23]MUCHOW R C.Effect of high temperature on grain-growth in field-grown maize[J].Field Crops Research,1990,23(2):145–158
[24]HUNTER R B,TOLLENAAR M,BREUER C M.Effects of photoperiod and temperature on vegetative and reproductive growth of a maize(Zea mays)Hybrid[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1977,57(4):1127–1133
[25]郭庆辰,白光红,刘洪泉,等.黄淮海地区籽粒机收玉米育种探讨[J].农业科技通讯,2015,(9):7–11GUO Q C,BAI G H,LIU H Q,et al.Study on maize breeding of seed corn in Huanghuaihai area[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,(9):7–11
[26]MAGARI R,KANG M S,ZHANG Y.Sample size for evaluating field ear moisture loss rate in maize[J].Maydica,1996,41(1):19–24
[27]向葵.玉米籽粒脱水速率测定方法优化及遗传研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2011XIANG K.Genetic analysis and measuring method development of kernel fast dry down rate in maize[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2011
[28]李璐璐,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米生理成熟后田间脱水期间的籽粒重量与含水率变化[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2052–2060LI L L,WANG K R,XIE R Z,et al.Corn kernel weight and moisture content after physiological maturity in field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2052–2060