人类胚胎基因编辑的伦理悖论及其化解之道
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摘要
人类胚胎基因编辑引发了全球生物学家、生命伦理学者和社会公众等激烈的伦理论争。反对者认为,人类胚胎基因编辑突破了不可逾越的伦理"红线",应当"全面禁止",理由主要有:改写人类进化方式;存在严重技术风险;违背后代自决权;导致人类社会新的不平等;损害人类的"基因完整性"与"人种完整性"。而支持者认为,人类胚胎基因编辑有利于探究生命奥秘和促进人类健康,具有科学及道德合理性,应当"全面开放"。面对这一巨大而深刻的伦理悖论,本文提出了"有限开放"的解悖路径,即实现人类胚胎基因编辑的差异性发展,使之"弃恶扬善",同时,构筑立体的人类胚胎基因编辑监管体系,为其伦理悖论的化解提供制度保障。
Gene editing in human embryos has stirred unprecedented debates among the biologists, bioethicists, and the public throughout the world. The opponents have proposed that it has crossed the ethic "red line" that should never be stepped over, so it should be completely prohibited for the following reasons: it overturns the basic way of human reproduction; it has some serious technical risks; it violates the offspring's right of self-determination; it leads to some new social inequalities; and it destroys human "genetic integrity" and "race integrity". However, the proponents have argued that gene editing in human embryos is conducive to the exploration of life mysteries and the development of medical science. Thus, it should be made completely accessible to researchers as it is scientifically and ethically rational. In view of such huge and thought-provoking ethical paradoxes, we proposed "limited open authorization" as a solution. Specifically, we should achieve the differential development of modifying human embryos to avoid evil and promote good. Meanwhile, to solve the ethical paradoxes, sound supervision systems of gene editing in human embryos should be constructed so as to provide system security.
Gene editing in human embryos has stirred unprecedented debates among the biologists, bioethicists, and the public throughout the world. The opponents have proposed that it has crossed the ethic "red line" that should never be stepped over, so it should be completely prohibited for the following reasons: it overturns the basic way of human reproduction; it has some serious technical risks; it violates the offspring's right of self-determination; it leads to some new social inequalities; and it destroys human "genetic integrity" and "race integrity". However, the proponents have argued that gene editing in human embryos is conducive to the exploration of life mysteries and the development of medical science. Thus, it should be made completely accessible to researchers as it is scientifically and ethically rational. In view of such huge and thought-provoking ethical paradoxes, we proposed "limited open authorization" as a solution. Specifically, we should achieve the differential development of modifying human embryos to avoid evil and promote good. Meanwhile, to solve the ethical paradoxes, sound supervision systems of gene editing in human embryos should be constructed so as to provide system security.
引文
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[5]Baltimore,D.,Berg,D.,et al.'A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification'[J].Science,2015,348:36-38.
[6]吴昊、李建军.合成生物学技术应用研究中的伦理问题和规制原则[J].自然辩证法研究,2013,(2):42-46.
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[8]樊浩.基因技术的道德哲学革命[J].中国社会科学,2006,(1):123-134.
[9]陈轶翔.基因编辑技术何去何从[J].世界科学,2016,(1):38-41.
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[14]肖显静.物种“内在生物本质主义”:从温和走向激进[J].世界哲学,2016,(4):61-71.
[15]Kaiser,J.,Normile,D.'Embryo Engineering Study Splits Scientific Community'[J].Science,2015,348:486.
[16]谢亚磊、刘千琪、刘戟.CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术最新研究进展[J].生命的化学,2016,36(1):1-6.
[17]Sugarman,J.'Ethics and Germline Gene Editing'[J].EMBO Reports,2015,16(8):879-880.
[18]江璇.人类增强技术的发展与伦理挑战[J].自然辩证法研究,2014,(5):43-48.
[19]符美玲、冯泽永、孙墨龙.人体胚胎试验的伦理问题[J].医学与哲学,2011,32(13):19-21.
[20]Baltimore,D.,Baylis,F.et al.'On Human Gene Editing:International Summit Statement'.[EB/OL].https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases//naos-ohg120315.php.2015-12-03.
[2]Cyranoski,D.'Embryo Editing Divides Scientists'[J].Nature,2015,519:272.
[3]郑武、谷峰.CRISPR/Cas9的应用及脱靶效应研究进展[J].遗传,2015,(10):1003-1010.
[4]Lanphier,E.,Urnov,F.,et al.'Don't Edit the Human Germ Line'[J].Nature,2015,519,410-411.
[5]Baltimore,D.,Berg,D.,et al.'A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification'[J].Science,2015,348:36-38.
[6]吴昊、李建军.合成生物学技术应用研究中的伦理问题和规制原则[J].自然辩证法研究,2013,(2):42-46.
[7]Doudna J.'I Don't See the Value in Working with Human Embryos Right Now'[J].Science,2015,348:487.
[8]樊浩.基因技术的道德哲学革命[J].中国社会科学,2006,(1):123-134.
[9]陈轶翔.基因编辑技术何去何从[J].世界科学,2016,(1):38-41.
[10]甘绍平.克隆人:不可逾越的伦理禁区[J].中国社会科学,2003,(3):27-35.
[11]格兰特·斯蒂.DNA和命运:人类行为的天性和教养[M].李恭楚、吴希美译.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001,47.
[12]肖显静.转基因技术的伦理分析——基于生物完整性的视角[J].中国社会科学,2016,(6):66-86.
[13]肖显静.“新物种本质主义”的合理性分析[J].哲学研究,2016,(3):106-112.
[14]肖显静.物种“内在生物本质主义”:从温和走向激进[J].世界哲学,2016,(4):61-71.
[15]Kaiser,J.,Normile,D.'Embryo Engineering Study Splits Scientific Community'[J].Science,2015,348:486.
[16]谢亚磊、刘千琪、刘戟.CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术最新研究进展[J].生命的化学,2016,36(1):1-6.
[17]Sugarman,J.'Ethics and Germline Gene Editing'[J].EMBO Reports,2015,16(8):879-880.
[18]江璇.人类增强技术的发展与伦理挑战[J].自然辩证法研究,2014,(5):43-48.
[19]符美玲、冯泽永、孙墨龙.人体胚胎试验的伦理问题[J].医学与哲学,2011,32(13):19-21.
[20]Baltimore,D.,Baylis,F.et al.'On Human Gene Editing:International Summit Statement'.[EB/OL].https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases//naos-ohg120315.php.2015-12-03.