重庆城区市售蔬菜重金属污染评价与健康风险评估
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摘要
随着科技的发展,化学物质被广泛使用,重金属对蔬菜的污染与日俱增。为研究重庆城区市售蔬菜的重金属含量特征,在重庆市主城区多个农贸市场随机采集8类37种蔬菜,采用原子吸收光谱法测定其重金属Cd、Ni、Cr和Pb的含量并进行污染评价及健康风险评估,以期为重庆市的蔬菜安全生产提供参考依据和数据支撑。结果表明,蔬菜样品中Ni、Cr、Cd和Pb的平均质量分数分别为383.9、171.4、15.1和192.1μg·kg~(-1);其超标率分别为12.6%、3.9%、2.4%和51.2%,Pb超标率较严重。根据单项污染指数,蔬菜中Cd和Cr为优良状态,Ni为安全状态,而蔬菜受Pb污染的问题较为突出;其中,茎类蔬菜受到的Pb污染较为严重,属于中污染;块根类、鳞茎类、茄果类和瓜类蔬菜受Pb污染相对较轻,处于轻污染;芸薹类、豆类、叶菜类蔬菜均未受到Pb污染。通过目标危险系数(THQ)评价单一重金属产生的健康风险,结果表明,蔬菜中重金属Cd、Ni、Cr和Pb的THQ均表现为儿童>中老年>青壮年,4种重金属对儿童的危害较大。儿童、青壮年和中老年3类人群的总目标危险系数(TTHQ)分别为1.003、0.802和0.902,其中仅儿童的TTHQ大于1,说明儿童属于敏感人群,长期食用这些蔬菜可能带来较高的健康风险;中老年人群的TTHQ已接近风险值1,也应引起足够重视。
With the development of science and technology, heavy metal pollution to vegetables is increasing day by day, because of the widespread use of chemicals. To study the characteristics of heavy metals in vegetables sold in farmers' markets of Chongqing city, 37 vegetable samples in eight categories were randomly collected from several farm product markets in urban area of Chongqing. The concentration of Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in vegetables was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and pollution assessment and health risk evaluation were carried out. The aim was to provide reference and data for vegetable safety production in Chongqing. The results showed that the average concentration of Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb in vegetable samples was 383.9, 171.4, 15.1 and 192.1 μg·kg-1, and their over standard rates were 12.6%, 3.9%, 2.4% and 51.2%, respectively. The rate of Pb exceeding the standard was the most serious. According to the pollution index, Cd and Cr in vegetables were in good state, Ni in vegetables was in safe state, while most vegetables were polluted by Pb. The pollution of stem vegetables caused by Pb was more serious, which belonged to moderate pollution. Heavy metal Pb in root, bulb, solanaceous fruit, and melon vegetables was slight pollution, while brassica, beans, leafy vegetables were not polluted by Pb. The target hazard quotient(THQ) was applied to evaluate the health risk produced by a single heavy metal. The results demonstrated that the THQ of Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in the vegetables was in the following order: children>the middle aged>young adults, and these four heavy metals were more harmful to children. The total target hazard quotient(TTHQ) of three groups of children, young adults and the middle aged was 1.003, 0.802 and 0.902, respectively. Among them, the TTHQ>1 of children only showed that children belonged to the sensitive population. Long-term consumption of these vegetables might bring higher health risks. However, the TTHQ of the middle-aged was close to the risk value of 1, and should also be paid enough attention.
With the development of science and technology, heavy metal pollution to vegetables is increasing day by day, because of the widespread use of chemicals. To study the characteristics of heavy metals in vegetables sold in farmers' markets of Chongqing city, 37 vegetable samples in eight categories were randomly collected from several farm product markets in urban area of Chongqing. The concentration of Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in vegetables was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and pollution assessment and health risk evaluation were carried out. The aim was to provide reference and data for vegetable safety production in Chongqing. The results showed that the average concentration of Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb in vegetable samples was 383.9, 171.4, 15.1 and 192.1 μg·kg-1, and their over standard rates were 12.6%, 3.9%, 2.4% and 51.2%, respectively. The rate of Pb exceeding the standard was the most serious. According to the pollution index, Cd and Cr in vegetables were in good state, Ni in vegetables was in safe state, while most vegetables were polluted by Pb. The pollution of stem vegetables caused by Pb was more serious, which belonged to moderate pollution. Heavy metal Pb in root, bulb, solanaceous fruit, and melon vegetables was slight pollution, while brassica, beans, leafy vegetables were not polluted by Pb. The target hazard quotient(THQ) was applied to evaluate the health risk produced by a single heavy metal. The results demonstrated that the THQ of Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in the vegetables was in the following order: children>the middle aged>young adults, and these four heavy metals were more harmful to children. The total target hazard quotient(TTHQ) of three groups of children, young adults and the middle aged was 1.003, 0.802 and 0.902, respectively. Among them, the TTHQ>1 of children only showed that children belonged to the sensitive population. Long-term consumption of these vegetables might bring higher health risks. However, the TTHQ of the middle-aged was close to the risk value of 1, and should also be paid enough attention.
引文
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ISLAM M S.2014.Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish and Vegetables in Bangladesh and Health Implications[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,21(4):986-1006.
JAFARIAN D A,ALEHASHEM M.2013.Heavy metal contamination of vegetables in Isfahan,Iran[J].Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences,8(8):51-58.
KARAVOLTSOS S,SAKELLARI A,DIMOPOULOS M,et al.2002.Cadmium content in foodstuffs from the Greek market[J].Food Additives&Contaminants,19(10):954-962.
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WANG Y C,QIAO M,LIU Y X,et al.2012.Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from wastewater irrigated area,Beijing-Tianjin city cluster,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(4):690-698.
陈燕.2013.重庆市不同地区中小学学生体质与营养状况调查[D].重庆:第三军医大学.
陈志良,黄玲,周存宇,等.2017.广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价[J].环境科学,38(1):389-398.
程加迁,王俊平.2018.蔬菜水果重金属膳食暴露评估中风险权重的确定方法[J].食品科学,39(1):47-52.
杜景东,高凡,王敬贤,等.2014.京郊蔬菜重金属含量特征及安全评价[J].北京农学院学报,29(3):42-46.
范晓远,金维平,付静伟.2012.郑州南大学城部分市售蔬菜中重金属污染状况评价[J].河南化工,29(12):59-61.
方凤满,汪琳琳,谢宏芳,等.2010.芜湖市三山区蔬菜中重金属富集特征及健康风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,29(8):1471-1476.
龚梦丹,朱维琴,顾燕青,等.2016.杭州蔬菜基地重金属污染及风险评价[J].环境科学,37(6):2329-2337.
胡蕾.2008.重庆市市场蔬菜质量安全监测及评价[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),33(6):52-56.
胡胜,袁旭,庞宏宇,等.2016.贵州省9个小品种蔬菜重金属污染风险评估[J].耕作与栽培,(5):18-23.
李其林,黄昀.2000.重庆市近郊蔬菜基地蔬菜中重金属含量变化及污染情况[J].农业资源与环境学报,17(2):42-44.
李如忠,潘成荣,徐晶晶,等.2013.典型有色金属矿业城市零星菜地蔬菜重金属污染及健康风险评估[J].环境科学,34(3):1076-1085.
李秀兰,胡雪峰.2005.上海郊区蔬菜重金属污染现状及累积规律研究[J].化学工程师,116(5):36-38.
陆文,陈畅,张亮.2016.2013-2015年铁岭市市售蔬菜中重金属污染物监测分析[J].职业与健康,32(20):2800-2802.
聂晓玲,程国霞,王敏娟,等.2015.陕西省主产蔬菜中重金属污染调查及评价[J].卫生研究,44(5):775-779.
秦文淑,邹晓锦,仇荣亮.2008.广州市蔬菜重金属污染现状及对人体健康风险分析[J].农业环境科学学报,27(4):1638-1642.
秦友燕,方芳,邓吉圣,等.2013.2007年-2011桂林市食品中铅镉汞监测情况分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,23(16):3284-3285.
茹淑华,耿暖,张国印,等.2016.河北省典型蔬菜产区土壤和蔬菜中重金属累积特征研究[J].生态环境学报,25(8):1407-1411.
王北洪,马智宏,冯晓元,等.2015.北京市蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].食品安全质量检测学报,6(7):2736-2745.
王旭.2012.广东省蔬菜重金属风险评估研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
王艳莉,谢国祥,郭宝福,等.2014.南京市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及对人体健康风险分析[J].现代预防医学,41(12):2148-2150.
张焕焕.2015.上海市郊大气重金属干沉降对土壤-叶菜系统的污染效应[D].上海:华东师范大学.
张莉,刘玲.2006.贵阳市售蔬菜重金属含量状况的分析与评价[J].贵州农业科学,34(s1):59-60.
张旭红,李蔓.2014.北京市售叶菜类蔬菜重金属含量特征及其健康风险评价[J].北京城市学院学报,(3):8-13.
张珍珍,程滨,李茹,等.2016.太原市市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估[J].中国农学通报,32(10):169-175.
章明奎,刘兆云,周翠.2010.铅锌矿区附近大气沉降对蔬菜中重金属积累的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),36(2):221-229.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2017.GB2762-2017,食品中污染物限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.
邹素敏,杜瑞英,文典,等.2017.不同品种蔬菜重金属污染评价和富集特征研究[J].生态环境学报,26(4):714-720.
ISLAM M A,ROMIC D,AKBER M A,et al.2017.Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,doi:10.1007/s10653-017-9907-8.
ISLAM M S.2014.Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish and Vegetables in Bangladesh and Health Implications[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,21(4):986-1006.
JAFARIAN D A,ALEHASHEM M.2013.Heavy metal contamination of vegetables in Isfahan,Iran[J].Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences,8(8):51-58.
KARAVOLTSOS S,SAKELLARI A,DIMOPOULOS M,et al.2002.Cadmium content in foodstuffs from the Greek market[J].Food Additives&Contaminants,19(10):954-962.
PAUSTENBACH D J.2002.Human and ecological risk assessment:theory and practice[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons.
SHAHEEN N,IRFAN N M,KHAN I N,et al.2016.Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables:Health risk implications in Bangladesh[J].Chemosphere,152:431-438.
WANG Y C,QIAO M,LIU Y X,et al.2012.Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from wastewater irrigated area,Beijing-Tianjin city cluster,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(4):690-698.
陈燕.2013.重庆市不同地区中小学学生体质与营养状况调查[D].重庆:第三军医大学.
陈志良,黄玲,周存宇,等.2017.广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价[J].环境科学,38(1):389-398.
程加迁,王俊平.2018.蔬菜水果重金属膳食暴露评估中风险权重的确定方法[J].食品科学,39(1):47-52.
杜景东,高凡,王敬贤,等.2014.京郊蔬菜重金属含量特征及安全评价[J].北京农学院学报,29(3):42-46.
范晓远,金维平,付静伟.2012.郑州南大学城部分市售蔬菜中重金属污染状况评价[J].河南化工,29(12):59-61.
方凤满,汪琳琳,谢宏芳,等.2010.芜湖市三山区蔬菜中重金属富集特征及健康风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,29(8):1471-1476.
龚梦丹,朱维琴,顾燕青,等.2016.杭州蔬菜基地重金属污染及风险评价[J].环境科学,37(6):2329-2337.
胡蕾.2008.重庆市市场蔬菜质量安全监测及评价[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),33(6):52-56.
胡胜,袁旭,庞宏宇,等.2016.贵州省9个小品种蔬菜重金属污染风险评估[J].耕作与栽培,(5):18-23.
李其林,黄昀.2000.重庆市近郊蔬菜基地蔬菜中重金属含量变化及污染情况[J].农业资源与环境学报,17(2):42-44.
李如忠,潘成荣,徐晶晶,等.2013.典型有色金属矿业城市零星菜地蔬菜重金属污染及健康风险评估[J].环境科学,34(3):1076-1085.
李秀兰,胡雪峰.2005.上海郊区蔬菜重金属污染现状及累积规律研究[J].化学工程师,116(5):36-38.
陆文,陈畅,张亮.2016.2013-2015年铁岭市市售蔬菜中重金属污染物监测分析[J].职业与健康,32(20):2800-2802.
聂晓玲,程国霞,王敏娟,等.2015.陕西省主产蔬菜中重金属污染调查及评价[J].卫生研究,44(5):775-779.
秦文淑,邹晓锦,仇荣亮.2008.广州市蔬菜重金属污染现状及对人体健康风险分析[J].农业环境科学学报,27(4):1638-1642.
秦友燕,方芳,邓吉圣,等.2013.2007年-2011桂林市食品中铅镉汞监测情况分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,23(16):3284-3285.
茹淑华,耿暖,张国印,等.2016.河北省典型蔬菜产区土壤和蔬菜中重金属累积特征研究[J].生态环境学报,25(8):1407-1411.
王北洪,马智宏,冯晓元,等.2015.北京市蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].食品安全质量检测学报,6(7):2736-2745.
王旭.2012.广东省蔬菜重金属风险评估研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
王艳莉,谢国祥,郭宝福,等.2014.南京市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及对人体健康风险分析[J].现代预防医学,41(12):2148-2150.
张焕焕.2015.上海市郊大气重金属干沉降对土壤-叶菜系统的污染效应[D].上海:华东师范大学.
张莉,刘玲.2006.贵阳市售蔬菜重金属含量状况的分析与评价[J].贵州农业科学,34(s1):59-60.
张旭红,李蔓.2014.北京市售叶菜类蔬菜重金属含量特征及其健康风险评价[J].北京城市学院学报,(3):8-13.
张珍珍,程滨,李茹,等.2016.太原市市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估[J].中国农学通报,32(10):169-175.
章明奎,刘兆云,周翠.2010.铅锌矿区附近大气沉降对蔬菜中重金属积累的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),36(2):221-229.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2017.GB2762-2017,食品中污染物限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.
邹素敏,杜瑞英,文典,等.2017.不同品种蔬菜重金属污染评价和富集特征研究[J].生态环境学报,26(4):714-720.