2016年夏季南海海盆水体颗粒物粒径分布特征
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摘要
颗粒物粒径分布(Particle Size Distribution,PSD)代表了颗粒物浓度与颗粒物粒径之间的关系,影响着海洋生态环境和水体光学特性等。文章基于2016年夏季航次调查的生物光学剖面数据,研究了南海海盆海域PSD的分布特征。研究发现,幂律函数可以较好地拟合南海海盆区域的PSD,对数空间中的实测的PSD与模拟的PSD平均决定系数高达0.95。PSD斜率(ξ)的分布范围为[1.27,7.65],均值为3.93±0.56。南海海盆区域表层水体的ξ均值与全球大洋表层水体的ξ均值相近,但高于海湾等表层水体的ξ均值。ξ能较好地表征颗粒物平均粒径D_A的大小,两者存在明显负相关关系,即ξ值越高,D_A越小;反之,D_A越大。通过分析T1断面的生物光学剖面数据及总体平均的PSD剖面数据,发现PSD剖面分布特征如下:1)表层水体的ξ值相对较高,且D_A值相对较低,推测可能是由于微微型藻类为主导颗粒物所致;2)ξ值极小值层出现在次表层叶绿素浓度极大值层(Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layer,SCML)中,并伴随D_A极大值层的出现,其原因可能是SCML中的大粒径浮游植物占比显著增加;3)弱光层中的ξ值较SCML中的高,但略低于表层的ξ值,而D_A则位于表层与SCML的D_A之间,这可能与浮游植物及其碎屑的絮凝、分解、沉降等过程相关。PSD特征影响着海水的固有光学特性,分析发现:由于SCML中的叶绿素浓度增加,颗粒物散射系数(b_p(532))和颗粒物后向散射系数(b_(bp)(532))也相应呈现显著增加的趋势。弱光层中的平均b_p(532)与平均b_(bp)(532)最小。ξ与颗粒物衰减光谱斜率之间呈高分散性,Boss等(2001b)的模型适合用于粗略估算区域性的ξ分布范围及均值。
Particle size distribution(PSD)describes the relationship between particle concentration and particle size,influencing marine ecosystem environment,the optical properties of sea water,and so on.Based on the in-situ profiles of biological and optical properties during summer 2016 in the South China Sea basin,characterization of PSD was studied.The power-law model was fit to describe the PSD,and the results indicated that the mean coefficient of determination between in-situ PSD and simulated PSD could reach 0.95 in the logarithmic space.The PSD slope(ξ)ranged in[1.27,7.65]with a mean of 3.93±0.56.The mean ofξin the surface water of the South China Sea basin was similar to the mean ofξin global ocean surface water,but higher than that in the surface water of other areas such as the bay.There was a strong negative relationship betweenξand the mean diameter(D_A).Taking section T1 as an example,we analyzed the mean PSD profile of these stations.The features of PSD profiles are as follows.1)At the surface,there were high values ofξwith low values of D_(A )because the dominate particle was pico-phytoplankton.2)The minimum value ofξappeared in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer(SCML)with higher D_A,which may result from the higher proportion of big phytoplankton.3)In the twilight layer,the values ofξas well as the values of D_A were between those at the surface and in the SCML.This phenomenon may be related to the process of flocculation,decomposition,and settlement of phytoplankton.The traits of PSD would influence the inherent optical properties(IOP)of seawater.We found that both particulate beam scattering coefficient at 532 nm(b_p(532))and particulate beam backscattering coefficient at 532 nm(b_(bp)(532))would be higher in the SCML because of the increasing chlorophyll-a concentration.However,the lowest mean b_p(532)and the lowest mean b_(bp)(532)were found in the twilight layer.Furthermore,although the relationship betweenξand the particulate beam attenuation sepctral slope was weak,the model of Boss et al.(2001b)is suitable for estimating the regional range and mean value ofξroughly.
Particle size distribution(PSD)describes the relationship between particle concentration and particle size,influencing marine ecosystem environment,the optical properties of sea water,and so on.Based on the in-situ profiles of biological and optical properties during summer 2016 in the South China Sea basin,characterization of PSD was studied.The power-law model was fit to describe the PSD,and the results indicated that the mean coefficient of determination between in-situ PSD and simulated PSD could reach 0.95 in the logarithmic space.The PSD slope(ξ)ranged in[1.27,7.65]with a mean of 3.93±0.56.The mean ofξin the surface water of the South China Sea basin was similar to the mean ofξin global ocean surface water,but higher than that in the surface water of other areas such as the bay.There was a strong negative relationship betweenξand the mean diameter(D_A).Taking section T1 as an example,we analyzed the mean PSD profile of these stations.The features of PSD profiles are as follows.1)At the surface,there were high values ofξwith low values of D_(A )because the dominate particle was pico-phytoplankton.2)The minimum value ofξappeared in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer(SCML)with higher D_A,which may result from the higher proportion of big phytoplankton.3)In the twilight layer,the values ofξas well as the values of D_A were between those at the surface and in the SCML.This phenomenon may be related to the process of flocculation,decomposition,and settlement of phytoplankton.The traits of PSD would influence the inherent optical properties(IOP)of seawater.We found that both particulate beam scattering coefficient at 532 nm(b_p(532))and particulate beam backscattering coefficient at 532 nm(b_(bp)(532))would be higher in the SCML because of the increasing chlorophyll-a concentration.However,the lowest mean b_p(532)and the lowest mean b_(bp)(532)were found in the twilight layer.Furthermore,although the relationship betweenξand the particulate beam attenuation sepctral slope was weak,the model of Boss et al.(2001b)is suitable for estimating the regional range and mean value ofξroughly.
引文
曹文熙,杨跃忠,2002.海洋光合有效辐射分布的计算模式[J].热带海洋学报,21(3):47-54.CAO WENXI,YANGYUEZHONG,2002.A bio-optical model for ocean photosynthetic available radiation[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,21(3):47-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
高姗,王辉,刘桂梅,等,2010.南海叶绿素a浓度垂直分布的统计估算[J].海洋学报,32(4):168-176.GAO SHAN,WANG HUI,LIU GUIMEI,et al,2010.The statistical estimation of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(4):168-176(in Chinese with English abstract).
柯志新,黄良民,谭烨辉,等,2013.2008年夏末南海北部叶绿素a的空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].热带海洋学报,32(4):51-57.KE ZHIXIN,HUANG LIANGMIN,TANYEHUI,et al,2013.Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a and its relationships with environmental factors in northern South China Sea in late summer 2008[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,32(4):51-57(in Chinese with English abstract).
倪晓波,黄大吉,2006.海洋次表层叶绿素最大值的分布和形成机制研究[J].海洋科学,30(5):58-64,70.NIXIAOBO,HUANG DAJI,2006.Subsurface chlorophyll maximum:its temporal-spatial distribution and formation mechanism in the ocean[J].Marine Sciences,30(5):58-64,70(in Chinese with English abstract).
彭田,丘仲锋,孙德勇,等,2016.悬浮颗粒物粒径分布的幂律模型研究--以黄渤海为例[J].海洋科学,40(6):110-118.PENG TIAN,QIU ZHONGFENG,SUNDEYONG,et al,2016.Study of suspended particulate matter particle size distribution based on the power-law model:Case study in the Yellow and Bohai Seas[J].Marine Sciences,40(6):110-118(in Chinese with English abstract).
吴昊,丘仲锋,张艳萍,等,2015.2013年夏秋季黄、渤海悬浮颗粒物粒径分布特征[J].海洋科学,39(12):91-99.WU HAO,QIU ZHONGFENG,ZHANG YANPING,et al,2015.Distribution characteristics of suspended particle size in the Yellow and Bohai Seas in summer and autumn2013[J].Marine Sciences,39(12):91-99(in Chinese with English abstract).
邢小罡,赵冬至,王林,等,2013.南太平洋副热带环流区次表层叶绿素极大值的季节变化特征[J].高技术通讯,23(10):1038-1047.XING XIAOGANG,ZHAODONGZHI,WANG LIN,et al,2013.Seasonal variation characteristics of subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the South Pacific subtropical gyre[J].Chinese High Technology Letters,23(10):1038-1047(in Chinese with English abstract).
于杰,陈国宝,张魁,等,2016.南海中部海域夏季叶绿素a浓度垂向分布特征[J].南方水产科学,12(4):1-8.YUJIE,CHEN GUOBAO,ZHANG KUI,et al,2016.Vertical distribution of summer chlorophyll a concentration in the middle South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,12(4):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
周雯,曹文熙,李彩,2007.浮游植物的吸收和散射特性:理论模型[J].光学技术,33(2):177-180.ZHOU WEN,CAO WENXI,LI CAI,2007.Light absorption and scattering properties of phytoplankton:a theoretical modeling[J].Optical Technique,33(2):177-180(in Chinese with English abstract).
周雯,曹文熙,杨跃忠,等,2010.大亚湾水体后向散射比率的光谱变化[J].热带海洋学报,29(2):39-45.ZHOUWEN,CAO WENXI,YANG YUEZHONG,et al,2010.Spectral variability of particulate backscattering ratio in the Daya Bay[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,29(2):39-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
AGRAWAL Y C,POTTSMITH H C,2000.Instruments for particle size and settling velocity observations in sediment transport[J].Marine Geology,168(1-4):89-114.
AGRAWAL Y C,WHITMIRE A,MIKKELSEN O A,et al,2008.Light scattering by random shaped particles and consequences on measuring suspended sediments by laser diffraction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,113(C4):C04023.
BADER H,1970.The hyperbolic distribution of particle sizes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,75(15):2822-2830.
BOSS E,PEGAU W S,GARDNER W D,et al,2001a.Spectral particulate attenuation and particle size distribution in the bottom boundary layer of a continental shelf[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C5):9509-9516.
BOSS E,TWARDOWSKI M S,HERRING S,2001b.Shape of the particulate beam attenuation spectrum and its inversion to obtain the shape of the particulate size distribution[J].Applied Optics,40(27):4885-4893.
BOSS E,SLADE W H,BEHRENFELD M,et al,2009.Acceptance angle effects on the beam attenuation in the ocean[J].Optics Express,17(3):1535-1550.
BOSS E,PICHERAL M,LEEUW T,et al,2013.The characteristics of particulate absorption,scattering and attenuation coefficients in the surface ocean;Contribution of the Tara Oceans expedition[J].Methods in Oceanography,7:52-62.
BOWERS D G,BINDING C E,ELLIS K M,2007.Satellite remote sensing of the geographical distribution of suspended particle size in an energetic shelf sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,73(3-4):457-466.
BUONASSISSI C J,DIERSSEN H M,2010.A regional comparison of particle size distributions and the power law approximation in oceanic and estuarine surface waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C10):C10028.
DIEHL P,HAARDT H,1980.Measurement of the spectral attenuation to support biological research in a“plankton tube”experiment[J].Applied Financial Economics,16(4):335-345.
FENNEL K,BOSS E,2003.Subsurface maxima of phytoplankton and chlorophyll:Steady-state solutions from a simple model[J].Limnology and Oceanography,48(4):1521-1534.
JONASZ M,1983.Particle-size distributions in the Baltic[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,35(5):346-358.
JONASZ M,FOURNIER G,1996.Approximation of the size distribution of marine particles by a sum of log‐normal functions[J].Limnology and Oceanography,41(4):744-754.
KOSTADINOV T S,SIEGEL D A,MARITORENA S,2009.Retrieval of the particle size distribution from satellite ocean color observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,114(C9):C09015.
LIN JUNFANG,CAO WENXI,WANG GUIFEN,et al,2014.Inversion of bio-optical properties in the coastal upwelling waters of the northern South China Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,85:73-84.
MAFFIONE R A,DANA D R,1997.Instruments and methods for measuring the backward-scattering coefficient of ocean waters[J].Applied Optics,36(24):6057-6067.
NEUKERMANS G,LOISEL H,MéRIAUX X,et al,2012.In situ variability of mass‐specific beam attenuation and backscattering of marine particles with respect to particle size,density,and composition[J].Limnology and Oceanography,57(1):124-144.
PARSONS T R,1984.A manual of chemical&biological methods for seawater analysis[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press:158-161.
QIU ZHONGFENG,SUN DEYONG,HU CHUANMIN,et al,2016.Variability of particle size distributions in the bohai sea and the yellow sea[J].Remote Sensing,8(11):949.
REYNOLDS R A,STRAMSKI D,WRIGHT V M,et al,2010.Measurements and characterization of particle size distributions in coastal waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C8):C08024.
RISOVI?D,1993.Two-component model of sea particle size distribution[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,40(7):1459-1473.
ROESLER C S,BARNARD A H,2013.Optical proxy for phytoplankton biomass in the absence of photophysiology:Rethinking the absorption line height[J].Methods in Oceanography,7:79-94.
SEQUOIA SCIENTIFIC,INC,2013.LISST-100X particle size analyzer,user’s manual version 5.0[M].Bellevue,WA,USA:Sequoia Scientific,Inc..
SLADE W H,BOSS E,2015.Spectral attenuation and backscattering as indicators of average particle size[J].Applied Optics,54(24):7264-7277.
SULLIVAN J M,TWARDOWSKI M S,ZANEVELD J R V,et al,2006.Hyperspectral temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by water and heavy water in the 400-750 nm spectral range[J].Applied Optics,45(21):5294-5309.
SUN DEYONG,QIU ZHONGFENG,HU CHUANMIN,et al,2016.A hybrid method to estimate suspended particle sizes from satellite measurements over Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):6742-6761.
TWARDOWSKI M S,BOSS E,MACDONALD J B,et al,2001.A model for estimating bulk refractive index from the optical backscattering ratio and the implications for understanding particle composition in case I and case IIwaters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C7):14129-14142.
WANG GUIFEN,CAO WENXI,YANG DINGTIAN,et al,2008.Partitioning particulate absorption coefficient into contributions of phytoplankton and nonalgal particles:Acase study in the northern South China Sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,78(3):513-520.
WANG SHENGQIANG,CHEN SHUGUO,QIU ZHONGFENG,et al,2016a.Variability in the backscattering efficiency of particles in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and related effects on optical properties[J].Optics Express,24(26):29360-29379.
WANG SHENGQIANG,QIU ZHONGFENG,SUN DEYONG,et al,2016b.Light beam attenuation and backscattering properties of particles in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea with relation to biogeochemical properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(6):3955-3969.
XI HONGYAN,LAROUCHE P,TANG SHILIN,et al,2014.Characterization and variability of particle size distributions in Hudson Bay,Canada[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(6):3392-3406.
高姗,王辉,刘桂梅,等,2010.南海叶绿素a浓度垂直分布的统计估算[J].海洋学报,32(4):168-176.GAO SHAN,WANG HUI,LIU GUIMEI,et al,2010.The statistical estimation of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(4):168-176(in Chinese with English abstract).
柯志新,黄良民,谭烨辉,等,2013.2008年夏末南海北部叶绿素a的空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].热带海洋学报,32(4):51-57.KE ZHIXIN,HUANG LIANGMIN,TANYEHUI,et al,2013.Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a and its relationships with environmental factors in northern South China Sea in late summer 2008[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,32(4):51-57(in Chinese with English abstract).
倪晓波,黄大吉,2006.海洋次表层叶绿素最大值的分布和形成机制研究[J].海洋科学,30(5):58-64,70.NIXIAOBO,HUANG DAJI,2006.Subsurface chlorophyll maximum:its temporal-spatial distribution and formation mechanism in the ocean[J].Marine Sciences,30(5):58-64,70(in Chinese with English abstract).
彭田,丘仲锋,孙德勇,等,2016.悬浮颗粒物粒径分布的幂律模型研究--以黄渤海为例[J].海洋科学,40(6):110-118.PENG TIAN,QIU ZHONGFENG,SUNDEYONG,et al,2016.Study of suspended particulate matter particle size distribution based on the power-law model:Case study in the Yellow and Bohai Seas[J].Marine Sciences,40(6):110-118(in Chinese with English abstract).
吴昊,丘仲锋,张艳萍,等,2015.2013年夏秋季黄、渤海悬浮颗粒物粒径分布特征[J].海洋科学,39(12):91-99.WU HAO,QIU ZHONGFENG,ZHANG YANPING,et al,2015.Distribution characteristics of suspended particle size in the Yellow and Bohai Seas in summer and autumn2013[J].Marine Sciences,39(12):91-99(in Chinese with English abstract).
邢小罡,赵冬至,王林,等,2013.南太平洋副热带环流区次表层叶绿素极大值的季节变化特征[J].高技术通讯,23(10):1038-1047.XING XIAOGANG,ZHAODONGZHI,WANG LIN,et al,2013.Seasonal variation characteristics of subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the South Pacific subtropical gyre[J].Chinese High Technology Letters,23(10):1038-1047(in Chinese with English abstract).
于杰,陈国宝,张魁,等,2016.南海中部海域夏季叶绿素a浓度垂向分布特征[J].南方水产科学,12(4):1-8.YUJIE,CHEN GUOBAO,ZHANG KUI,et al,2016.Vertical distribution of summer chlorophyll a concentration in the middle South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,12(4):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
周雯,曹文熙,李彩,2007.浮游植物的吸收和散射特性:理论模型[J].光学技术,33(2):177-180.ZHOU WEN,CAO WENXI,LI CAI,2007.Light absorption and scattering properties of phytoplankton:a theoretical modeling[J].Optical Technique,33(2):177-180(in Chinese with English abstract).
周雯,曹文熙,杨跃忠,等,2010.大亚湾水体后向散射比率的光谱变化[J].热带海洋学报,29(2):39-45.ZHOUWEN,CAO WENXI,YANG YUEZHONG,et al,2010.Spectral variability of particulate backscattering ratio in the Daya Bay[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,29(2):39-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
AGRAWAL Y C,POTTSMITH H C,2000.Instruments for particle size and settling velocity observations in sediment transport[J].Marine Geology,168(1-4):89-114.
AGRAWAL Y C,WHITMIRE A,MIKKELSEN O A,et al,2008.Light scattering by random shaped particles and consequences on measuring suspended sediments by laser diffraction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,113(C4):C04023.
BADER H,1970.The hyperbolic distribution of particle sizes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,75(15):2822-2830.
BOSS E,PEGAU W S,GARDNER W D,et al,2001a.Spectral particulate attenuation and particle size distribution in the bottom boundary layer of a continental shelf[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C5):9509-9516.
BOSS E,TWARDOWSKI M S,HERRING S,2001b.Shape of the particulate beam attenuation spectrum and its inversion to obtain the shape of the particulate size distribution[J].Applied Optics,40(27):4885-4893.
BOSS E,SLADE W H,BEHRENFELD M,et al,2009.Acceptance angle effects on the beam attenuation in the ocean[J].Optics Express,17(3):1535-1550.
BOSS E,PICHERAL M,LEEUW T,et al,2013.The characteristics of particulate absorption,scattering and attenuation coefficients in the surface ocean;Contribution of the Tara Oceans expedition[J].Methods in Oceanography,7:52-62.
BOWERS D G,BINDING C E,ELLIS K M,2007.Satellite remote sensing of the geographical distribution of suspended particle size in an energetic shelf sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,73(3-4):457-466.
BUONASSISSI C J,DIERSSEN H M,2010.A regional comparison of particle size distributions and the power law approximation in oceanic and estuarine surface waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C10):C10028.
DIEHL P,HAARDT H,1980.Measurement of the spectral attenuation to support biological research in a“plankton tube”experiment[J].Applied Financial Economics,16(4):335-345.
FENNEL K,BOSS E,2003.Subsurface maxima of phytoplankton and chlorophyll:Steady-state solutions from a simple model[J].Limnology and Oceanography,48(4):1521-1534.
JONASZ M,1983.Particle-size distributions in the Baltic[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,35(5):346-358.
JONASZ M,FOURNIER G,1996.Approximation of the size distribution of marine particles by a sum of log‐normal functions[J].Limnology and Oceanography,41(4):744-754.
KOSTADINOV T S,SIEGEL D A,MARITORENA S,2009.Retrieval of the particle size distribution from satellite ocean color observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,114(C9):C09015.
LIN JUNFANG,CAO WENXI,WANG GUIFEN,et al,2014.Inversion of bio-optical properties in the coastal upwelling waters of the northern South China Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,85:73-84.
MAFFIONE R A,DANA D R,1997.Instruments and methods for measuring the backward-scattering coefficient of ocean waters[J].Applied Optics,36(24):6057-6067.
NEUKERMANS G,LOISEL H,MéRIAUX X,et al,2012.In situ variability of mass‐specific beam attenuation and backscattering of marine particles with respect to particle size,density,and composition[J].Limnology and Oceanography,57(1):124-144.
PARSONS T R,1984.A manual of chemical&biological methods for seawater analysis[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press:158-161.
QIU ZHONGFENG,SUN DEYONG,HU CHUANMIN,et al,2016.Variability of particle size distributions in the bohai sea and the yellow sea[J].Remote Sensing,8(11):949.
REYNOLDS R A,STRAMSKI D,WRIGHT V M,et al,2010.Measurements and characterization of particle size distributions in coastal waters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C8):C08024.
RISOVI?D,1993.Two-component model of sea particle size distribution[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,40(7):1459-1473.
ROESLER C S,BARNARD A H,2013.Optical proxy for phytoplankton biomass in the absence of photophysiology:Rethinking the absorption line height[J].Methods in Oceanography,7:79-94.
SEQUOIA SCIENTIFIC,INC,2013.LISST-100X particle size analyzer,user’s manual version 5.0[M].Bellevue,WA,USA:Sequoia Scientific,Inc..
SLADE W H,BOSS E,2015.Spectral attenuation and backscattering as indicators of average particle size[J].Applied Optics,54(24):7264-7277.
SULLIVAN J M,TWARDOWSKI M S,ZANEVELD J R V,et al,2006.Hyperspectral temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by water and heavy water in the 400-750 nm spectral range[J].Applied Optics,45(21):5294-5309.
SUN DEYONG,QIU ZHONGFENG,HU CHUANMIN,et al,2016.A hybrid method to estimate suspended particle sizes from satellite measurements over Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):6742-6761.
TWARDOWSKI M S,BOSS E,MACDONALD J B,et al,2001.A model for estimating bulk refractive index from the optical backscattering ratio and the implications for understanding particle composition in case I and case IIwaters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C7):14129-14142.
WANG GUIFEN,CAO WENXI,YANG DINGTIAN,et al,2008.Partitioning particulate absorption coefficient into contributions of phytoplankton and nonalgal particles:Acase study in the northern South China Sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,78(3):513-520.
WANG SHENGQIANG,CHEN SHUGUO,QIU ZHONGFENG,et al,2016a.Variability in the backscattering efficiency of particles in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and related effects on optical properties[J].Optics Express,24(26):29360-29379.
WANG SHENGQIANG,QIU ZHONGFENG,SUN DEYONG,et al,2016b.Light beam attenuation and backscattering properties of particles in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea with relation to biogeochemical properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(6):3955-3969.
XI HONGYAN,LAROUCHE P,TANG SHILIN,et al,2014.Characterization and variability of particle size distributions in Hudson Bay,Canada[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(6):3392-3406.