基于虚拟耕地流动视角的省际耕地生态补偿研究
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摘要
作为生态补偿的一个重要组成部分,耕地生态补偿不仅能有效解决耕地生态系统"外部性"溢出问题,而且能够成为促进区域协调发展的重要杠杆,对于协调好我国吃饭、建设和生态之间的关系具有重要意义。虚拟耕地是生态系统循环中的重要物质流,在区域生态系统运行过程中发挥着重要作用。本文通过核算和分析我国省际间粮食流动格局,以"虚拟耕地"为载体,提出构建我国省际耕地生态补偿思路。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年间我国耕地生态补偿支付区和受偿区分布一直较为稳定。受偿区主要集中在我国东北、华北和西北地区,具体包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古等省区,支付区主要集中在我国东南、西南和中部部分地区具体包括广东、浙江、福建、上海等省区;(2)我国省际间耕地生态补偿标准存在较大差异。2000年有五个省区的应获额度在20亿元以上,有六个省区的应付额度在10亿元以上。2005年有五个省区的应获额度在40亿元以上,有五个省区的应付额度在20亿元以上。2010年有五个省区的应获额度在80亿元以上,有五个省区的应付额度在35亿元以上。2015年有四个省区的应获额度在160亿元以上,有五个省区的应付额度在80亿元以上。研究提出:一方面要建立基于虚拟耕地流动的耕地生态补偿机制,具体包括构建补偿管理平台,明确补偿资金来源,建立多元化补偿方式,建立相应的调控与监督机制四个方面;另一方面要建立耕地生态补偿机制的保障体系,具体包括建立健全耕地生态补偿立法体系,建立耕地生态环境监测体系,建立多元化融资体系,加强有关耕地生态补偿方面的宣传教育五个方面。
As an important part of ecological compensation,the cultivated land ecological compensation can not only solve the externality problem,but also can play an important role in promoting regional coordinated development.It is of great significance to coordinate the relationship between food safety,urban construction,ecological safety in China.Virtual farmland is an important material flow in ecosystem cycle,and plays an important role in regional ecosystem operation.The paper calculated and analyzed the grain flow pattern among provinces in China,and put forward the idea of constructing inter-provincial cultivated land ecological compensation on the basis of virtual farmland.The results showed that:(1)The distribution of compensation area and payment area in China had been relatively stable.The compensation area was mainly concentrated in Northeast,North,and Northwest China,included Heilongjiang,Tilin,Liaoning,Inner Mongdia and ther provinces.The payment area was mainly concentrated in Southeast,Southwest,Central China included Guangdong,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shanghai and ofter provinces;(2) There were not only great differences in ecological compensation standards of cultivated land in most of China's provinces,but also great differences in our researching stage.In 2000,five provinces should receive more than 2 billion yuan,and six provinces should pay more than 1 billion yuan.In 2005,five provinces should receive more than 4 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 2 billion yuan.In 2010,five provinces should receive more than 8 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 3.5 billion yuan.In 2015,four provinces should receive more than 16 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 8 billion yuan.This paper put forward following suggestions.On the one hand,the ecological compensation mechanism should be established based on virtual farmland flow,and which included constructing management platform,clarifying the sources of compensation funds,establishing diversified compensation methods,and setting up the control and supervision mechanism.On the other hand,a safeguard ecological compensation mechanism of cultivated land should also be built through the five aspects: improving a sound compensation legislation system,establishing the ecological environment monitoring system,constructing a diversified financing system,and strengthening the publicity and education on compensation.
As an important part of ecological compensation,the cultivated land ecological compensation can not only solve the externality problem,but also can play an important role in promoting regional coordinated development.It is of great significance to coordinate the relationship between food safety,urban construction,ecological safety in China.Virtual farmland is an important material flow in ecosystem cycle,and plays an important role in regional ecosystem operation.The paper calculated and analyzed the grain flow pattern among provinces in China,and put forward the idea of constructing inter-provincial cultivated land ecological compensation on the basis of virtual farmland.The results showed that:(1)The distribution of compensation area and payment area in China had been relatively stable.The compensation area was mainly concentrated in Northeast,North,and Northwest China,included Heilongjiang,Tilin,Liaoning,Inner Mongdia and ther provinces.The payment area was mainly concentrated in Southeast,Southwest,Central China included Guangdong,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shanghai and ofter provinces;(2) There were not only great differences in ecological compensation standards of cultivated land in most of China's provinces,but also great differences in our researching stage.In 2000,five provinces should receive more than 2 billion yuan,and six provinces should pay more than 1 billion yuan.In 2005,five provinces should receive more than 4 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 2 billion yuan.In 2010,five provinces should receive more than 8 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 3.5 billion yuan.In 2015,four provinces should receive more than 16 billion yuan,and five provinces should pay more than 8 billion yuan.This paper put forward following suggestions.On the one hand,the ecological compensation mechanism should be established based on virtual farmland flow,and which included constructing management platform,clarifying the sources of compensation funds,establishing diversified compensation methods,and setting up the control and supervision mechanism.On the other hand,a safeguard ecological compensation mechanism of cultivated land should also be built through the five aspects: improving a sound compensation legislation system,establishing the ecological environment monitoring system,constructing a diversified financing system,and strengthening the publicity and education on compensation.
引文
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[3]曹瑞芬,张安录,万珂.耕地保护优先序省际差异及跨区域财政转移机制——基于耕地生态足迹与生态服务价值的实证分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(8):34-42.[CAO Ruifen,ZHANG Anlu,WAN Ke.Provincial differences in priority of cultivated land protection and mechanism of transregional fiscal transfer payment:an empirical analysis based on ecological footprint and service value[J].China population,resoucrces and environment,2015,25(8):34-42.]
[4]杨欣,蔡银莺,张安录.农田生态补偿理论研究进展评述[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(2):104-113.[YANG Xin,CAI Yinying,ZHANG Anlu.Review of researches on theories for farmland ecological compensation[J].Journal of ecology and rural environment,2017,33(2):104-113.]
[5]马爱慧.耕地生态补偿及空间效益转移研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.[MA Aihui.The study of cultivated land ecocompensation and spatial benefits transfer[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.]
[6]刘娟.生态补偿视角下我国耕地资源保护政策取向分析[C]//中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学学会,2014:1108-1112.[LIU Juan.Analysis of policy orientation of cultivated land resources protection in China from the perspective of ecological compensation[C]//The proceedings of the Annual Conference of Chinese Society of Environmental Science.Beijing:China Society for Environmental Sciences,2014:1108-1112.]
[7]WESTMAN W E.How much are nature’s services worth?[J].Science,1977,197:960-964.
[8]COSTANZA R.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[9]SUTTON N J,CHO S,ARMSWORTH P R.A reliance on agricultural land values in conservation planning alters the spatial distribution of priorities and overestimates the acquisition costs of protected areas[J].Biological conservation,2016,194:2-10.
[10]CHOUMERT J,PHELINAS P.Determinants of agricultural land values in Argentina[J].Ecological economics,2015,110:134-140.
[11]BOMER J,WUNDER S,WERTZ K,et al.Direct conservation payments in the Brazilian Amazon:scope and equity implications[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(6):1272-1282.
[12]MORRIS J,GOWING D J G,MILLS J,et al.Reconciling agricultural economic and environment objectives:the case of recreating wetlands in the Fenland area of eastern England[J].Agriculture ecosystems and environment,2000,79(2/3):245-257.
[13]LYNCH L,MUSSER W N.A relative efficiency analysis of farmland preservation programs[J].Land economics,2001,77(44):577-594.
[14]唐秀美,陈百明,刘玉,等.耕地生态价值评估研究进展分析[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):256-265.[TANG Xiumei,CHEN Baiming,LIU Yu,et al.Research advances and perspectives of evaluation on ecological value of cultivated land[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):256-265.]
[15]俞文华.发达与欠发达地区耕地保护行为的利益机制分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,1997,7(4):22-27.[YU Wenhua.Analysis of intrerst contradiction in cultivated land preservation in developed and developing regions[J].China population,resoucrces and environment,1997,7(4):22-27.]
[16]马文博.利益平衡视角下耕地保护经济补偿机制研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.[MA Wenbo.Study on economic compensation mechanism of arable land protection from the perspective of balanced interests[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2012.]
[17]谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):5-9.[XIE Gaodi,LU Chunxia,CHENG Shengkui.Progress in evaluating the global ecosystem services[J].Resources science,2001,23(6):5-9.]
[18]蔡运龙,霍雅勤.中国耕地价值重建方法与案例研究[J].地理学报,2006,61(10):1084-1092.[CAI Yunlong,HUO Yaqin.Reevaluating cultivated land in China:method and case studies[J].Acta geographica sinica,2006,61(10):1084-1092.]
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