三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析
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摘要
为了解三江源国家公园野生兽类的分布现状,2015-2017年对园区进行了实地调查。根据调查结果并参考相关文献资料,三江源国家公园内野生兽类共62种,分别隶属8目19科44属。园区内兽类呈现出物种多样性高,珍稀濒危物种多,特有种多的特点。三江源国家公园内的兽类物种多样性C-F指数为0.77,表明该区域物种多样性处于很高水平;园区内共有28种列人国家和青海省重点保护野生动物名录,占分布物种数的45.16%;根据中国物种红色名录,20个物种受威胁(极危、濒危和易危),比例为32.26%,远高于国家整体水平;中国或青藏高原特有种29种,占46.77%。三江源国家公园在动物地理区划上属于古北界青藏区,在地理分布型上,以古北界成分为主,东洋界成分为辅;古北界高山型成分最多,有25种,且资源量大,表明三江源国家公园的兽类以适应高寒气候的特殊种类为主。3个园区的平均动物区系相似性比较结果表明,长江源园区与澜沧江源园区为共同关系,黄河源园区与长江源园区和澜沧江源园区为密切关系。近些年,三江源地区的兽类保护工作取得了很好的效果,并得到国内外认可,本研究结合园区生物多样性和区系特点,根据保护现状,提出了今后的监测保护建议。
The Sangjiangyuan National Park,locating in the hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is the most concentrated area of plateau biology diversity.From 2015 to 2017,the faunas and distribution of wide mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park were surveyed.Based on the results of field surveys and the data reported in literatures,a total 62 mammal species were recorded in the national park.These 62 species belonged to 8 orders,19 families,and 44 genera.From the classification system,the species of Carnivora,Rodentia,Artiodactyla were rich,and species of Chiroptera,Primates,Perissodactyla were poor.The mammal fauna feature of Sanjiangyuan National Park is high species diversity,existing many endemic species,key protected species and threatened species,which shows the extremely high conservation value.The results of G-F index showed that the species diversity was high in Sanjiangyuan National Park.A total of 28 species of mammals in the national park were included in key protected wildlife,accounting for 45.16% species distributed:8 and 14 species were class I and II nationally key protected animals,respectively,and six species were listed in the list of key protected animals of Qinghai Province.And 20 species were classified as threatened(including critically endangered,endangered,vulnerable)category of Red List of China's Vertebrates,accounting for 32.26% species distributed in Sangjingyuan National Park.29 species were endemic to China or Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,accounting for 46.11%.The wild animal fauna of Sanjiangyuan National Park belongs to the Palearctic realm Qinghai-Tibet region and a total of 9 geographical distribution pattern were identified,including 25 species of high alpine types which had great population amount.The results showed that the main species in Sanjiangyuan National Park highly adapted the dry-and-cold weather of the plateau.The results of average faunal resemblance analysis suggested that the Yellow River source park was closely related to Yangtze River source park and Lancang River source park,and the Yangtze River source park was consistently related Lancang River source park.In recent years,the work of mammals conservation in Sanjiangyuan area has achieved good results and has been recognized at home and abroad,and some suggestions for monitoring and protection in the future were put forward according to the current situation of the national park.
The Sangjiangyuan National Park,locating in the hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is the most concentrated area of plateau biology diversity.From 2015 to 2017,the faunas and distribution of wide mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park were surveyed.Based on the results of field surveys and the data reported in literatures,a total 62 mammal species were recorded in the national park.These 62 species belonged to 8 orders,19 families,and 44 genera.From the classification system,the species of Carnivora,Rodentia,Artiodactyla were rich,and species of Chiroptera,Primates,Perissodactyla were poor.The mammal fauna feature of Sanjiangyuan National Park is high species diversity,existing many endemic species,key protected species and threatened species,which shows the extremely high conservation value.The results of G-F index showed that the species diversity was high in Sanjiangyuan National Park.A total of 28 species of mammals in the national park were included in key protected wildlife,accounting for 45.16% species distributed:8 and 14 species were class I and II nationally key protected animals,respectively,and six species were listed in the list of key protected animals of Qinghai Province.And 20 species were classified as threatened(including critically endangered,endangered,vulnerable)category of Red List of China's Vertebrates,accounting for 32.26% species distributed in Sangjingyuan National Park.29 species were endemic to China or Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,accounting for 46.11%.The wild animal fauna of Sanjiangyuan National Park belongs to the Palearctic realm Qinghai-Tibet region and a total of 9 geographical distribution pattern were identified,including 25 species of high alpine types which had great population amount.The results showed that the main species in Sanjiangyuan National Park highly adapted the dry-and-cold weather of the plateau.The results of average faunal resemblance analysis suggested that the Yellow River source park was closely related to Yangtze River source park and Lancang River source park,and the Yangtze River source park was consistently related Lancang River source park.In recent years,the work of mammals conservation in Sanjiangyuan area has achieved good results and has been recognized at home and abroad,and some suggestions for monitoring and protection in the future were put forward according to the current situation of the national park.
引文
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Wilson D E,Reeder D M.2005.Mammal Species of the World.Mammal Species of the World,3rd edition.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fan N C,Shi Y Z.1982.A revision of the zokors of subgenus Eospalax.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2(2):183-199.(in Chinese)
Hu Y M,Li W Q,Jiang Z G,Liu W L,Liang J C,Lin Y Z,Huang Z W,Qin H H,Jin K,Hu H J.2018.A wild yak survey in Chang Tang of Tibet Autonomous Region and Hoh Xil of Qinghai Province.Biodiversity Science,26(2):185-190.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Ji L Q.1999.Avian-mammalian species diversity in nine representative sites in China.Chinese Biodiversity,7(3):220-225.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Jiang J P,Wang Y Z,Zhang E,Zhang Y Y,Li L L,Xie F,Cai B,Cao L,Zheng G M,Dong L,Zhang Z W,Ding P,Luo Z H,Ding C Q,Ma Z J,Tang S H,Cao W X,Li C W,Hu H J,Ma Y,Wu Y,Wang Y X,Zhou K Y,Liu S Y,Chen Y H,Li J T,Feng Z J,Wang Y,Wang B,Li C,Song X L,Cai L,Zang C X,Zeng Y,Meng Z B,Fang H X,Ping X G.2016.Red List of China's Vertebrates.Biodiversity Science, 24(5):500-551.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Li L L,Hu Y M,Hu H J,Li C W,Ping X G,Luo Z H.2018.Diversity and endemism of ungulates on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:evolution and conservation.Biodiversity Science,26(2):158-170.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Liu S Y,Wu Y,Jiang X L,Zhou K Y.2017.China's mammal diversity.2nd edition.Biodiversity Science, 25(8):886-895.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Ma Y,Wu Y,Wang Y X,Zhou K Y,Liu S Y,Feng Z J.2015.China's Mammal Diversity and Geographic Distribution.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Liao Y F.1985.The geographical distribution of ounces in Qinghai Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,5(3):183-188.(in Chinese)
Liu M C,Li D Q,Wen Y M.2005.The protection of biological diversity in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,19(4):49-53.(in Chinese)
Long C A.1963.Mathematical formulas expressing faunal resemblance.Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science,66(1):138-140.
Luo J,Song Z Z,Zheng Y.2014.Survey on wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region of Qinghai,China in2012.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control,25(4):361-364.(in Chinese)
Ma Q,Su H L,Li D Q.2003.Investigation of avifauna distribution in the Water Origin of Three Rivers Nature Reserve.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,25(5):51-54.(in Chinese)
Wang Y X.2003.A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
Wang Y Z,Li C,WuK M,WeiY W,Guo W T.2009.Species and geographical distribution of carnivores and small mammals in Sanjiangyuan region.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control,20(6):589-590.(in Chinese)
Xiao H,Wu X M,Ruoba R Q,Nima D J.2006.Notes on mammals and the status of ungulates in the region of Chumaer River Qinghai Province.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),34(Sup):117-120.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y,Bao M,Ma Y G,Zeng Y,Ma J X,Ma Y L,Duan P,Chen Z N.2014.Study on avian diversity in Sanjiangyuan Makehe Reserve,Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,33(6):926-930.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y Z,Zheng C L.1985.The geographical distribution of mammals and the evolution of mammalian fauna in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica, 40(3):225-231.(in Chinese)
Zheng C L,Wang S.1985.On the insectivore fauna of Qinghai-Xizang(Chinhai-Tibetan)Plateau,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,5(1):35-40.(in Chinese)
Zhou L Z,Li D Q,Wang X L,Ma Q.2002.Sanjiangyuan Reserve's rodent pests,their damage to frigid meadows and the control strategies.Journal of Anhui University Natural Science Edition,26(2):87-96.(in Chinese)
Zhou Y W,Guo H T,Fang Y.2005.A survey about distributing situation and migrated rule of chiru,Pantholops hodgsoni.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,24(1):75-77.(in Chinese)
蔡桂全.1982.长江发源地区(青海省)鸟、兽考察报告.高原生物学集刊,1:135-149.
陈振宁,王舰艇,马存新,董晋林,尼玛扎西,杨中芬.2016.曲麻莱县野生动物志.西宁:青海人民出版社.
樊乃昌,施银柱. 1982.中国鼢鼠(Eospalax)亚属分类研究.兽类学报,2(2):183-199.
胡一鸣,李玮琪,蒋志刚,刘务林,梁健超,林宜舟,黄志文,覃海华,金崑,胡慧建.2018.羌塘、可可西里无人区野牦牛种群数量和分布现状.生物多样性,26(2):185-190.
蒋志刚,纪力强.1999.鸟兽物种多样性测度的G-F指数方法.生物多样性,7(3):220-225.
蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,张鹗,张雁云,李立立,谢锋,蔡波,曹亮,郑光美,董路,张正旺,丁平,罗振华,丁长青,马志军,汤宋华,曹文宣,李春旺,胡慧建,马勇,吴毅,王应祥,周开亚,刘少英,陈跃英,李家堂,冯祚建,王燕,王斌,李成,宋雪琳,蔡蕾,臧春鑫,曾岩,孟智斌,方红霞,平晓鸽.2016.中国脊椎动物红色名录.生物多样性,24(5):500-551.
蒋志刚,李立立,胡一鸣,胡慧建,李春旺,平晓鸽,罗振华.2018.青藏高原有蹄类动物多样性和特有性:演化与保护.生物多样性,26(2):158-170.
蒋志刚,刘少英,吴毅,蒋学龙,周开亚.2017.中国哺乳动物多样性(第2版).生物多样性,25(8):886-895.
蒋志刚,马勇,吴毅,王应祥,周开亚,刘少英,冯祚建.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布.北京:科学出版社.
李迪强,李建文.2012.三江源生物多样性——三江源自然保护区科学考察报告.北京:中国科学技术出版社.
廖炎发.1985.青海雪豹地理分布的初步调查.兽类学报,5(3); 183-188.
刘敏超,李迪强,温琰茂. 2005.论三江源自然保护区生物多样性保护.干旱区资源与环境,19(4):49-53.
刘伟,张学元,张胜邦.2016a.青海三江源国家级自然保护区常见野生动物.西宁:青海民族出版社.
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