禁牧政策、养殖规模与技术效率——基于五省区绒毛用羊养殖户的微观研究
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摘要
基于五省区绒毛用羊养殖户的微观调研数据,利用超越对数随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了禁牧政策对农牧户养殖技术效率的影响,进一步运用门槛模型探究了不同养殖规模下禁牧政策对农牧户养殖技术效率影响的异质性问题。研究结果表明:禁牧政策实施对农牧户养殖技术效率提升具有显著的正向作用,而且禁牧政策对农牧户养殖技术效率的影响会因养殖规模的不同而存在显著的门槛效应,即禁牧政策对小规模农牧户养殖技术效率的影响并不显著,而对大规模农牧户表现出显著的促进作用。与大规模农牧户相比,小规模农牧户养殖方式转变成本高、舍饲养殖资金不足、违规放牧行为不易被监管等因素可能是导致上述差异的主要原因。除此之外,养殖收入占比、家庭人口数量、加入养殖专业合作社、养殖方式、地区因素均对农牧户养殖技术效率具有显著影响。
Based on a micro survey data of sheep farmers in five provinces,this paper applied a stochastic frontier production function model to analyze the effects of the grazing ban policy on the technical efficiency of sheep farms.In addition,this paper also adopted a threshold model to explore the heterogeneity of the impacts of the grazing ban policy on the farmer's farming technical efficiency under different farming scales.Results show that the implementation of the grazing ban policy had a significant positive effect on farmers' technology efficiency,and the effect had a significant threshold due to the different size of breeding scales.It meant that the grazing ban policy did not noticeably affect the technical efficiency of small-scale sheep farms,while it had a significant effect on large-scale sheep farms.Main reasons for the difference might be the high cost of the transformation,the lack of feeding funds,and the difficult supervision of illegal grazing management behaviors for small-scale sheep farms.In addition,the proportion of farming income,household size,joining farmer cooperatives,farming methods and regional factors also had significant impacts on technical efficiency.
Based on a micro survey data of sheep farmers in five provinces,this paper applied a stochastic frontier production function model to analyze the effects of the grazing ban policy on the technical efficiency of sheep farms.In addition,this paper also adopted a threshold model to explore the heterogeneity of the impacts of the grazing ban policy on the farmer's farming technical efficiency under different farming scales.Results show that the implementation of the grazing ban policy had a significant positive effect on farmers' technology efficiency,and the effect had a significant threshold due to the different size of breeding scales.It meant that the grazing ban policy did not noticeably affect the technical efficiency of small-scale sheep farms,while it had a significant effect on large-scale sheep farms.Main reasons for the difference might be the high cost of the transformation,the lack of feeding funds,and the difficult supervision of illegal grazing management behaviors for small-scale sheep farms.In addition,the proportion of farming income,household size,joining farmer cooperatives,farming methods and regional factors also had significant impacts on technical efficiency.
引文
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[11]齐顾波,胡新萍.草场禁牧政策下的农民放牧行为研究--以宁夏盐池县的调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,25(2):12-16.Qi G B,Hu X P.Research of the grazing behavior under the grazing ban policy--The research case of Yanchi County in Ningxia[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2006,25(2):12-16.
[12]李军,沈政.封山禁牧背景下农户舍饲选择意愿及其影响因素分析--以陕西省榆林市农户为例[J].中国农村经济,2013(9):78-86.Li J,Sheng Z.The willingness of farmer's households'option for domestic feeding under the background of closing hillsides to livestock grazing--With farmer's households in Yulin prefecture of Shaanxi Province as examples[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2013(9):78-86.
[13]Aigner D,Lovell C A K,Schmidt P.Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models[J].Journal of Econometrics,1977,6(1):21-37.
[14]Meeusen W,van den Broeck J.Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error[J].International Economic Review,1977,18(2):435-444.
[15]Battese G E,Coelli T J.A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data[J].Empirical Economics,1995,20(2):325-332.
[16]Hansen B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[17]王建英,陈志钢,黄祖辉,等.转型时期土地生产率与农户经营规模关系再考察[J].管理世界,2015(9):65-81.Wang J Y,Chen Z G,Huang Z H,et al.A re-survey of,in the period of transformation,the relationship between the land productivity and farmer's operation scale[J].Management World,2015(9):65-81.
[18]李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞.小农户真的更加具有效率吗?来自湖北省的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2010,9(1):99-128.Li G C,Feng Z C,Fan L X.Is the small-sized rural household more efficient?The empirical evidence from Hubei Province[J].China Economic Quarterly,2010,9(1):99-128.
[19]靳乐山,胡振通.谁在超载?不同规模牧户的差异分析[J].中国农村观察,2013(2):37-43.Jin L S,Hu Z T.Who is running overgrazing?variation analysis of herdsmen with different scales of pastureland[J].China Rural Survey,2013(2):37-43.
[20]李谷成,冯中朝,占绍文.家庭禀赋对农户家庭经营技术效率的影响冲击--基于湖北省农户的随机前沿生产函数实证[J].统计研究,2008,25(1):35-42.Li G C,Feng Z C,Zhan S W.An empirical analysis about the effect of household endowments on the technical Efficiency of farmer's household management--Evidence from the farmers of Hubei Province[J].Statistical Research,2008,25(1):35-42.
[21]孙致陆,肖海峰.农牧户羊毛生产技术效率及其影响因素研究--基于内蒙古、新疆等5省份农牧户调查数据的分析[J].农业技术经济,2013(2):86-94.Sun Z L,Xiao H F.An empirical study on the technical efficiency and its influence factors of farmers'wool production--Based on survey data of wool farmers in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Jilin,Sichuan and Guizhou[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013(2):86-94.
[22]姜岩,朱晓莉,周宏,等.气候变化对江苏水稻生产效率变动的影响[J].农业技术经济,2015(12):109-116.Jiang Y,Zhu X L,Zhou H,et al.Impact of climate change on rice production efficiency in Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015(12):109-116.
[2]靳乐山,胡振通.草原生态补偿政策与牧民的可能选择[J].改革,2014(11):100-107.Jin L S,Hu Z T.Grassland ecological compensation policy and chooses of the herdsmen[J].Reform,2014(11):100-107.
[3]宋乃平,张凤荣,李保国,等.禁牧政策及其效应解析[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(3):316-323.Song N P,Zhang F R,Li B G,et al.Prohibiting graze policy and its effect[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(3):316-323.
[4]刘艳华,陶燕格,杨微,等.农牧交错区禁牧前后畜牧业投入产出分析--以宁夏盐池县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(2):176-180.Liu Y H,Tao Y G,Yang W,et al.An analysis on input-output of animal raising before and after prohibiting grazing in ecotone--taking Yanchi County of Ningxia[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(2):176-180.
[5]海力且木·斯依提,朱美玲,蒋志清.草地禁牧政策实施中存在的问题与对策建议--以新疆为例[J].农业经济问题,2012(3):105-109.Hailiqiemu S Y T,Zhu M L,Jiang Z Q.Problems,contradictions and countermeasures on implementation of grassland grazing ban policy--case of Xinjiang[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2012(3):105-109.
[6]柴浩放,李青夏,傅荣,等.禁牧政策僵局的演化及政策暗示:基于宁夏盐池农村观察[J].农业经济问题,2009,30(1):93-98.Chai H F,Li Q X,Fu R,et al.The impasse of grazing-ban policy and the future of pasture management[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009,30(1):93-98.
[7]胡振通,柳荻,孔德帅,等.基于机会成本法的草原生态补偿中禁牧补助标准的估算[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):63-68.Hu Z T,Liu D,Kong D S,et al.Rate calculation of“subsidies for grazing prohibition”in grassland eco-compensation based on opportunity cost method[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(2):63-68.
[8]田晓艳.退牧还草政策对我国牧民生活的影响[J].中国草地学报,2011,33(4):1-4.Tian X Y.The influence of policies of returning grazing land to forage land on the nomads'living[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2011,33(4):1-4.
[9]陈洁,苏永玲.禁牧对农牧交错带农户生产和生计的影响--对宁夏盐池县2乡4村80个农户的调查[J].农业经济问题,2008,29(6):73-79.Chen J,Su Y L.Grazing ban's influence on farmer householders'production and livelihoods:A survey on 80 households from 4villages in 2 townships in Yanchi County[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2008,29(6):73-79.
[10]韦惠兰,孙婉婉.我国草原生态治理项目对牧民生计影响的研究综述[J].安徽农业科学,2013(29):11870-11874.Wei H L,Sun W W.Reviews on the Influence of grassland ecological management projects to the livelihood of herdsmen[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2013(29):11870-11874.
[11]齐顾波,胡新萍.草场禁牧政策下的农民放牧行为研究--以宁夏盐池县的调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,25(2):12-16.Qi G B,Hu X P.Research of the grazing behavior under the grazing ban policy--The research case of Yanchi County in Ningxia[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2006,25(2):12-16.
[12]李军,沈政.封山禁牧背景下农户舍饲选择意愿及其影响因素分析--以陕西省榆林市农户为例[J].中国农村经济,2013(9):78-86.Li J,Sheng Z.The willingness of farmer's households'option for domestic feeding under the background of closing hillsides to livestock grazing--With farmer's households in Yulin prefecture of Shaanxi Province as examples[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2013(9):78-86.
[13]Aigner D,Lovell C A K,Schmidt P.Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models[J].Journal of Econometrics,1977,6(1):21-37.
[14]Meeusen W,van den Broeck J.Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error[J].International Economic Review,1977,18(2):435-444.
[15]Battese G E,Coelli T J.A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data[J].Empirical Economics,1995,20(2):325-332.
[16]Hansen B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[17]王建英,陈志钢,黄祖辉,等.转型时期土地生产率与农户经营规模关系再考察[J].管理世界,2015(9):65-81.Wang J Y,Chen Z G,Huang Z H,et al.A re-survey of,in the period of transformation,the relationship between the land productivity and farmer's operation scale[J].Management World,2015(9):65-81.
[18]李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞.小农户真的更加具有效率吗?来自湖北省的经验证据[J].经济学(季刊),2010,9(1):99-128.Li G C,Feng Z C,Fan L X.Is the small-sized rural household more efficient?The empirical evidence from Hubei Province[J].China Economic Quarterly,2010,9(1):99-128.
[19]靳乐山,胡振通.谁在超载?不同规模牧户的差异分析[J].中国农村观察,2013(2):37-43.Jin L S,Hu Z T.Who is running overgrazing?variation analysis of herdsmen with different scales of pastureland[J].China Rural Survey,2013(2):37-43.
[20]李谷成,冯中朝,占绍文.家庭禀赋对农户家庭经营技术效率的影响冲击--基于湖北省农户的随机前沿生产函数实证[J].统计研究,2008,25(1):35-42.Li G C,Feng Z C,Zhan S W.An empirical analysis about the effect of household endowments on the technical Efficiency of farmer's household management--Evidence from the farmers of Hubei Province[J].Statistical Research,2008,25(1):35-42.
[21]孙致陆,肖海峰.农牧户羊毛生产技术效率及其影响因素研究--基于内蒙古、新疆等5省份农牧户调查数据的分析[J].农业技术经济,2013(2):86-94.Sun Z L,Xiao H F.An empirical study on the technical efficiency and its influence factors of farmers'wool production--Based on survey data of wool farmers in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Jilin,Sichuan and Guizhou[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013(2):86-94.
[22]姜岩,朱晓莉,周宏,等.气候变化对江苏水稻生产效率变动的影响[J].农业技术经济,2015(12):109-116.Jiang Y,Zhu X L,Zhou H,et al.Impact of climate change on rice production efficiency in Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015(12):109-116.