现代农业科技助力马铃薯产业精准扶贫――中国科学院微生物研究所马铃薯产业科技扶贫实践与启示
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摘要
马铃薯是我国第四大农作物,其70%以上的产区分布在集中连片特殊困难地区。马铃薯种植是产业扶贫的重要抓手之一;促进马铃薯产业科技成果在贫困地区的转化,是以科技手段为新动力、实现精准扶贫的有效措施。当前,我国马铃薯产业发展升级面临脱毒种薯普及率低、病害严重、自然灾害频发等瓶颈问题。近年来,中国科学院微生物研究所联合院内多家单位,聚焦马铃薯脱毒种薯繁育、化肥农药高效利用及病虫害绿色防控等方面研究,并在贵州水城县及宁夏、内蒙古等地开展精准农技输出,助力产业扶贫,取得显著成效。文章系统梳理了马铃薯产业脱贫中存在的问题,总结了马铃薯绿色高效生产技术模式及其在科技精准扶贫中的应用,并围绕生产标准化、应用差异化、创新体系化,展望了未来的发展方向和工作重点。
Potato is the fourth most important crop in China, and nearly 70% of its production area overlaps the contiguous, destitute regions, which made potato one of the promising crops for poverty alleviation considering its economic value, high yield, and adaptability. Therefore, transformation of advanced potato cultivation techniques in severe poverty regions is an efficient and robust strategy for precise poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, potato production in China is threatened by several critical issues, including low coverage of virus-free potato seed tubers, infestation by various pathogens, and frequent natural hazards. These obstacles mentioned above impeded the improvement of potato sector, ultimately jeopardizing the poverty reduction through potato cultivation in impoverished rural areas. With endeavors from other institutions, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMCAS) put continuing efforts on optimization of virus-free seed potato production, enhancement of application technology of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, eco-friendly techniques for disease and pest management, and other related research fields in recent years, resulting in the emergence of a Green, High-efficient, Integrated Technique Cultivation(GHITC) system for potato growers and their poverty alleviation. Great achievements have been obtained by introduction of GHITC system to Guizhou, Ningxia, Inter-Mongolia and other potato-growing poverty regions. In this study, we comprehensively rule out the key issues in poverty alleviation through potato industry,systematically summarize advantages of potato GHITC system as well as its contributions to precise poverty alleviation, and speculate future investigations on standardized production, differentiated application, and systematized innovation.
Potato is the fourth most important crop in China, and nearly 70% of its production area overlaps the contiguous, destitute regions, which made potato one of the promising crops for poverty alleviation considering its economic value, high yield, and adaptability. Therefore, transformation of advanced potato cultivation techniques in severe poverty regions is an efficient and robust strategy for precise poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, potato production in China is threatened by several critical issues, including low coverage of virus-free potato seed tubers, infestation by various pathogens, and frequent natural hazards. These obstacles mentioned above impeded the improvement of potato sector, ultimately jeopardizing the poverty reduction through potato cultivation in impoverished rural areas. With endeavors from other institutions, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMCAS) put continuing efforts on optimization of virus-free seed potato production, enhancement of application technology of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, eco-friendly techniques for disease and pest management, and other related research fields in recent years, resulting in the emergence of a Green, High-efficient, Integrated Technique Cultivation(GHITC) system for potato growers and their poverty alleviation. Great achievements have been obtained by introduction of GHITC system to Guizhou, Ningxia, Inter-Mongolia and other potato-growing poverty regions. In this study, we comprehensively rule out the key issues in poverty alleviation through potato industry,systematically summarize advantages of potato GHITC system as well as its contributions to precise poverty alleviation, and speculate future investigations on standardized production, differentiated application, and systematized innovation.
引文
1中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.中共中央国务院关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定.[2015-12-07].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-12/07/content_5020963.htm.
2屈东玉.马铃薯产业与脱贫攻坚.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2018:1-2.
3金黎平,罗其友.我国马铃薯产业发展现状和展望//马铃薯产业与农村区域发展.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2013:8-18.
4岳晓甜,马云倩,郭燕枝,等.我国马铃薯脱毒种薯推广应用的现状、问题及对策.农业经济,2018,(2):62-63.
5黄冲,刘万才.近几年我国马铃薯晚疫病流行特点分析与监测建议.植物保护,2016,42:142-147.
6昭通市人民政府.发展马铃薯产业助推脱贫攻坚//马铃薯产业与脱贫攻坚(2018).哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2018:9-14.
7田波.病毒和高温在马铃薯花叶型退化中的作用.中国农业科学,1978,(4):70-76.
8肖亮,谭红.植物生长调节剂的应用和发展趋势及S-诱抗素的发展历程//第四届全国绿色环保农药新技术、新产品交流会暨第三届生物农药研讨会论文集.北京:中国植物保护学会生物入侵分会,2006:4.
9曾凡逵,周添红,刘刚.马铃薯淀粉加工副产物资源化利用研究进展.农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2013,(11):33-37.
10仲乃琴,刘宁,赵盼,等.中国马铃薯化肥农药减施的现状与挑战.科学通报,2018,63(17):1693-1702.
11郭志乾,张国辉,王效瑜,等.2016年宁夏马铃薯产业发展现状、存在问题及建议//马铃薯产业与精准扶贫.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2017:76-81.
(1)http://www.fao.org/home/zh/.
2屈东玉.马铃薯产业与脱贫攻坚.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2018:1-2.
3金黎平,罗其友.我国马铃薯产业发展现状和展望//马铃薯产业与农村区域发展.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2013:8-18.
4岳晓甜,马云倩,郭燕枝,等.我国马铃薯脱毒种薯推广应用的现状、问题及对策.农业经济,2018,(2):62-63.
5黄冲,刘万才.近几年我国马铃薯晚疫病流行特点分析与监测建议.植物保护,2016,42:142-147.
6昭通市人民政府.发展马铃薯产业助推脱贫攻坚//马铃薯产业与脱贫攻坚(2018).哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2018:9-14.
7田波.病毒和高温在马铃薯花叶型退化中的作用.中国农业科学,1978,(4):70-76.
8肖亮,谭红.植物生长调节剂的应用和发展趋势及S-诱抗素的发展历程//第四届全国绿色环保农药新技术、新产品交流会暨第三届生物农药研讨会论文集.北京:中国植物保护学会生物入侵分会,2006:4.
9曾凡逵,周添红,刘刚.马铃薯淀粉加工副产物资源化利用研究进展.农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2013,(11):33-37.
10仲乃琴,刘宁,赵盼,等.中国马铃薯化肥农药减施的现状与挑战.科学通报,2018,63(17):1693-1702.
11郭志乾,张国辉,王效瑜,等.2016年宁夏马铃薯产业发展现状、存在问题及建议//马铃薯产业与精准扶贫.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2017:76-81.
(1)http://www.fao.org/home/zh/.