可置换的类型:意大利形态类型学研究传统与多元发展
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摘要
基于"类型"概念的意大利形态类型学研究拥有丰厚的积累和传承,不仅是解读和认知城市的研究方法,也是基于传统、面向当代的设计方法。然而由于历史文化语境和城市组织方式的不同,用形态类型学方法研究中国城市问题时面临一系列问题和挑战。本文简要回顾意大利学派的研究和实践,以及后续学者所作的跨文化、跨学科多元研究。针对中国城市丰盛和多样的特性,提出"可置换的类型"概念,期待对中国城市的案例研究推进传统形态类型学的新发展。
The long tradition of Italian typo-morphological approach, which is based upon the idea of type, is not only a tradition of methodological urban research, but also a tradition of projects in which several architects of different generations designed. However, due to the differences of historical and cultural contexts and the urban organization, a series of problems and challenges emerged when dealing with Chinese cities. This paper briefly reviews the research and practice of the Italian school, then proposes the concept of "permuting type" in view of the richness and diversity of Chinese cities, hoping that the case study of Chinese city can ground and renew urban morphology analysis even for a strong and well-founded school like the Italian one.
The long tradition of Italian typo-morphological approach, which is based upon the idea of type, is not only a tradition of methodological urban research, but also a tradition of projects in which several architects of different generations designed. However, due to the differences of historical and cultural contexts and the urban organization, a series of problems and challenges emerged when dealing with Chinese cities. This paper briefly reviews the research and practice of the Italian school, then proposes the concept of "permuting type" in view of the richness and diversity of Chinese cities, hoping that the case study of Chinese city can ground and renew urban morphology analysis even for a strong and well-founded school like the Italian one.
引文
[1]Jean-Luc Arnaud.Analyse spatiale,cartographie et histoire urbaine,éditions Parenthèses,Marseille,2008.
[2]Gianfranco Caniggia,Lettura di una città:Como,Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica,Roma,1963.
[3]Gianfranco Caniggia,Gian Luigi Maffei.Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia.I.Lettura dell’edilizia di base,Marsilio,Venezia,1979.
[4]Fei Chen and Kevin Thwaites.Chinese Urban Design.The Typomorphological Approach,Ashgate,Farnham Burlington,2013.
[5]Chen Wei,Luigi Gazzola.Comparative Study on the City Walls of Nanjing and Rome,Southeast University Press,Edil Stampa ANCE,Nanjing–Roma,2013.
[6]D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson.On Growth and Form.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1917.
[7]Li Shiqiao.Understanding the Chinese City,SAGE,Los Angeles,London,New Dehli,Singapore,2014.
[8]刘涤宇.历代《清明上河图》.上海:同济大学出版社,2014.
[9]Agostino Magnaghi(ed.),Torino.Mappa concettuale della cittàantica ottenuta mediante m osaico delle piante degli edifici ricavate da diverse fonti iconografiche,in“A&RT”,SocietàIngegneri e Architetti in Torino,XLVI-10-12,1992.
[10]Federico Moretti,Atlante del romanzo europeo.1800-1900,Einaudi,Torino,1997.
[11]Francesco Moretti,La letteratura vista da lontano,Einaudi,Torino,2005.
[12]Attilio Petruccioli,After Amnesia.Learning from the Islamic Mediterranean Urban Fabric,ICAR,Bari,2007.
[13]Giorgio Pigafetta,Saverio Muratori Architetto.Teoria e progetti,Marsilio,Venezia,1990
[14]Peter G.Rowe,Ann Forsyth,Har Ye Kan,China’s Urban Communities.Concepts,Contexts,and Well-Being,Birkh?user,Basel,2016.
[15]Aldo Rossi,Eraldo Consolascio,Max Bosshard,La costruzione del territorio.Uno studio sul Canton Ticino,Clup Milano,1979.
[16]Serge Salat,Cities and Forms.On sustainable urbanism,CSTB Urban Morphology Laboratory,Hermannéditeurs des Sciences et des Arts,Paris,2011.
[17]Roma interrotta:Piero Sartogo,Costantino Dardi,Antoine Grumbach,James Stirling,Paolo Portoghesi,Romaldo Giurgiola,Robert Venturi,Colin Rowe,Michael Graves,Leon Krier,Aldo Rossi,Robert Krier,exhibition catalogue,Officina/Incontri Internazionali d’Arte,Roma,1978.
[1]Gianfranco Caniggia,Lettura di una città:Como,Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica,Roma
[2]形态类型学研究一种文化人类学的视角看待建筑和聚落,研究一座城市需要了解其中居民的文化行为,因此对亚洲聚落的研究与欧洲聚落完全不同,形态类型学研究融合了建筑学和文化人类学。
[3]1748年,乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·诺利(Giovanni Battista Nolli)为罗马教皇本笃十四世(Pope Benedict XIV)绘制了“新罗马平面”(Nuova Pianta di Roma):整套12张刻有罗马城市及其建筑的板画。通过地块和街道来反应整体城市形态,主要建筑物则是通过地面层平面图来表示。两个世纪以来,这套图纸成为最能够在本质上理解罗马历史中心的地图。穆拉托里学派一直把“诺利地图”作为“类型学地图”的一种原型。
[4]Li Shiqiao,Understanding the Chinese City,SAGE,Los Angeles,London,New Dehli,Singapore
[5]D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson,On Growth and Form,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge
[2]Gianfranco Caniggia,Lettura di una città:Como,Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica,Roma,1963.
[3]Gianfranco Caniggia,Gian Luigi Maffei.Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia.I.Lettura dell’edilizia di base,Marsilio,Venezia,1979.
[4]Fei Chen and Kevin Thwaites.Chinese Urban Design.The Typomorphological Approach,Ashgate,Farnham Burlington,2013.
[5]Chen Wei,Luigi Gazzola.Comparative Study on the City Walls of Nanjing and Rome,Southeast University Press,Edil Stampa ANCE,Nanjing–Roma,2013.
[6]D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson.On Growth and Form.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1917.
[7]Li Shiqiao.Understanding the Chinese City,SAGE,Los Angeles,London,New Dehli,Singapore,2014.
[8]刘涤宇.历代《清明上河图》.上海:同济大学出版社,2014.
[9]Agostino Magnaghi(ed.),Torino.Mappa concettuale della cittàantica ottenuta mediante m osaico delle piante degli edifici ricavate da diverse fonti iconografiche,in“A&RT”,SocietàIngegneri e Architetti in Torino,XLVI-10-12,1992.
[10]Federico Moretti,Atlante del romanzo europeo.1800-1900,Einaudi,Torino,1997.
[11]Francesco Moretti,La letteratura vista da lontano,Einaudi,Torino,2005.
[12]Attilio Petruccioli,After Amnesia.Learning from the Islamic Mediterranean Urban Fabric,ICAR,Bari,2007.
[13]Giorgio Pigafetta,Saverio Muratori Architetto.Teoria e progetti,Marsilio,Venezia,1990
[14]Peter G.Rowe,Ann Forsyth,Har Ye Kan,China’s Urban Communities.Concepts,Contexts,and Well-Being,Birkh?user,Basel,2016.
[15]Aldo Rossi,Eraldo Consolascio,Max Bosshard,La costruzione del territorio.Uno studio sul Canton Ticino,Clup Milano,1979.
[16]Serge Salat,Cities and Forms.On sustainable urbanism,CSTB Urban Morphology Laboratory,Hermannéditeurs des Sciences et des Arts,Paris,2011.
[17]Roma interrotta:Piero Sartogo,Costantino Dardi,Antoine Grumbach,James Stirling,Paolo Portoghesi,Romaldo Giurgiola,Robert Venturi,Colin Rowe,Michael Graves,Leon Krier,Aldo Rossi,Robert Krier,exhibition catalogue,Officina/Incontri Internazionali d’Arte,Roma,1978.
[1]Gianfranco Caniggia,Lettura di una città:Como,Centro Studi di Storia Urbanistica,Roma
[2]形态类型学研究一种文化人类学的视角看待建筑和聚落,研究一座城市需要了解其中居民的文化行为,因此对亚洲聚落的研究与欧洲聚落完全不同,形态类型学研究融合了建筑学和文化人类学。
[3]1748年,乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·诺利(Giovanni Battista Nolli)为罗马教皇本笃十四世(Pope Benedict XIV)绘制了“新罗马平面”(Nuova Pianta di Roma):整套12张刻有罗马城市及其建筑的板画。通过地块和街道来反应整体城市形态,主要建筑物则是通过地面层平面图来表示。两个世纪以来,这套图纸成为最能够在本质上理解罗马历史中心的地图。穆拉托里学派一直把“诺利地图”作为“类型学地图”的一种原型。
[4]Li Shiqiao,Understanding the Chinese City,SAGE,Los Angeles,London,New Dehli,Singapore
[5]D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson,On Growth and Form,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge