补偿还是选拔?“高校专项计划”政策落实的效果分析
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摘要
为拓宽农村学生进入重点高校的渠道,2014年国家开始划定重点高校并实施专门针对农村学生进行招生的"高校专项计划"。基于高校自主进行招生的前提下,针对"高校专项计划"的招生方式可归纳为"全国择优"或"分省择优"两种。研究结合2015-2017年95所高校录取数据首先对不同招生方式进行了比较,其次对不同招生方式的补偿名额分配进行了回归分析。研究发现:总体上,不管是何种招生方式,高校均提高了农村学生的优质教育入学机会,均提高了重点高校中农村学生的生源比例;相比较而言,"分省择优"的招生方式更能体现高校专项计划政策的补偿性质,更能落实政策的补偿作用,使得在经济和教育水平上处于弱势的生源地获得更多的补偿机会,然而高校依然更多的是依赖本科招生计划编制路径,影响了补偿的精准性。
In recent years, in order to increase rural students' access to high quality universities, China government launched the enrollment policy named "the special plan of colleges and universities" in 2014. It has been implemented by 95 key universities. Based on the Rawls' s theory of justice, the Plan could benefit the most disadvantaged areas and groups. In addition, key universities have right to decide to adopt the enrollment method either "admission throughout the country" or "admission inside the province". Different enrollment method produces different influences. We first compare the two different enrollment methods based on the number of admissions of 95 key universities. Then based on these two methods, we explore the factors that might influence the allocation of compensation opportunities in different enrollment methods. Results show, compared with "admission throughout the country", the method of "admission through provincial allocation" could help implement the policy more effectively and achieve the goal of compensation by allocating more quotas to economically and educationally disadvantaged areas. However, though universities could take the compensation into account, their allocation highly rely on the way that they allocate undergraduate quotas in general, thus negatively affecting the accuracy of poverty alleviation.
In recent years, in order to increase rural students' access to high quality universities, China government launched the enrollment policy named "the special plan of colleges and universities" in 2014. It has been implemented by 95 key universities. Based on the Rawls' s theory of justice, the Plan could benefit the most disadvantaged areas and groups. In addition, key universities have right to decide to adopt the enrollment method either "admission throughout the country" or "admission inside the province". Different enrollment method produces different influences. We first compare the two different enrollment methods based on the number of admissions of 95 key universities. Then based on these two methods, we explore the factors that might influence the allocation of compensation opportunities in different enrollment methods. Results show, compared with "admission throughout the country", the method of "admission through provincial allocation" could help implement the policy more effectively and achieve the goal of compensation by allocating more quotas to economically and educationally disadvantaged areas. However, though universities could take the compensation into account, their allocation highly rely on the way that they allocate undergraduate quotas in general, thus negatively affecting the accuracy of poverty alleviation.
引文
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[3]刘云杉,王志明,杨晓芳.精英的选拔:身份、地域与资本的视角——跨入北京大学的农家子弟(1978-2005)[J].清华大学教育研究,2009(5):42-59.
[4]罗立祝.高校招生考试制度对城乡子女高等教育入学机会差异的影响[J].高等教育研究,2011(1):32-41.
[5]教育部关于做好2014年提高重点高校招收农村学生比例工作的通知[EB/OL].(2014-03-10).http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A15/moe_776/s3258/201403/t20140310_167124.html.
[6]乔锦忠.高等教育入学机会的城乡差异[J].教育学报,2008(5):92-96.
[7]王英杰,刘慧珍.中国教育发展报告:高等教育的发展、问题及对策[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2005:12.
[8](美)约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏,何包钢,廖申白,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014.
[9]周保松.自由人的平等政治[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013:24-54.
[10]杨超.近年来国内关于“肯定性行动计划”的研究评述[J].世界历史,2008(4):122-130.
[11]刘宝存.肯定性行动计划与美国少数民族高等教育的发展[J].黑龙江民族丛刊(季刊),2002(3):68-72.
[12][15] 戴邵瑛.教育公平视角下我国高校招收贫困地区和农村学生政策的分析[J].亚太教育,2016(23):77-78.
[13][16] 唐汉琦.重点高校面向贫困地区定向招生专项计划的政策反思[J].考试研究,2015(2):13-18.
[14]朱平,张庆君.我国重点高校对农村学生单独招生政策分析——基于罗尔斯补偿原则的视角[J].教育发展研究,2015(9):21-24.
[17]胡乐乐.国家“高考扶贫”政策的“逆向歧视”与纠正[J].福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(4):150-157.
[18]彭怀祖.高校招生人数影响因素分析及应用[J].教育与经济,2008(2):32-36.
[19]王善迈,袁连生.中国地区教育发展报告[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2011:68-69.