附生植物石斛的株丛生长及营养繁殖特征
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摘要
石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl.)为兰科多年生附生性草本植物,特化的假鳞茎是其营养贮藏器官,通过假鳞茎可实现克隆生长。该研究以野外调查发现的石斛株丛为研究材料,比较不同等级株丛假鳞茎合轴生长和高位腋芽的差异,分析高位株丛的定植方式,探讨石斛株丛生长及营养繁殖对附生环境的适应策略。结果显示:(1)石斛株丛的生长和扩大通过合轴生长的营养繁殖方式进行,假鳞茎基部具有2~3个储备芽,每年萌发1~2个新芽,随着生长年限的增加,形成大小不一的株丛。(2)株丛具有典型的高位腋芽营养繁殖特性,且主要形成于假鳞茎密集和老根密布的大株丛。(3)高位株丛母茎一端附着于附主树种上,在母茎软化和高位株丛的重力作用下,缩短了高位株丛与附主的距离,使其根系能够触及附主,完成高位株丛的定植。研究表明,附生植物石斛通过假鳞茎合轴生长的营养繁殖方式来增强并延续株丛寿命,高位腋芽的频发是株丛假鳞茎对拥挤等逆境的响应,高位株丛的定植依赖于母茎,这也是石斛对附生环境的一种生态适应策略。
The plant of Dendrobium nobile Lindl.is a perennial herbaceous epiphytic orchids.Its specialized pseudobulb used as nutrient storage organ and can be realized in the clonal growth,of which plays an important role in the vegetative propagation.This research studied the wild plant,compared to the difference of sympodial growth and high lateral bud on different levels of pseudobulb,and analyzed the engraftment way.Meanwhile,the adaptive strategy of its growth and vegetative propagation were discussed.Mainly results showed as following:(1)the seedlings grow and expand via vegetative propagation of sympodial.With 2-3bud in reserve of pseudobulb,it sprouts 1-2new bud and forms different seedlings as time goes on.(2)The seedlings have typical high lateral reproductive characteristics and mainly form from dense pseudobulb and roots.(3)The stems of high seedlings attach to the tree trunks,shorten the distance and complete engraftment way by stem intenerate and gravity.The results show that the pseudobulbof Dendrobiumvia sympodial vegetative propagation to enhance and extend lifetime.The adversity such as crowding of pseudobulb respond by frequent high bud germinating,and it is an ecological adaptive strategy of epiphytic environment like engraftment way of high seedlings depending on stem.
The plant of Dendrobium nobile Lindl.is a perennial herbaceous epiphytic orchids.Its specialized pseudobulb used as nutrient storage organ and can be realized in the clonal growth,of which plays an important role in the vegetative propagation.This research studied the wild plant,compared to the difference of sympodial growth and high lateral bud on different levels of pseudobulb,and analyzed the engraftment way.Meanwhile,the adaptive strategy of its growth and vegetative propagation were discussed.Mainly results showed as following:(1)the seedlings grow and expand via vegetative propagation of sympodial.With 2-3bud in reserve of pseudobulb,it sprouts 1-2new bud and forms different seedlings as time goes on.(2)The seedlings have typical high lateral reproductive characteristics and mainly form from dense pseudobulb and roots.(3)The stems of high seedlings attach to the tree trunks,shorten the distance and complete engraftment way by stem intenerate and gravity.The results show that the pseudobulbof Dendrobiumvia sympodial vegetative propagation to enhance and extend lifetime.The adversity such as crowding of pseudobulb respond by frequent high bud germinating,and it is an ecological adaptive strategy of epiphytic environment like engraftment way of high seedlings depending on stem.
引文
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[14]唐德英,李荣英,马洁,等.野生鼓槌石斛株丛调查报告[J].中药材,2007,30(1):14-16.
[15]唐德英,杨春勇,段立胜,等.金钗石斛生物学特性研究[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(10):2 586-2 587.
[16]明兴加,李博然,赵纪峰,等.金钗、金钗石斛的名实考证[J].中国中药杂志,2016,41(10):1 956-1 964.MING X J,LI B R,ZHAO J F,et al.Investigation of original materials under traditional Chinee medicine names of‘Jinchai’and‘Jinchai Shihu’[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2016,41(10):1 956-1 964.
[17]中国科学院四川分院中医中药研究所.四川中药志(第一册)[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1960:487-489.
[18]赖泳红,王仕玉,萧凤回.中国石斛属植物资源分布的主要生态因子[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(6):397-400.LAI Y H,WANG S Y,XIAO F H.The major ecological factors in Dendrobium resource distribution areas in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(6):397-400.
[19]何池全,赵魁义,余国营.湿地克隆植物的繁殖对策与生态适应性[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(6):38-46.HE C Q,ZHAO K Y,YU G Y.Advance in the ecological adaptability of the clonal plant in wetlands[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1999,18(6):38-46.
[20]李金花,潘浩文,王刚.草地植物种群繁殖对策研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(2):352-355.LI J H,PAN H W,WANG G.Reproductive strategy of grassland plant[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(2):352-355.
[21]刘志民,蒋德明,高红英,等.植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):418-422.LIU Z M,JIANG D M,GAO H Y,et al.Relationships between plant reproductive strategy and disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(3):418-422.
[22]明兴加,李博然,伍淳操.3种石斛属植物假鳞茎高位腋芽的萌发初探[J].中国野生植物资源,(待刊).
[23]董鸣.克隆植物生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:5-27.
[2]钟章成.植物种群的繁殖对策[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(1):37-42.ZHONG Z C.Reproductive strategies of plant populations[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1995,14(1):37-42.
[3]王洪义,王正文,李凌浩,等.不同生境中克隆植物的繁殖倾向[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(6):670-676.WANG H Y,WANG Z W,LI L H,et al.Reproductive tendency of clonal plants in various habitats[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(6):670-676.
[4]董鸣.资源异质性环境中的植物克隆生长:觅食行为[J].植物学报,1996,38(6):828-835.DONG M.Clonal growth in plants in relation to resource heterogeneity:foraging behavior[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1996,38(6):828-835.
[5]葛俊,邢福.克隆植物对种间竞争的适应策略[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(6):587-596.GE J,XING F.A review of adaptive strategies of clonal plants to interspecific competition[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(6):587-596.
[6]罗毅波,贾建生,王春玲.中国兰科植物保育的现状和展望[J].生物多样性,2003,11(1):70-77.LUO Y B,JIA J S,WANG C L.A general review of the conservation status of Chinese orchids[J].Biodiversity Science,2003,11(1):70-77.
[7]刘强,殷寿华,兰芹英.兰科植物种群动态研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(11):2 980-2 985.LIU Q,YIN S H,LAN Q Y.Research advances in population of Orchidaceae[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(11):2 980-2 985.
[8]刘广福,臧润国,丁易,等.海南霸王岭不同森林类型附生兰科植物的多样性和分布[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(4):396-408.LIU G F,ZANG R G,DING Y,et al.Diversity and distribution of epiphytic orchids in different types of old-growth tropical forests in Bawangling National Nature Reserva,Hainan Island,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(4):396-408.
[9]武华周,宋希强,杨福孙,等.假鳞茎对华石斛存活与繁育的影响[J].热带作物学报,2013,34(4):625-629.WU H Z,SONG X Q,YANG F S,et al.Pseudobulbs on the survival and mating system of Dendrobium sinense(Orchidaceae)in Hainan Ialand[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2013,34(4):625-629.
[10]明兴加,李博然,叶陈娟,等.齿瓣石斛的原生境播种及其株丛生长特性研究[J].植物科学学报,2017,35(2):223-233.MING X J,LI B R,YE C J,et al.Study on the sowing and planting characteristus of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.seeds sown directly on tree trunks in natiue habitats[J].Plant Science Journal,2017,35(2)223-233.
[11]何荣平,宋希强,罗毅波,等.丹霞地貌中铁皮石斛的繁殖生物学研究[J].中国中药杂志,2009,34(2):124-127.HE R P,SONG X Q,LUO Y B,et al.Reproductive biology of Dendrobium officinale(Orchidaceae)in Danxia landform[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2009,34(2):124-127.
[12]蒋波,詹源庆,黄捷.金钗石斛濒危原因及其野生资源保护[J].中国野生植物资源,2005,24(5):34-36.
[13]唐德英,杨春勇,王云强,等.鼓槌石斛生长发育规律研究[J].中草药,2006,37(10):1 572-1 574.TANG D Y,YANG C Y,WANG Y Q,et al.Regulation of growth and development of Dendrobium chrysotoxum[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2006,37(10):1 572-1 574.
[14]唐德英,李荣英,马洁,等.野生鼓槌石斛株丛调查报告[J].中药材,2007,30(1):14-16.
[15]唐德英,杨春勇,段立胜,等.金钗石斛生物学特性研究[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(10):2 586-2 587.
[16]明兴加,李博然,赵纪峰,等.金钗、金钗石斛的名实考证[J].中国中药杂志,2016,41(10):1 956-1 964.MING X J,LI B R,ZHAO J F,et al.Investigation of original materials under traditional Chinee medicine names of‘Jinchai’and‘Jinchai Shihu’[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2016,41(10):1 956-1 964.
[17]中国科学院四川分院中医中药研究所.四川中药志(第一册)[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1960:487-489.
[18]赖泳红,王仕玉,萧凤回.中国石斛属植物资源分布的主要生态因子[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(6):397-400.LAI Y H,WANG S Y,XIAO F H.The major ecological factors in Dendrobium resource distribution areas in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(6):397-400.
[19]何池全,赵魁义,余国营.湿地克隆植物的繁殖对策与生态适应性[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(6):38-46.HE C Q,ZHAO K Y,YU G Y.Advance in the ecological adaptability of the clonal plant in wetlands[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1999,18(6):38-46.
[20]李金花,潘浩文,王刚.草地植物种群繁殖对策研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(2):352-355.LI J H,PAN H W,WANG G.Reproductive strategy of grassland plant[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(2):352-355.
[21]刘志民,蒋德明,高红英,等.植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):418-422.LIU Z M,JIANG D M,GAO H Y,et al.Relationships between plant reproductive strategy and disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(3):418-422.
[22]明兴加,李博然,伍淳操.3种石斛属植物假鳞茎高位腋芽的萌发初探[J].中国野生植物资源,(待刊).
[23]董鸣.克隆植物生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:5-27.