基于激振理论的玉米多棱摘穗辊设计与试验
|
摘要
针对当前纵卧辊式玉米收获机作业存在籽粒啃伤严重和落粒损失大的问题,以激振理论为指导,以玉米果穗与茎秆分离为条件,建立了适于玉米机械化收获的玉米激振摘穗理论模型;以该激振摘穗模型为指导,构建并优化了适于玉米激振运动的摘穗辊外形结构和配置方式,开发了相应的激振摘穗试验台;采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,研究了激振摘穗辊棱边数、振幅、摘穗辊转速对果穗摘穗过程籽粒破损率和落粒损失率的影响规律,建立了试验因素与考察指标之间的回归方程,并生成了相应的响应曲面。结果表明,激振摘穗装置中棱边数、振幅和摘穗辊转速对收获过程果穗籽粒破损率和落粒损失率有显著的影响。以非线性规划理论为指导,确定了最佳组合为摘穗辊转速950 r/min、棱边数8、振幅0. 75 cm,在该条件下进行了试验验证,得出平均籽粒破损率为0. 124%,平均落粒损失率为0. 228%,均低于国家玉米收获机械技术标准要求。
Corn has become the first major crop in place of rice and wheat in recent years,thereby significantly influencing the lives of people given the increase in production of corn. Corn snapping roller is the main component of a corn harvesting machine and exerts a crucial effect on the quality of corn harvest. Aiming at the problems of serious grains gnawing and large loss of falling grains in the operation of vertical and horizontal roll corn harvester,a theoretical model of maize excitation heading suitable for mechanized harvesting was established under the condition of separation of ear and stalk of maize under the guidance of excitation theory. Under the guidance of the model,the shape structure and configuration of the picking roll suitable for the corn excitation movement were constructed and optimized,and the corresponding excitation heading test-bed was developed. Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to study the effects of key parameters such as edge number,amplitude and rotation speed of excitation picking roll on grain loss rate and gnawing rate during ear picking. The regression equation between experimental factors and inspection indexes was established,and the corresponding response surface was generated. The results showed that the number of edges,the amplitude and the rotation speed of the picking roll had significant effects on the grain loss rate and the gnawing rate during harvesting.Finally,under the guidance of the theory of non-linear programming,the best combination of the above three experimental factors was obtained,namely,the rotation speed of the picking roll of 950 r/min,the number of edges of 8,and the amplitude of 0. 75 cm. Under these conditions,the average loss rate of corn grains during heading process was 0. 228%,and the average breakage rate of corn grains was0. 124%,which was lower than the national technical standard of corn harvesting machinery. The research result provided theoretical support for the popularization and application of this technology.
Corn has become the first major crop in place of rice and wheat in recent years,thereby significantly influencing the lives of people given the increase in production of corn. Corn snapping roller is the main component of a corn harvesting machine and exerts a crucial effect on the quality of corn harvest. Aiming at the problems of serious grains gnawing and large loss of falling grains in the operation of vertical and horizontal roll corn harvester,a theoretical model of maize excitation heading suitable for mechanized harvesting was established under the condition of separation of ear and stalk of maize under the guidance of excitation theory. Under the guidance of the model,the shape structure and configuration of the picking roll suitable for the corn excitation movement were constructed and optimized,and the corresponding excitation heading test-bed was developed. Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to study the effects of key parameters such as edge number,amplitude and rotation speed of excitation picking roll on grain loss rate and gnawing rate during ear picking. The regression equation between experimental factors and inspection indexes was established,and the corresponding response surface was generated. The results showed that the number of edges,the amplitude and the rotation speed of the picking roll had significant effects on the grain loss rate and the gnawing rate during harvesting.Finally,under the guidance of the theory of non-linear programming,the best combination of the above three experimental factors was obtained,namely,the rotation speed of the picking roll of 950 r/min,the number of edges of 8,and the amplitude of 0. 75 cm. Under these conditions,the average loss rate of corn grains during heading process was 0. 228%,and the average breakage rate of corn grains was0. 124%,which was lower than the national technical standard of corn harvesting machinery. The research result provided theoretical support for the popularization and application of this technology.
引文
[1]石桂春,刘熙.玉米加工利用的现状与途径[J].玉米科学,1998,6(4):67-69.SHI Guichun,LIU Xi.The present situation and channel of processing and utilizing maize[J].Maize Science,1998,6(4):67-69.(in Chinese)
[2]石庆龙.我国发展特殊用途玉米经济的研究[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006,34(4):32-35.SHI Qinglong.Research on the developing special use of corn ecnnomy[J].Journal of Jinlin Noramal Univesity(Humanities&Social Science Edition),2006,34(4):32-35.(in Chinese)
[3]贾学文.中国玉米市场供求关系研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014.JIA Xuewen.Study on the relationship between supply and demand in China's corn market[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.(in Chinese)
[4]杨红旗,路凤银,郝仰坤,等.中国玉米产业现状与发展问题探讨[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(6):368-373.YANG Hongqi,LU Fengyin,HAO Yangkun,et al.Situation analysis and development strategy of maize industry in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(6):368-373.(in Chinese)
[5]郝付平,陈志.国内外玉米收获机械研究现状及思考[J].农机化研究,2007,29(10):206-208.HAO Fuping,CHEN Zhi.Actuality of domestic and foreign corn harvester[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2007,29(10):206-208.(in Chinese)
[6]王瑛瑶,张翠萍.玉米收获机械发展现状及建议[J].农业工程,2013,3(5):34-36.WANG Yingyao,ZHANG Cuiping.Development status quo and suggestions of corn harvester[J].Agricultural Engineering,2013,3(5):34-36.(in Chinese)
[7]王优,张强,于路路.玉米摘穗装置的应用现状与展望[J].农机化研究,2011,33(1):228-231.WANG You,ZHANG Qiang,YU Lulu.The present situation of corn snapping device and its exceptation[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(1):228-231.(in Chinese)
[8]耿爱军,杨建宁,张姬,等.玉米摘穗收获机械损伤影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):56-62.GENG Aijun,YANG Jianning,ZHANG Ji,et al.Influence factor analysis of mechanical damage on corn ear picking[J].Transactions of the CASE,2016,32(22):56-62.(in Chinese)
[9]佟金,贺俊林,陈志,等.玉米摘穗辊试验台的设计和试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(11):48-51.TONG Jin,HE Junlin,CHEN Zhi,et al.Research and development of testing device with snapping rolls for corn harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(11):48-51.(in Chinese)
[10]梁晓军.纵卧辊式玉米收获机收获损失试验研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.LIANG Xiaojun.Experimental study of maize seed damage during operating of harvester with length ways-horizontal rollers[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006.(in Chinese)
[11]贾洪雷,王刚,赵佳乐,等.间距自适应差速玉米摘穗辊设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(3):97-102.JIA Honglei,WANG Gang,ZHAO Jiale,et al.Design and experiment of space-adaptive differential snapping rollers for corn harvester[J/OL].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Mechinary,2015,46(3):97-102.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150314&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.014.(in Chinese)
[12]SHINNERS K J,ADSIT G S,BINVERSIE B N,et al.Single-pass,split-stream harvest of corn and stover[J].Transactions of ASABE,2007,50(2):355-363.
[13]SHINNERS K J,BOTTCHER G C,HOFFMAN D S,et al.Single-pass harvest of corn grain and stover:performance of three harvester configurations[J].Transactions of ASABE,2009,52(1):51-60.
[14]BREBECK J.Reliability the key for ready-to-go harvesters[J].Engines&Drives,1990,56(9):34-36.
[15]闫洪余,陈晓光,吴文福.立辊式玉米收获机试验台的设计[J].农机化研究,2008,30(12):75-78.YAN Hongyu,CHEN Xiaoguang,WU Wenfu.Design of test bench on vertical-roll type corn harvester[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(12):75-78.(in Chinese)
[16]闫洪余.立辊式玉米收获机关键部件工作机理及试验研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2009.YAN Hongyu.Working mechanism and experimental research on key components of vertical roll-type corn harvester[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2009.(in Chinese)
[17]闫洪余,吴文福,韩峰,等.立辊型玉米收获机摘穗辊辊型对工作性能的影响[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(5):76-80.YAN Hongyu,WU Wenfu,HAN Feng,et al.Effects of the type of the snapping rolls of vertical corn harvester on harvesting performance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(5):76-80.(in Chinese)
[18]贺俊林.低损伤玉米摘穗部件表面仿生技术和不分行喂入机构仿真[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.HE Junlin.Biomimetic surfaces of snapping rolls with lower damage action and simulation of no-row feed-in mechanism of maize harvesters[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2007.(in Chinese)
[19]刘枫.穗茎兼收型立式摘穗辊玉米收获机的关键部件研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.LIU Feng.Primary structure study on the vertical snapping roller of corn combine harvester for both ears and stalks[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2007.(in Chinese)
[20]王优.新型玉米摘穗装置工作机理的基础性研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2011.WANG You.The basic research in the mechanism of the new corn picker[J].Changchun:Jinlin University,2011.(in Chinese)
[21]张莉.新型仿生玉米摘穗机构理论分析与仿真研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2015.ZHANG Li.The oretical analysis and simulation research on novel bionic corn-ear snapping mechanism[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2015.(in Chinese)
[22]张丽萍,李其昀.仿生玉米掰穗装置掰穗速度与功耗试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(19):9-14.ZHANG Liping,LI Qiyun.Speed of bionic breaking corn ear hand and experiment on power consumption[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(19):9-14.(in Chinese)
[23]赵排航,王克印,黄海英,等.一种新型玉米收获机摘穗装置设计与分析[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(3):352-354,360.ZHAO Paihang,WANG Keyin,HUANG Haiying,et al.Design and analysis of a new type maize harvester ear picking device[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):352-354,360.(in Chinese)
[24]耿端阳,李玉环,孟凡虎,等.玉米收获机多棱立辊式摘穗装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(3):84-91.GENG Duanyang,LI Yuhuan,MENG Fanhu,et al.Design and experiment of corn harvester polygonal vertical-rollers snapping means[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(3):84-91.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20170310&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.03.010.(in Chinese)
[25]赵军,苗同臣.振动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017.
[26]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[27]王骞,何珂,金诚谦,等.玉米激振摘穗机理分析与参数试验优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(增刊):249-257.WANG Qian,HE Ke,JIN Chengqian,et al.Mechanism analysis and experiment optimization on parameters of maize exciting and picking[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(Supp.):249-257.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=2018s033&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.S0.033.(in Chinese)
[28]王永菲,王成国.响应面法的理论与应用[J].中央民族大学学报,2005,14(3):236-240.WANG Yongfei,WANG Chengguo.The application of response surface methodology[J].Journal of Minzu University of China,2005,14(3):236-240.(in Chinese)
[29]FERREIRA S L C,BRUN R E,FERREIRA H S,et al.Box-Behnken design:an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods[J].Analytica Chimca Acta,2007,597(2):179-186.
[2]石庆龙.我国发展特殊用途玉米经济的研究[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006,34(4):32-35.SHI Qinglong.Research on the developing special use of corn ecnnomy[J].Journal of Jinlin Noramal Univesity(Humanities&Social Science Edition),2006,34(4):32-35.(in Chinese)
[3]贾学文.中国玉米市场供求关系研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014.JIA Xuewen.Study on the relationship between supply and demand in China's corn market[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.(in Chinese)
[4]杨红旗,路凤银,郝仰坤,等.中国玉米产业现状与发展问题探讨[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(6):368-373.YANG Hongqi,LU Fengyin,HAO Yangkun,et al.Situation analysis and development strategy of maize industry in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(6):368-373.(in Chinese)
[5]郝付平,陈志.国内外玉米收获机械研究现状及思考[J].农机化研究,2007,29(10):206-208.HAO Fuping,CHEN Zhi.Actuality of domestic and foreign corn harvester[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2007,29(10):206-208.(in Chinese)
[6]王瑛瑶,张翠萍.玉米收获机械发展现状及建议[J].农业工程,2013,3(5):34-36.WANG Yingyao,ZHANG Cuiping.Development status quo and suggestions of corn harvester[J].Agricultural Engineering,2013,3(5):34-36.(in Chinese)
[7]王优,张强,于路路.玉米摘穗装置的应用现状与展望[J].农机化研究,2011,33(1):228-231.WANG You,ZHANG Qiang,YU Lulu.The present situation of corn snapping device and its exceptation[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(1):228-231.(in Chinese)
[8]耿爱军,杨建宁,张姬,等.玉米摘穗收获机械损伤影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):56-62.GENG Aijun,YANG Jianning,ZHANG Ji,et al.Influence factor analysis of mechanical damage on corn ear picking[J].Transactions of the CASE,2016,32(22):56-62.(in Chinese)
[9]佟金,贺俊林,陈志,等.玉米摘穗辊试验台的设计和试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(11):48-51.TONG Jin,HE Junlin,CHEN Zhi,et al.Research and development of testing device with snapping rolls for corn harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(11):48-51.(in Chinese)
[10]梁晓军.纵卧辊式玉米收获机收获损失试验研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.LIANG Xiaojun.Experimental study of maize seed damage during operating of harvester with length ways-horizontal rollers[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006.(in Chinese)
[11]贾洪雷,王刚,赵佳乐,等.间距自适应差速玉米摘穗辊设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(3):97-102.JIA Honglei,WANG Gang,ZHAO Jiale,et al.Design and experiment of space-adaptive differential snapping rollers for corn harvester[J/OL].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Mechinary,2015,46(3):97-102.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150314&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.014.(in Chinese)
[12]SHINNERS K J,ADSIT G S,BINVERSIE B N,et al.Single-pass,split-stream harvest of corn and stover[J].Transactions of ASABE,2007,50(2):355-363.
[13]SHINNERS K J,BOTTCHER G C,HOFFMAN D S,et al.Single-pass harvest of corn grain and stover:performance of three harvester configurations[J].Transactions of ASABE,2009,52(1):51-60.
[14]BREBECK J.Reliability the key for ready-to-go harvesters[J].Engines&Drives,1990,56(9):34-36.
[15]闫洪余,陈晓光,吴文福.立辊式玉米收获机试验台的设计[J].农机化研究,2008,30(12):75-78.YAN Hongyu,CHEN Xiaoguang,WU Wenfu.Design of test bench on vertical-roll type corn harvester[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(12):75-78.(in Chinese)
[16]闫洪余.立辊式玉米收获机关键部件工作机理及试验研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2009.YAN Hongyu.Working mechanism and experimental research on key components of vertical roll-type corn harvester[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2009.(in Chinese)
[17]闫洪余,吴文福,韩峰,等.立辊型玉米收获机摘穗辊辊型对工作性能的影响[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(5):76-80.YAN Hongyu,WU Wenfu,HAN Feng,et al.Effects of the type of the snapping rolls of vertical corn harvester on harvesting performance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(5):76-80.(in Chinese)
[18]贺俊林.低损伤玉米摘穗部件表面仿生技术和不分行喂入机构仿真[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.HE Junlin.Biomimetic surfaces of snapping rolls with lower damage action and simulation of no-row feed-in mechanism of maize harvesters[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2007.(in Chinese)
[19]刘枫.穗茎兼收型立式摘穗辊玉米收获机的关键部件研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.LIU Feng.Primary structure study on the vertical snapping roller of corn combine harvester for both ears and stalks[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2007.(in Chinese)
[20]王优.新型玉米摘穗装置工作机理的基础性研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2011.WANG You.The basic research in the mechanism of the new corn picker[J].Changchun:Jinlin University,2011.(in Chinese)
[21]张莉.新型仿生玉米摘穗机构理论分析与仿真研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2015.ZHANG Li.The oretical analysis and simulation research on novel bionic corn-ear snapping mechanism[D].Changchun:Jinlin University,2015.(in Chinese)
[22]张丽萍,李其昀.仿生玉米掰穗装置掰穗速度与功耗试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(19):9-14.ZHANG Liping,LI Qiyun.Speed of bionic breaking corn ear hand and experiment on power consumption[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(19):9-14.(in Chinese)
[23]赵排航,王克印,黄海英,等.一种新型玉米收获机摘穗装置设计与分析[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(3):352-354,360.ZHAO Paihang,WANG Keyin,HUANG Haiying,et al.Design and analysis of a new type maize harvester ear picking device[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):352-354,360.(in Chinese)
[24]耿端阳,李玉环,孟凡虎,等.玉米收获机多棱立辊式摘穗装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(3):84-91.GENG Duanyang,LI Yuhuan,MENG Fanhu,et al.Design and experiment of corn harvester polygonal vertical-rollers snapping means[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(3):84-91.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20170310&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.03.010.(in Chinese)
[25]赵军,苗同臣.振动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017.
[26]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[27]王骞,何珂,金诚谦,等.玉米激振摘穗机理分析与参数试验优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(增刊):249-257.WANG Qian,HE Ke,JIN Chengqian,et al.Mechanism analysis and experiment optimization on parameters of maize exciting and picking[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(Supp.):249-257.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=2018s033&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.S0.033.(in Chinese)
[28]王永菲,王成国.响应面法的理论与应用[J].中央民族大学学报,2005,14(3):236-240.WANG Yongfei,WANG Chengguo.The application of response surface methodology[J].Journal of Minzu University of China,2005,14(3):236-240.(in Chinese)
[29]FERREIRA S L C,BRUN R E,FERREIRA H S,et al.Box-Behnken design:an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods[J].Analytica Chimca Acta,2007,597(2):179-186.